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Determination of difference between conventional and passive self-ligating brackets (SLBs) in respect of extraction space closure, patient perception and root resorption.Eighty patients were divided into four groups of 20 each with age-sex-matched control using a simple randomisation technique and allocation concealment with a closed opaque envelope method. Group 1 consisted of conventional brackets with Connecticut New Archwire (CNA) wire mushroom loop, group 2 consisted of conventional brackets with TAD (AbsoAnchor, Korea) supported retraction, group 3 consisted of passive SLB with CNA archwires (Libral Traders, India) mushroom loop and group 4 consisted of passive SLB brackets with TAD (AbsoAnchor, Korea) supported retraction. The rate of retraction, root resorption and patient satisfaction were assessed. All conventional brackets (Orthox, USA) and passive SLBs (CaptainOrtho, India) had 0.018 Roth prescriptions with a slot size of 0.018 × 0.025.Retraction was the fastest in group 2 with a mean of 1.266 ± 0.14 mm/4 week and a duration of 23.40 weeks. Similarly, group 4 showed the most sluggish movement with a mean of 1.182 ± 0.80 mm/4 weeks with a total duration of 25 weeks; howeverdifferencesce among groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.470).SLBs have advantage of better patient comfort, less pain and reduced chairside time. Though the present study found increased treatment duration with SLB along with friction mechanics, refuting the previous claims of reduced friction with SLBs, however, the difference was not statistically significant and results have to be extrapolated with caution and experience considering other advantages of SLBs.

Introduction The association between the treatment of transverse maxillary deficiency and the recovery of hearing and voice functions has gained attention in recent years. Objective This prospective controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on hearing and voice function in children with non-cleft lip palate and bilateral cleft lip palate with transverse maxillary deficiency Methods 53 patients (26 non-cleft and 27 bilateral cleft lip palate; mean age, 11.1 ± 1.8 years) requiring rapid maxillary expansion for correction of narrow maxillary arches were recruited for this trial. Eight sub-groups were established based on the degree of hearing loss. Pure-tone audiometric and tympanometric records were taken for each subject at four different time periods. The first records were taken before rapid maxillary expansion (T0), the second after expansion (T1) (mean, 0.8 months), the third after three months (T2) (mean, 3 months) and the fourth at the end of retention period (T3) (mean, 6 months). ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. Additionally, voice analysis was done using an updated PRAAT software program in a computerized speech lab at T0 and T2. A paired-samplet-test was used for comparisons of mean values of T0 and T2 voice parameters within both groups. Results Rapid maxillary expansion treatment produced a significant increase in the hearing levels and middle ear volumes of all non-cleft and bilateral cleft lip palate patients with normal hearing levels and with mild conductive hearing loss, during the T0-T1, T1-T2, T0-T2, and T0-T3 observation periods (p < 0.05). The significant increase was observed in right middle ear volumes during the T0-T1, T0-T2 and T0-T3 periods in non-cleft patients with moderate hearing loss. For voice analysis, significant differences were observed only between the T0 and T2 mean fundamental frequency (F0) and jitter percentage (p < 0.05) in the non-cleft group. In the cleft group, no significant differences were observed for any voice parameter between the T0 and T2 periods. Conclusion Correction of the palatal anatomy by rapid maxillary expansion therapy has a beneficial effect on both improvements in hearing and normal function of the middle ear in both non-cleft and bilateral cleft lip palate patients. Similarly, rapid maxillary expansion significantly influences voice quality in non-cleft patients, with no significant effect in BCLP patients. Resumo Introdução A associação entre o tratamento da deficiência maxilar transversa e a recuperação das funções auditivas e vocais ganhou atenção nos últimos anos. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da expansão rápida da maxila na função auditiva e vocal em crianças sem fissura labiopalatina e com fissura labiopalatina bilateral com deficiência maxilar transversa. Método Foram recrutados para este estudo 53 pacientes (26 sem fissura e 27 com fissura labiopalatina bilateral; média de 11,1 ± 1,8 anos) que necessitam de expansão rápida da maxila para correção de arcos maxilares estreitos. Oito subgrupos foram estabelecidos com base no grau de perda auditiva. Registros audiométricos e timpanométricos de tons puros foram obtidos para cada indivíduo em quatro períodos. Os primeiros registros foram obtidos antes da expansão rápida da maxila (T0), o segundo após a expansão (T1) (média de 0,8 meses), o terceiro após três meses (T2) (média de 3 meses) e o quarto no fim do período de retenção (T3) (média de 6 meses). Anova e o teste post-hoc de Tukey HSD foram usados para análise dos dados. Além disso, a análise da voz foi feita com um programa PRAAT atualizado em um laboratório de fala computadorizadaem T0 e T2. Foi usado um teste t de amostras pareadas para comparação dos valores médios dos parâmetros de voz em T0 e T2 nos dois grupos. Resultados O tratamento com expansão rápida da maxila produziu um aumento significativo nos níveis auditivos e nos volumes da orelha média de todos os pacientes sem fissura e pacientes com fissura labiopalatina bilateral e níveis auditivos normais e com perda auditiva condutiva leve, durante os períodos de observação T0-T1, T1-T2, T0-T2 e T0-T3 (p < 0,05). Aumento significativo foi observado nos volumes da orelha média direita durante os períodos T0-T1, T0-T2 e T0-T3 em pacientes sem fissura e com perda auditiva moderada. Para a análise de voz, diferenças significantes foram observadas apenas entre a frequência fundamental média T0 e T2 (F0) e a porcentagem de jitter (p < 0,05) no grupo sem fissura. No grupo com fissura, não foram observadas diferenças significantes para nenhum parâmetro de voz entre os períodos T0 e T2. Conclusão A correção da anatomia palatal pela expansão rápida da maxila tem um efeito benéfico tanto na melhoria da audição quanto na função normal da orelha média em pacientes sem fissura e com fissura labiopalatina bilateral. Da mesma forma, a expansão rápida da maxila influencia significativamente a qualidade da voz em pacientes sem fissura, sem efeito significativo em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina bilateral.

Objective grading system is indispensable in contemporary orthodontic scenario to help elevate clinical proficiency and quality of care. Simplification of the format of grading system is necessary not only for easy chair side documentation but also for comparative pre- and post treatment assessment. The aim of this article is to propose a simple, practical, and time-saving scoring chart for scoring each criterion of the objective grading system.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed unique challenges to dentistry as a profession and has prompted dental healthcare professionals worldwide to risk manage the delivery of dental care by taking cognizance of the necessity for enhanced safety standards, including enhanced 'personal protective equipment' and 'infection prevention and control' measures. Even so, in light of the perceived vulnerability to the coronavirus infection in dental settings or becoming potential carriers in dental settings, implications for resumption of routine dental care are enormous and cannot be ignored. While reconciling the fact that post-pandemic resurgences can occur in future, safeguarding the oral health care workforce and patients becomes even more pertinent considering the perceived vulnerability to the SARS-CoV-2 infection in dental healthcare. With growing body of direct evidence consistently supporting the effectiveness of Povidone-Iodine against SARS-CoV-2, it would be reasonable to prioritize the use of PVP-I as an effective and adjunctive procedural risk mitigation measure in dental healthcare occupation in the contemporary pandemic crisis and through unforeseen similar pandemic threats.

Background: Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is classically defined as a desmosomal protein. Mutations in PKP2 associate with most cases of gene-positive arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. A better understanding of PKP2 cardiac biology can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying arrhythmic and cardiomyopathic events consequent to PKP2 deficiency. Here, we sought to capture early molecular/cellular events that can act as nascent arrhythmic/cardiomyopathic substrates. Methods: We used multiple imaging, biochemical and high-resolution mass spectrometry methods to study functional/structural properties of cells/tissues derived from cardiomyocyte-specific, tamoxifen-activated, PKP2 knockout mice (PKP2cKO) 14 days post-tamoxifen injection, a time point preceding overt electrical or structural phenotypes. Myocytes from right or left ventricular free wall were studied separately. Results: Most properties of PKP2cKO left ventricular myocytes were not different from control; in contrast, PKP2cKO right ventricular (RV) myocytes showed increased amplitude and duration of Ca 2+ transients, increased Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum, increased frequency of spontaneous Ca 2+ release events (sparks) even at comparable sarcoplasmic reticulum load, and dynamic Ca 2+ accumulation in mitochondria. We also observed early- and delayed-after transients in RV myocytes and heightened susceptibility to arrhythmias in Langendorff-perfused hearts. In addition, ryanodine receptor 2 in PKP2cKO-RV cells presented enhanced Ca 2+ sensitivity and preferential phosphorylation in a domain known to modulate Ca 2+ gating. RNAseq at 14 days post-tamoxifen showed no relevant difference in transcript abundance between RV and left ventricle, neither in control nor in PKP2cKO cells. Instead, we found an RV-predominant increase in membrane permeability that can permit Ca 2+ entry into the cell. Connexin 43 ablation mitigated the membrane permeability increase, accumulation of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ , increased frequency of sparks and early stages of RV dysfunction. Connexin 43 hemichannel block with GAP19 normalized [Ca 2+ ] i homeostasis. Similarly, protein kinase C inhibition normalized spark frequency at comparable sarcoplasmic reticulum load levels. Conclusions: Loss of PKP2 creates an RV-predominant arrhythmogenic substrate (Ca 2+ dysregulation) that precedes the cardiomyopathy; this is, at least in part, mediated by a Connexin 43-dependent membrane conduit and repressed by protein kinase C inhibitors. Given that asymmetric Ca 2+ dysregulation precedes the cardiomyopathic stage, we speculate that abnormal Ca 2+ handling in RV myocytes can be a trigger for gross structural changes observed at a later stage.

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has proven to be a viable treatment option for space gaining in maxilla. Similarly, mandibular incisor extraction when used in aptly selected cases has been reported to be a valuable adjunctive therapy to relieve tooth size-arch length discrepancy in mandibular arch. However, cases reporting the concomitant use of both these modalities are few. The objective of the present article is to report the successful orthodontic treatment of severe tooth size-arch length discrepancy in an adolescent patient using a combination of nonextraction treatment including RME, proclination of anterior teeth and reproximation in the maxillary arch, and single incisor extraction in the mandibular arch. Through a meticulously planned individualized treatment approach, esthetically and functionally stable results with good occlusion were achieved, which were well-maintained at 3-year follow-up. The favorable treatment outcome and long-term stability achieved substantiates the feasibility of this unconventional treatment option in selected cases.

OBJECTIVES This prospective study aimed to analyze 3-dimensional changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) complex with a synergistic effect of functional jaw orthopedics using a fixed functional appliance and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy. METHODS Forty patients with skeletal class II malocclusion were randomly assigned to 4 groups (2 control groups and 2 test groups) of 10 patients each. After insertion of the fixed functional appliance, the test group was stimulated with LIPUS therapy in the TMJ region bilaterally for 20 minutes daily for first 10 days and thereafter at least 3 times per week until complete mandibular advancement was achieved. Three-dimensional images obtained with a cone beam computed tomographic scanner were used to analyze the changes in the TMJ complex at the prefunctional stage and after completion of functional appliance therapy. Direct intragroup and intergroup comparisons for different morphometric variables were conducted with the Student t test. RESULTS The 40 patients included 20 male and 20 female patients between the ages of 12 and 16 years (mean age ± SD, 13.2 ± 1.8 years). Both the test groups and the control groups showed statistically significant variable changes in condylar head position and morphometric changes in relation to the joint space analysis (mean differences, -1.000 and -1.080 mm; P

The orthodontic management of patients with Class III malocclusion poses numerous prognostic and treatment challenges to the clinician. Various removable, orthopaedic, myofunctional and fixed appliances have been recommended for the correction of Class III malocclusion. The Reverse Twin Block (RTB) is a simple and well tolerated appliance which has often been used for the early management of such cases in mixed dentition. Cases reporting use of RTB in permanent dentition are however, limited. This article presents an insight into the encouraging results of reverse twin block (RTB) appliance used in conjunction with fixed mechanotherapy for the successful treatment of a 12-year-old patient presenting with skeletal Class III malocclusion and a concave facial profile. The RTB appliance helped establish a favourable environment for unrestricted maxillary growth, at the same time redirecting the mandibular growth to a clockwise direction and correcting the incisal relationship. The favourable treatment outcome and long-term stability achieved substantiates the feasibility of RTB appliance in mild to moderate skeletal Class III malocclusions in permanent dentition cases. Keywords: Skeletal Class III, Reverse twin block, Fixed appliance, Permanent dentition

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate nasal parameters in Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion and its association with different growth patterns and gender. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 120 Indian adults were selected from the archives for the study. Various hard- and soft-tissue parameters were traced on cephalogram. SNA, SNB, and ANB were used to distribute records in Class I, II, and III. GO-GN to sella-nasion was used to divide different growth patterns. The nasal parameters used were nasal length (N Lth), nasal depth, nasolabial angle (NLA), and lower nose to Frankfort horizontal (LNFH) plane angle. The group differences were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and independent sample t-test. Results: On the evaluation of nasal parameters in Class I, II, and III malocclusions, N Lth was found to be greater in Class III adult. Similarly, NLA and LNFH angle was significantly higher in adults with vertical growth pattern. However, no statistically significant difference was found between various nasal parameters in male and female adults (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study found that among the different malocclusion groups of Class I, II, and III, N Lth was found to be greater in Class III adults. Similarly, comparison of the overall sample for all nasal parameters within different growth pattern showed that NLA and LNFH angle was higher in adults with vertical growth pattern. However, there was no gender dimorphism found for nasal parameters.

Gene 33 protein (gp33) is a transcriptional coactivator for late genes of the T4 bacteriophage. gp33 possesses a 5-helix bundle core, with unstructured N- and C-terminal regions that account for >50% of the protein sequence. It plays a unique role of interacting with host RNA polymerase, couples transcription with DNA replication, and plays the dual function as repressor and co-activator in phage transcription. Here, we identify protein structural plasticity as the molecular basis of the dual nature in gp33. We find that gp33 has the peculiar property of remaining protease insensitive in its urea-unfolded state. Using NMR studies with spectroscopic measurements, we propose that intra-protein interactions are replaced by protein-urea interactions in gp33. This process not only unfolds gp33 but also renders it protease-resistant. Our studies shed new light on the unique structural malleability of gp33 that might be important in its transition from a repressor to a late transcription co-activator.

Objective: To compare two molar distalization devices, the Pendulum appliance (PA) and the Jones Jig (JJ) in dental Class II patients. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment and postdistalization lateral cephalograms and study models of 20 subjects (6 males, 14 females) Class II malocclusion subjects were examined. PA and JJ group both consisted of 10 patients each with a mean pretreatment age of 12 years 1 month for females and 12 years 5 months for males. The PA and the JJ appliance were activated once in a month until Class II molar relationship was corrected to a super Class I molar relationship in both groups. Initial and final measurements and treatment changes were compared by means of Paired t-test. Results: Maxillary first molar distalized an average of 3.85 mm in the PA and 2.75 mm in the JJ between T1 and T2; rate of molar distalization was 1.59 mm/month for PA, and the JJ appliance averaged 0.88 mm/month, distal molar tipping was greater in PA (6.2°) than in the JJ (3.9°). Average mesial movement of the premolars was 2.2 mm with PA and JJ both. JJ showed a greater rotation of first molars after distalization as compared to PA. The increase in vertical facial height was also greater for JJ as compared to PA. Conclusions: Both the appliances were effective in molar distalization with PA requiring less distalization time (16 days less than JJ). Some adverse effects were noted with both which one should strive to control.

Introduction: Ectopic eruption, manifesting as an aberration in the normal path of eruption of a tooth, can adversely impact facial aesthetics, phonetics and psychosocial development. Description: This case series describes the orthodontic management of two adolescent patients with different clinical presentations of ectopically erupted maxillary central incisors secondary to trauma during the primary dentition period. The therapy primarily included periodontal soft-tissue surgery accompanied by orthodontic traction to align the ectopic incisors. Frenectomy was performed in one patient and surgical excision of a hypertrophied pseudo-pouch in the second patient. A modified maxillary lip bumper was used concomitantly for management of associated soft-tissue trauma, thus facilitating healing and aiding orthodontic traction. Results: Appropriately planned interdisciplinary management involving the interim use of a modified lip bumper allowed proper alignment of the ectopically positioned incisors with a stable outcome at three-year follow-up. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic therapy with concurrent use of modified maxillary lip bumper is an effective approach to treat incisors erupted ectopically in relation to the upper lip and frenum.

Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates multi-layered signaling networks with broad implications in (patho)physiology, but high-throughput methods for functional annotation of phosphotyrosine sites are lacking. To decipher phosphotyrosine signaling directly in tissue samples, we developed a mass-spectrometry-based interaction proteomics approach. We measured the in vivo EGF-dependent signaling network in lung tissue quantifying >1,000 phosphotyrosine sites. To assign function to all EGF-regulated sites, we determined their recruited protein signaling complexes in lung tissue by interaction proteomics. We demonstrated how mutations near tyrosine residues introduce molecular switches that rewire cancer signaling networks, and we revealed oncogenic properties of such a lung cancer EGFR mutant. To demonstrate the scalability of the approach, we performed >1,000 phosphopeptide pulldowns and analyzed them by rapid mass spectrometric analysis, revealing tissue-specific differences in interactors. Our approach is a general strategy for functional annotation of phosphorylation sites in tissues, enabling in-depth mechanistic insights into oncogenic rewiring of signaling networks.

Membrane proteins employ specific distribution patterns of amino acids in their tertiary structure for adaptation to their unique bilayer environment. The solvent-bilayer interface, in particular, displays the characteristic ‘aromatic belt’ that defines the transmembrane region of the protein, and satisfies the amphipathic interfacial environment. Tryptophan—the key residue of this aromatic belt—is known to influence the folding efficiency and stability of a large number of well-studied α-helical and β-barrel membrane proteins. Here, we have used functional and biophysical techniques coupled with simulations, to decipher the contribution of strategically placed four intrinsic tryptophans of the human outer mitochondrial membrane protein, voltage-dependent anion channel isoform-2 (VDAC-2). We show that tryptophans help in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of folded hVDAC-2 barrel in micellar environments. The voltage gating characteristics of hVDAC-2 are affected upon mutation of tryptophans at positions 75, 86 and 221. We observe that Trp-160 and Trp-221 play a crucial role in the folding pathway of the barrel, and once folded, Trp-221 helps stabilize the folded protein in concert with Trp-75 and Trp-160. We further demonstrate that substituting Trp-86 with phenylalanine leads to the formation of stable barrel. We find that the region comprising strand β4 (Trp-86) and β10-14 (Trp-160 and Trp-221) display slower and faster folding kinetics, respectively, providing insight into a possible directional folding of hVDAC-2 from the C-terminus to N-terminus. Our results show that residue selection in a protein during evolution is a balancing compromise between optimum stability, function, and regulating protein turnover inside the cell., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Aromatic belt of membrane proteins has key stabilization role. • Human voltage-dependent anion channel isoform-2 (hVDAC-2) has four interfacial indoles. • Tryptophans act in concert to drive folding and stabilization of the barrel. • The 86th position shows preference for phenylalanine due to its buried environment. • Strands β10–14 promote barrel folding and stabilize hVDAC-2.

Structured AbstractAim and Objectives To analyze the relationship between subjective and objective evaluations of pre-treatment posed smiles in patients with facial asymmetry and to assess the influence of dentofacial structures involved in asymmetry on the perception of smile attractiveness. Sample Thirty-five patients (25 males and 10 females) between 18 and 25 years of age with facial asymmetry were selected. Materials and Methods Pre-treatment clinical photographs of posed smiles were subjectively evaluated by a panel of 20 orthodontists, 20 oral surgeons, and 20 laypersons. A customized Smile Mesh program was used for objective evaluation of the same smiles. Direct comparison among three smile groups (unattractive, slightly attractive, and attractive) for different Smile Mesh measurements was carried out using two-way anova test. Additionally, linear regression was performed to evaluate whether these measurements could predict the attractiveness of captured smiles. Results Patients with ‘slightly attractive’ smiles had a significantly greater distance between the incisal margin of the maxillary central incisor and the lower lip during smiling. The Smile Index was significantly greater in attractive smiles. However, based on the coefficients of linear regression, no objectively gathered measurement could predict smile attractiveness. Conclusions Attractiveness or unattractiveness of smiles in patients with facial asymmetry could not be predicted by any measurement of Smile Mesh. The presence of facial asymmetry did not significantly influence the perception of smile esthetics.

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the gateway to mitochondrial processes, interlinking the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. The mitochondrion acts as a storehouse for cytochrome c, the effector of apoptosis, and hence VDACs become intricately involved in the apoptotic pathway. Isoform 1 of VDAC is abundant in the outer mitochondrial membrane of many cell types, while isoform 2 is the preferred channel in specialized cells including brain and some cancer cells. The primary role of VDACs is metabolite flux. The pro- and anti-apoptotic role of VDAC1 and VDAC2, respectively, are secondary, and are influenced by external factors and interacting proteins. Herein, we focus on the less-studied VDAC2, and shed light on its unique functions and features. VDAC2, along with sharing many of its functions with VDAC1, such as metabolite and Ca2+ transport, also has many delineating functions. VDAC2 is closely engaged in the gametogenesis and steroidogenesis pathways and in protection from oxidative stress as well as in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and epilepsy. A closer examination of the functional pathways of VDACs indicates that the unique functions of VDAC2 are a result of the different interactome of this isoform. We couple functional differences to the structural and biophysical evidence obtained for the VDACs, and present a testament of why the two VDAC isoforms with >90% sequence similarity, are functionally diverse. Based on these differences, we suggest that the VDAC isoforms now be considered as paralogs. An in-depth understanding of VDAC2 will help us to design better biomolecule targets for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Background: Orthodontic therapy has oral ecological changes causing increased numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva and plaque. The purpose of this study was to estimate counts and colonization pattern of Streptococcus mutans after application of fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Plaque samples of randomly selected sixty patients were collected before placement of orthodontic appliances from buccal and labial aspects of the anterior teeth and four first molars and readings were recorded as T0. After placement of appliances (0.22 MBT preadjusted Gemini), i.e., 2nd and 3rd month, the plaque samples were collected again from same site and readings were recorded as T1 and T2, respectively. Counts of S. mutans in these patients were determined by using DM Strips (Orion Diagnostic, Espoo, Finland). Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to find out significant differences between different time interval for Dentocult score for S. mutans in orthodontic patients (P < 0.001). Results: Prior to the treatment, 46 patients (76%) showed mild and 14 patients (24%) showed moderate colonization of S. mutans. After treatment, the severity of colonization increased showing fifty patients (84%) moderate and six patients (10%) showing severe colonization of S. mutans at T1, which further increased in severity at T2 with 54 patients (90%) showing severe colonization with S. mutans. Conclusion: Results showed that fixed orthodontic appliance increases colonization of S. mutans during orthodontic treatment.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a rapidly progressing pandemic that has affected 12.3 million individuals while causing 5,54,061 deaths worldwide till date. In India, approx 7,94,000 individuals (including approximately 4,96,000 recovered patients) have been affected with approximately 21,604 deaths. The sheer extent of the disease makes it imperative to increase awareness among our professional peers regarding the nature of the disease and its transmissibility while formulating standard operating procedures to mitigate the same. The present article disseminates the evidence to date and is based on available literature, brief working experiences, and relevant recommendations that can be implemented at various dental centers and units at all levels.

Surgical-orthodontic management of hyper divergent skeletal Class III malocclusions is often confronted with clinical challenges. Overeruption of the maxillary second molars during longer presurgical orthodontic decompensation phase usually results in occlusal interferences which hinder the setting of desired postsurgical occlusion in preparation for model surgery. Here, a simple, yet effective interim modification of conventional Goshgarian-type transpalatal arch is proposed which can be effectively used to intrude over erupted molars during orthodontic treatment.

The present article focuses on minimum guidelines and criteria that can be applied to not only filter high-quality scholarly research from the “scholarly junk” but also provide insight regarding various policies and guidelines for conducting and subsequent reporting of scholarly manuscript. Before conducting the research and clinical studies, review of literature should be assessed from journals recognized by empowered national and international statutory bodies and societies. Second, relevant recommended guidelines as per the design of epidemiological study should be adhered when conducting till manuscript preparation. Once the manuscript is prepared, professional plagiarism detection software must be used to rule out any accidental similarity index and subsequent consequences. Finally, before submitting the manuscript and drawing conclusion out from published literature, ruling out dubious predatory junks should be carried out. The endeavor of the present article is to highlight the key information and references in regard to the above–mentioned guidelines as systematically as possible.

Introduction: The present study was aimed at comparing the accuracy of cephalometric tracing in by the manual, semi-digital, and fully digital cephalometric tracing methods in orthodontics. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of orthodontics of a tertiary care government hospital with clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Thirty lateral cephalograms were evaluated using three different method: Group I-Print of lateral cephalogram was traced manually on an acetate sheet. Group II-the digital images of cephalograms were traced on screen using the NNT (NewTom Image Viewer) software. Group III-digital images traced using Nemoceph™ software. Ten angular and eight linear variables were measured. Inter-group comparison was made using one-way ANOVA measure followed by post hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. Results: Intra-class correlation coefficients showed acceptable agreement in all three groups, i.e., Group I (0.281), Group II (0.11), and Group III (0.056). The one-way ANOVA test revealed a significant difference between groups for two variables. i.e., “EL-Max” and “EL-Mand.” The difference was present between Groups I and II i.e., “EL-Max” (P Conclusion: The present study found no significant difference between manual, semi-digital, and fully digital cephalometric tracing with good agreement among all variables except two linear variables, which were traced more accurately in semi-digital method. The preference of using on particular technique can be based on the availability, expertise, and ease of availability.

One of the most common clinical challenges encountered with facemask therapy for early correction of skeletal Class III malocclusions is the delivery of appropriate direction of force for effecting the pure translation of maxilla. This technical note describes a novel method involving the use of Begg's auxiliary for achieving efficient and predictable delivery of protraction forces. With this modified assembly, effective vector control for facemask can be achieved without the need to remove the bonded Hyrax assembly. This chairside modification is an effective and invaluable method for predictable force delivery in facemask therapy.

Human voltage-dependent anion channel-2 (hVDAC-2) functions primarily as the crucial anti-apoptotic protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and additionally as a gated bidirectional metabolite transporter. The N-terminal helix (NTH), involved in voltage sensing, bears an additional 11-residue extension (NTE) only in hVDAC-2. In this study, we assign a unique role for the NTE as influencing the chaperone-independent refolding kinetics and overall thermodynamic stability of hVDAC-2. Our electrophysiology data shows that the N-helix is crucial for channel activity, whereas NTE sensitizes this isoform to voltage gating. Additionally, hVDAC-2 possesses the highest cysteine content, possibly for regulating reactive oxygen species content. We identify interdependent contributions of the N-helix and cysteines to channel function, and the measured stability in micellar environments with differing physicochemical properties. The evolutionary demand for the NTE in the presence of cysteines clearly emerges from our biochemical and functional studies, providing insight into factors that functionally demarcate hVDAC-2 from the other VDACs.

Aim: The purpose of present study was to investigate the scanning electron microscopic alterations produced on scaled and root planed dentin surfaces after application of different etching modalities namely citric acid, tetracycline hydrochloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Materials and Methods: Eighty specimens of teeth were collected and categorized into four groups. In group 1, control group specimens were treated with normal saline for 3 min, group 2 specimens were treated with citric acid, group 3 specimens were treated with tetracycline hydrochloride for 3 min and group 4 specimens were treated with 15% EDTA. Results: Opening of dentinal tubules was seen in all specimens except for control group that was treated with normal saline. The total number of tubules seen was highest in citric acid group as compared to tetracycline hydrochloride and EDTA Group. The total number of patent tubule opening was highest in citric acid as compared to EDTA and tetracycline. The diameter of patent dentinal tubules in citric acid group was more than EDTA and tetracycline. Conclusion: The study showed that all the three agents were effective in removing the smear layer however number of patent and wider diameter dentinal tubules was seen in vitro best in citric acid than EDTA and then in tetracycline hydrochloride. Hence, citric acid group is more efficient than EDTA and tetracycline HCl group in removing the smear layer and in opening of number of patent dentinal tubules.

Structural and biophysical characterization of transmembrane proteins that require sufficiently pure protein in high amounts are usually generated in large-scale preparations as inclusion bodies (IBs). However, IB preparations and subsequent purification, is oftentimes laborious, painstaking, time-consuming, expensive and demands protein-dependent customization. We demonstrate that protein purification is dispensable if IBs are sufficiently pure; the latter can be directly used in biophysical and functional experiments. Using an assortment of membrane proteins from bacteria and humans, we validate that IB preparations and their purified counterparts exhibit analogous structure, stability, thermodynamic parameters as well as channel conductance activity. Direct use of crude IBs by circumventing protein purification could find immediate application in speedy generation of high-throughput mutant libraries of transmembrane β-barrels, and possibly helical proteins.

The use of implant anchorage has simplified orthodontic treatment by sparing us the need for patient compliance and the complexity of treatment. One of the most important factors affecting the success of interdental implants is preventing the damage to adjacent roots and periodontal ligament. The most common causes of root damage from mini-implant insertion are improper site selection and an inaccurate angle of drill penetration. We thereby present a custom made modified grid help in more accurate placement of temporary anchorage devices and guide the angle of drill penetration. The grid can be placed anywhere in the oral cavity (buccally, palatally, anteriorly or posteriorly) and it can be attached to the main arch wire, bracket or even on unbounded teeth. The measuring reference grid with two vertical guide arms is connected with a horizontal arm that will later be secured to the adjacent bracket at both ends. The grid includes small squares, which effectively upgrade the efficiency during the orthodontic implant placement. The two vertical guide arms help in maintaining the desired angulation while drilling indicating the mesial and distal root surface of the adjacent teeth.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and counts of Streptococcus mutans and Candida species in orthodontic fixed appliance therapy patients and comparison of the efficiency of manual and electronic toothbrushes on minimizing plaque by reducing S. mutans and Candida species in above-mentioned patients. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on total number of sixty patients scheduled for orthodontic treatment (age group: 13–18). Plaque samples were collected to determine oral carriage of S. mutans and Candida of these patients, and readings were noted at T0 (before appliance placement), 2nd and 3rd month after the placement of appliances (T1 and T2). Counts of S. mutans were determined using Dentocult SM kit. Candida was cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. The participants in the study group (orthodontic patients) were then divided into two groups each of 30: Group 1 (manual toothbrush), Group 2 (electronic toothbrush), and plaque samples were taken at the end of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month to determine the efficacy of manual versus electronic toothbrushes. Results: After orthodontic treatment, colonization of S. mutans and Candida increased dramatically. Results for S. mutans counts and Candida clearly showed superiority of electronic tooth brushing over manual tooth brushing during orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Results clearly showed that orthodontic appliances increase colonization of S. mutans and Candida albicans in oral cavity over the period of treatment time which can be controlled with proper timely brushing. The study also concludes superiority of electronic tooth brushing over manual tooth brushing.

Human mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (hVDAC-2), the most predominant isoform seen in brain mitochondria, is not only crucial for cell survival but is also implicated in Alzheimer disease. The abundance of cysteines in this isoform is particularly fascinating, as hVDAC-1 cysteines have no associated functional role. We report a detailed biophysical examination of a Cys-less mutant of hVDAC-2, and its behavioral comparison with the wild type protein. Our findings suggest that cysteine mutation results in the formation of a better barrel at the expense of weakened protein-lipid interactions. The wild type protein displays stronger lipid association, despite being less structured. A reversal in behavior of both proteins is observed in the case of chemical denaturation, with the Cys-less mutant exhibiting lowered unfolding free energies. In bicellar systems comprising 14-C phosphocholines, we observe that protein-lipid interactions are weakened in both constructs, resulting in barrel structure destabilization. Our biochemical and biophysical studies together reveal key structural roles for the cysteine residues. We find that minor conformational variations in local residues are sufficient to define the membrane protein dynamics in hVDAC-2. Such subtle sequence variations contribute to differential stability of VDACs and may have implications in their in vivo regulation and recycling.

Complete transposition of teeth is a rather rare phenomenon. After correction of transposed and malaligned lateral incisor and canine, attainment of appropriate individual antagonistic tooth torque is indispensable, which many orthodontists consider to be a herculean task. Here, a novel method is proposed which demonstrates the use of Spec reverse torquing auxillary as an effective adjunctive aid in conjunction with pre-adjusted edgewise brackets.

Introduction The restoration of normal jaw function, optimal facial aesthetics and long term stability are the goals of any orthognathic surgical procedures. During the last two decades, several cephalometric investigations have been reported on the skeletal changes following maxillary surgical procedures. The stability following LeFort I osteotomy and maxillary superior repositioning of the maxilla has not been studied extensively. Aim This study was aimed at determining the surgical changes brought about by superior repositioning of the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy and evaluate the stability of the surgical procedure one year following surgery. Materials and methods Presurgical and postsurgical and one year post surgical lateral cephalograms of 10 adult patients (age group - 17 to 40 years, with a mean age of 22.2 years) who had been treated successfully by maxillary Le-Fort I osteotomy and impaction were obtained. The lateral cephalograms were grouped into three categories: T1- Presurgical, T2- Postsurgical, T3- One year postsurgical. Comparisons were made between T1-T2 and T2-T3 to assess the changes following surgery and to evaluate the stability, one year following the surgery using 5 horizontal, 5 vertical linear and 2 angular measurement. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS (Version 17). Results were expressed as mean±standard deviation. A paired t-test was used to analyze the paired observations. Results The difference between T1 and T2 values of vertical changes showed that they were statistically highly significant whereas from T2 to T3 they were insignificant. The difference between T1 and T2 values of all the horizontal changes showed that they were statistically significant whereas True Vertical Line (TVL) to point Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) was not statistically significant. The horizontal changes from T2 to T3 were statistically not significant whereas TVL to point Incisal edge of upper incisor (Is) was statistically significant. The angular changes from T1 to T2, T2 to T3 were statistically not significant. Conclusion There was a significant reduction in the facial height and significant anterior movement of maxilla after surgery. Even after one year of surgery, negligible amount of relapse was recorded except at the incisors.