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Auxin affects all aspects of plant growth and development, including morphogenesis and adaptive responses. Auxin transmembrane transport is promoted by PIN formation (PIN) and a structurally similar PIN-like (PILS) gene family, which jointly controls the directional transport of the auxin between plant cells, and the accumulation of intracellular auxin. At present, there is no study investigating the roles of CslPIN and CslPILS gene family in root development in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In this study, 8 CslPIN and 10 CslPILS genes were identified in the tea plant, and their evolutionary relationships, physical and chemical properties, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, chromosome location, collinearity, and expression characteristics were analyzed. The mechanism of CslPIN and CslPILS in the formation of tea adventitious roots (ARs) was studied by the AR induction system. Through functional verification, the regulation of CslPIN3 gene on root growth and development of tea plant was studied by over-expression of CslPIN3 in Arabidopsis thaliana and in situ hybridization in Camellia sinensis. The results confirmed CslPIN3 was involved in the regulation of root growth and development as well as auxin accumulation. This study provides a better insight into the regulatory mechanism of CslPIN and CslPILS gene family on the formation of AR in tea plant.

Protecting plants from pathogens using synthetic nanofungicides is not very effective, because it is harmful to the environment. However, it is synthetic fungicides that farmers are familiar with and commonly use. In this modern era, nanotechnology offers a smart solution to environmental issues at the nanoscale level. It is an emergent field and nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods. Nanofungicides are efficient due to their solubility and permeability, low dose-dependent toxicity, low dose, enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release. There are many metallic compounds, such as Cu, Zn, Ag, and TiO

Implementation of nanotechnology in agriculture is of interest primarily to improve the growth and productivity of crops, and to minimize the use of traditional expensive chemical fertilizers. This work presents a simple energy-conservative approach for the synthesis of CoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) capable of forming a stable suspension with a concentration of 0.3 g/L. The size, composition, and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS. Obtained HEA-NPs were characterized by fine crystallinity with an average size of 25 nm. The investigated suspensions of HEA-NPs were tested for seeds germination and plants growth. The use of suspension of CoCuFeNi HEA-NPs for plant irrigating together with ordinary water showed positive results in plant biostimulation, which resulted in the plant height up to 12% for watercress and up to 50% for oil radish. CoCuFeNi HEA-NPs showed nice inactivation activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was comparable for the use of Tetracycline.

Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is a revolutionary technique with numerous applications in fields, such as agriculture, food processing, and medicine. This study reports that Punica granatum leaf extract is capable of the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silica nanoparticles that provides a simple, cost-effective, and efficient methodology. P. granatum leaf extract was employed as a capping and stabilizing agent for the formation of silica nanoparticles, which were synthesized by a biological method using tetra ethyl ortho silicate. Biosynthesized silica nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the analyses and characterization determined that the particles were spherical in shape and amorphous in nature with an average size of 12 nm. P. granatum-assisted silica nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity by a well-diffusion method against two-gram negative bacterial pathogens (E. coli and Salmonella sp.). The antibacterial studies prove that P. granatum-assisted silica nanoparticles have good antibacterial properties. These studies will help us find a new nano-drug or medicine against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

A green chemistry approach was employed to synthesize silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) using aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf as capping agents. The novelty of this study was to produce silica nanoparticles using the biological method. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of formed nanoparticles was successfully completed through sophisticated characterization methods, such as UV-Visible absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, zeta potential analysis, and thermo-gravimetric analysis. All the characterization results indicated their spherical morphology and amorphous nature with an average size of 24 nm. FT-IR results highlighted the key bioactive compounds that could be responsible for capping and reducing the formation of SiNPs. Synthesized SiNPs show excellent stability with a negative zeta potential value of - 32 mV. The biomolecules from B. pinnatum were successfully working for the formation of Si NPs with spherical shapes. Moreover, to assess the agricultural application, green-synthesized SiNPs were carried out by seed germination assay on Vigna radiata. The seed germination assay confirms that a low concentration of SiNPs enhances seed germination. Meanwhile, a higher concentration of the SiNPs inhibits seed germination and shoot, and root formation. SiNPs at optimum concentration could be used in the agriculture field as nano growth promoters.

The combination of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology is called as Bio-nanotechnology. Bio-nanotechnology is generally used to create nanomaterial utilizing biological method. In this paper, MgO nanoparticles were produced by utilizing extract of Piper betle leaf as bio-reducing agent. By employing the standard techniques namely UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis and thermogravimetric analysis to find out the physio chemical properties of green synthesized MgO NPs. All the outcome shows that the produced particles were spherical shape in the range of 18–20 nm, crystalline nature. The antioxidant activity of P. betle assisted MgO NPs were performed using DPPH assay. The DPPH assay of P. betle assisted MgO NPs could reach 88% at a concentration of 500 µg/ml, respectively. From the outcomes it was determined that the P. betle assisted MgO NPs have good antioxidant properties.

Green fabrication is an environmental friendly and innovative method and attractive research field for the production of Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) in clinical and environmental applications. In this current study, a viable green synthetic approach to produce magnesium oxide nanoparticles by using P. nigrum leaf aqueous extract as a capping agent. The formation and physicochemical properties of MgO NPs were confirmed through stranded characterization methods. All the analytical data revealed that the formation of pure, rod shaped and crystalline MgO NPs with average size of 20 nm. This study reports that, the synthesized MgO NPs exhibiting good antioxidant activity and it can be used for bio-medical applications.

Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is a revolutionary technique with numerous applications in agriculture, food processing, and medicine. This present study reports Punica granatum leaf extract is capable of the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silica nanoparticles which provides simple, cost effective, and efficient methodology. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a biological method using Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate. Biosynthesized silica nanoparticles characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. All the analysis and characterization were determined that particles were spherical, amorphous nature with an average size of 12 nm. P. granatum assisted silica nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity by well diffusion method against two-gram negative bacterial pathogens (E. coli and Salmonella Sp.). The antibacterial studies prove that P. granatum assisted silica nanoparticles to have good antibacterial properties. These studies will help to find a new nano drug or medicine for multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Green chemistry approach was employed to synthesize Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) using aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf as capping agents. The physicochemical properties of formed nanoparticles were successfully completed through sophisticated characterization methods such as UV-Visible absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Zeta Potential Analysis and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis. All the characterization results were indicating that the spherical morphology, amorphous nature with an average size of 24 nm of nanoparticles formed. FT-IR results highlighted the key bioactive compounds that could be responsible for capping and reduction to formation of SiNPs. As synthesized SiNPs shows excellent stability with negative zeta potential value − 32 mV. The biomolecules from B. pinnatum were successfully working for the formation of SiNPs with spherical shape. Moreover, to assess agricultural application of green synthesized SiNPs was carried out by seed germination assay on Vigna radiata. The seed germination assay confirms that the low concentration of SiNPs enhances the seed germination. Meanwhile, the higher concentration of the SiNPs inhibits the seed germination, shoot and root formation. SiNPs at optimum concentration could be used in the agriculture field as nano growth promoters.

Nanotechnology is an emergent field that is relevant to the diversified arena of science and technology. Owing to the disadvantages over the non-biological systems, several researchers turned their focus on the biological system for nanoparticle (NP’s) synthesis. Among the different microorganisms used for nanoparticle synthesis, fungi are the effective candidate to produce nanostructures both intracellularly and extracellularly with required shape and size. Also, the mycogenesis of nanoparticles found to be proficient in fabricating, manipulating and utilizing the materials in nanosize and the nanoparticle size as well shape depends on the microorganisms used and the experimental factors. The literature survey documented that NaADH-dependent nitrate reductase from the fungi plays a significant role in the change of mycogenic metal ions to mycogenic metal NP’s. Though the mycogenic nanoparticle is eco-friendly, it has several uses in the field of agriculture, medicine, textile industries and also in drug delivery systems. In this chapter, we have discussed a brief outline of the emergent part of fungi in mycogenic nanoparticle synthesis, mechanism, characterization and their applications.

The green and biological approaches are very essential for synthesis of nanomaterials in nanotechnology and nanoscience. The nanomaterials are key role in many various fields such as biomedical science, nanoelectronics, drug-gene delivery, renewable solar energy, agriculture and other environmental applications. Physical and chemical methods are exiting. However, these methods are not suitable due to high energy consumption, high cost, usage of toxic chemicals, not eco-friendly. Hence, on the other side, researchers and investigators are concentrating to produce the nanomaterials using the agricultural wastes as resources by green chemistry, renewable strategy, inexpensive and eco-friendly method. Agricultural wastes are employed as capping and reducing agents for production of nanomaterials as alternative for hazardous chemicals. This current book chapters determines the various methods for biogenic nanomaterials and includes the recent significant improvements for production of nanomaterials and its applications. The aim of this chapter is to deliver clear ideas for the substantial usage of agricultural wastes particularly cellulose and lignin-rich biomass to produce the bio-inspired nanomaterials at large-scale level by green route methods.

Theanine (N-ethyl-γ-l-glutamine) is a special nonprotein amino acid that contributes to the umami taste and health function of tea. Although recent studies on tea breeding have focused on albino tea because of its umami taste, a factor of higher theanine concentration, the mechanism of biosynthesis of l-theanine is still unclear. In this study, four glutamine synthetase genes (CsGSs) were obtained and functionally characterized by overexpressing them in Arabidopsis. The enzyme activities of the purified CsGS proteins from Escherichia coli were detected. The results showed that CsGSs have a dual function in the synthesis of glutamine and theanine in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, l-theanine was abundantly synthesized in the tender shoots of "Huabai 1". In the white tender shoots, the cytosol CsGS1.2 might exhibit increased expression to compensate for decreasing levels of chloroplast CsGS2, which plays a vital role in high accumulation of theanine in "Huabai 1". In addition, CsGS2 was most likely the key l-theanine synthases in green tissues of tea. The present findings will provide basis for and considerably broaden the scope of understanding the function of CsGSs and the mechanism of l-theanine accumulation in the tender shoots of "Huabai 1", and will be useful for breeding and screening tea with high l-theanine content.

Simple Summary Greener fabrication of silver nanoparticles has received extensive attention owing to their low cytotoxicity, tunable surface features, and stability. Fabrication of AgNPs using natural entities has received substantial consideration as an alternative to toxic chemicals. In this study, we have screened the potential of an endophytic fungi Penicillium oxalicum strain LA-1 for the synthesis of AgNPs and analyzed their potential multipurpose values in biology and medicine. Abstract To develop a benign nanomaterial from biogenic sources, we have attempted to formulate and fabricate silver nanoparticles synthesized from the culture filtrate of an endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum strain LA-1 (PoAgNPs). The synthesized PoAgNPs were exclusively characterized through UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong absorbance around 430 nm with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and exhibited a face-centered cubic crystalline nature in XRD analysis. Proteins presented in the culture filtrate acted as reducing, capping, and stabilization agents to form PoAgNPs. TEM analysis revealed the generation of polydispersed spherical PoAgNPs with an average size of 52.26 nm. The PoAgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. The PoAgNPs induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231), and apoptotic morphological changes were observed by dual staining. Additionally, PoAgNPs demonstrated better larvicidal activity against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Moreover, the hemolytic test indicated that the as-synthesized PoAgNPs are a safe and biocompatible nanomaterial with versatile bio-applications.

Interest in one-step synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has increased, due to their unique properties like size, shape, binding energy, and bandgap. ZnO NPs are playing vital roles in clinical, textile, wastewater treatment, bioimaging, and agricultural fields, among many others. ZnO NPs can be synthesized by diverse chemical, physical, and biological methods. Interestingly, the control of synthesized ZnO NPs depends on size, shape, and surface morphology. Biological synthesis of ZnO NPs uses only a single step and is cost effective, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly, in contrast to other physical and chemical methods. Both single-cell and multicellular organisms can be used for synthesis of ZnO NPs, by either intracellular or extracellular mechanisms. Various bioassays such as the well diffusion method, disk method, and dilution method are used for screening the antifungal activity of ZnO NPs. In addition, ZnO NPs as unique vectors of agrochemicals facilitate targeted nutrients and growth hormone delivery, for improved plant growth and production. Furthermore, ZnO NPs have been utilized to improve animal health and livestock production. This chapter describes the synthesis, activity, and mechanisms of ZnO NPs in clinical applications, plant growth promotion, and fungal growth reduction. It covers the essentials of physical, chemical, and biological synthesis methods and gives a thorough description of ZnO NP advantages and disadvantages.

‘Huabai 1’ is a new albino tea germplasm, with high amino acids in its albinism period, however, the albino mechanism remains unknown. To understand the albinism mechanism of ‘Huabai 1’, molecular-level studies were carried out to reveal the functions of CsLHCII and CsSGR in albinism. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that albino leaves of ‘Huabai 1’ are more damaged than that of ‘Baiye 1’. CsSGR overexpression in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana indicated that CsSGR is involved in the regulation of leaf albinism, and it may play an important role as a key regulator for the dismantling of photosynthetic chlorophyll - LHCP complexes. Moreover, CsLHCII overexpression promotes leaf regreening. The Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening identified a chloroplast small heat shock protein (CssHSP, XM_028206028.1) which binds to CsSGR and CsLHCII respectively, forming CsSGR-CssHSP-CsLHCII protein complexes that may function in regulating albinism of ‘Huabai 1’.

The developments of green-based metallic nanoparticles (gold) are gaining tremendous interest, having potential applications in health care and diagnosis. Therefore, in the present study, Polianthes tuberosa flower filtered extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles (PtubAuNPs). The PtubAuNPs were extensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activity of PtubAuNPs was determined by the agar well diffusion method, the PtubAuNPs performed extreme antagonistic activity against the tested pathogens. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the PtubAuNPs was evaluated in MCF 7 cells by MTT assay. The PtubAuNPs induced toxicity in MCF 7 cells with the least concentration of 100 µg/mL in a dose-dependent method by inducing apoptosis. Overall, the study manifested that PtubAuNPs are a potent nanomaterial that can be employed as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent.