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Abstract Background The prevalence of cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, poses a significant global health challenge due to the limited availability of effective therapeutic options. Recent years have witnessed a growing emphasis in research on the exploration of natural compounds and their derivatives as prospective therapeutic agents for cognitive impairments. Main body Xanthotoxin, a furanocoumarin compound derived from botanical sources, exhibits promising therapeutic promise in several neurological conditions such as depression, neuronal inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. This potential stems from its notable neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The present study offers a comprehensive examination of the acquisition of XAT from both natural sources and synthetic means. It delves into the significance of XAT in the treatment of cognitive disorders and delineates potential avenues for future research in the domain of XAT and cognitive disorders. Conclusion Ongoing research and advancements in the field of XAT have the potential to enhance its use as a potent therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairments, consequently enhancing the holistic welfare of those afflicted by these incapacitating disorders.

Background: Wireless Holter monitors can be a great alternative to the traditional wired holter monitoring potentially giving better patient outcomes. However, the technology is new and less explored for the quality of ECG wave forms. Objective: This study was taken up to compare the quality of electrocardiogram (ECG) and arrhythmia detection using a traditional Holter and a wireless ambulatory smart ECG – Vigo SmartHeart (VSH) that functions with a Mobile application. Materials and Methods: The present study was cross-sectional in nature. We enrolled the patients indicated for continuous ECG monitoring. All the enrolled patients were connected to VSH wireless Holter solution and a conventional Holter monitor simultaneously. The ECGs generated were compared through descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and correlation by Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Seventy-one patients had simultaneous ECG recordings by both systems. The Pearson correlation for P wave, QRS, PR, QT, and ST was measured as 0.93, 0.93, 0.99, 0.36, and 0.98, respectively. The minimum heart rate (HR), maximum HR, RR interval, P wave, QRS complex, PR, and ST segments showed a statistically significant correlation between Smart Heart and Conventional Holter. 17 ECG events were reported, of which 14 were detected by both. The events missed by conventional Holter and detected by VSH were Atrioventricular block (2), Supraventricular tachycardia (1), and Intraventricular conduction delay (1). Conclusions: The quality of the report generated by both the methods was comparable to ECG wave quality, However, arrhythmia was picked up by the SmartHeart with better precision compared to conventional Holter. Thus, VSH can serve as a viable and potential alternative tool to screen and help in reducing the morbidity and mortality related to arrhythmias.

Introduction: Coeliac Disease (CD) is a systemic immune disorder caused by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. A serological screening assay for CD has been designed to detect Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG anti-tissue Transglutaminase (a-tTG) and IgA and IgG Deamidated Gliadin Peptide antibodies (a-DGP) simultaneously. The seronegative gap can be closed when these two antigens are combined on a single solid phase. This is primarily because untreated CD children who are negative for antibodies of one of the antigens may exhibit a positive result for the other. Aim: To determine the diagnostic parameters {sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV)} of tTG-IgA and htTG-DGP (Coeliac fusion- a combination of IgA and IgG to human tTG and synthetic DGP) for the diagnosis of CD in clinically symptomatic children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) of Santokhba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India from April 2023 to November 2023. The study population comprised 45 children (age >6 months and

Introduction: Children who are born with disability, more so intellectual disability are dependant on their parents for their daily needs. The presence of disabled child in the family adds to the caregiver burden which may read to emotional distress manifesting as anger, depression, stigma, etc. The study aimed to assess both the positive and negative impacts of having a disabled child in the family on caregivers. Methodology: The present, cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Jammu district using simple random sampling, two health zones out of eight were selected for the conduct of the study. All the disabled children were identified and their parents were interviewed using National Institute of Mental Health-Disability Impact Scale Scale after taking an informed consent from them (IECGJ)(NO: IEC/GMC/2019/892). Results: During the course of the study, a total of 101 caregivers of disabled children were interviewed. Both negative and positive impact on the caregivers was found to be in close approximation to the tune of 15%–16%. Among the negative impacts, financial burden was the most dominant domain followed by physical care of the child and caregiver health being affected. Conclusion: It would be pertinent to conclude that we need to empower the caregivers as an important step for the inclusion of these special children in the society. In this context, few recommendations have been discussed in the present study.

In a Sustainable Supply Chain (SSC) context, information management offers a unique perspective on the digital economy and information management. Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing into a more robust digital field to facilitate quick information access and intelligent decisions in expanding commercial contexts. These days, Supply Chains (SC) would crumble without robust information systems. Applying AI and information management is crucial in determining the direction of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). A systematic literature review (SLR) of the use of AI in SSCM is conducted in this research. The authors can identify crucial factors of the present literature using bibliometric and network analysis. AI is essential to the SSC to address sustainability challenges and manage the large volumes of data produced by numerous industrial processes. In the corpus of research that is already accessible, there is currently no comprehensive and bibliometric analysis of the potential for AI techniques for information management in SSC. Scientific publications were analysed from an objective point of view. Based on our results, we have drafted a proposal for an AI supply chain framework. Researchers, policymakers, and SCM practitioners may all benefit from the approach. This study is the first to analyse AI applications for information management in SSCM. In consideration of this, organizations are now exploring AI capabilities to improve operational efficiency and innovate their processes. This will assist industry people in understanding how AI methods support SC processes in their optimization to attain sustainability in SC practices.

Global market competitiveness and standards are pushing the manufacturing supply chain to adopt sustainable approaches to enhance quality, reduce waste, improve environmental practices, and optimize product costs. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising tool for improving supply chain transparency and manufacturing sustainability. However, various challenges to the mainstream use of blockchain must be identified and addressed. In this regard, the study aims to identify and comprehend the challenges of adopting blockchain technology in the manufacturing sector to improve sustainable standards. To bridge this gap, the study used a three-step procedure. First, through a comprehensive literature review, 19 potential challenges were identified. Then, with the experts' discussion, a total of 18 challenges were finalized. In the second phase, data was collected from 15 professionals with industrial backgrounds. Lastly, the collected data was analyzed using Combined Compromise Solution methodologies and the Fuzzy-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (fuzzy DEMATEL). This hybrid methodology prioritizes the challenges in blockchain adoption and categorizes them into causal groups. This improves the decision-making process by evaluating how the mutual impact of challenges in blockchain adoption affects achieving sustainability in the manufacturing supply chain. The outcomes of the presented work are validated through a sensitivity analysis of the outranked dimensions of blockchain adoption challenges. Results show that 'High Initial Investment Cost' and 'Lack of Digital Skills’ are the top challenges in its adoption. The findings of this work provide a roadmap to make the manufacturing supply chain sustainable and accomplish sustainability.

Silent estrus results in spread-out kidding and extended inter-kidding interval in goats. Progesterone (P4) priming for 12-14 days could be one of the approaches for estrus induction with optimum fertility. The present work was carried to comparatively assess the duration of P4 priming on estrus and fertility in silent estrus goats. Sirohi does (n=18) with a history of anestrus and high basal P4 in paired samples were equally divided into three groups. Does in P-0 d group received 200 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin by intramuscular route. Does in group second and third were subjected to per-vaginal P4 sponges for 7 (P-7 d) and 14 (P-14 d) days, respectively and were given 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin following sponge withdrawal. Estrus was monitored for 72 h at 12 h intervals using teaser buck to record estrus per cent, induction time and duration. Estrus induction was highest in P-14 d (6/6) than P-0 d and P-7 d (4/6 and 5/6), respectively. Estrus induction time was shorter in P-7 d and P-14 d than P-0 d. The estrus duration was shortest in P-14 d group. The conception and pregnancy rate did not differ significantly among the groups, though all the does in P-14 d conceived. The fertility was non-significantly higher in P-14 d (6/6) and P-7 d group (5/5) than P-0 d (3/4). It could be concluded that P4 priming for 7-14 days in silent estrus does results in improved reproductive performances.

Egyptian clover/Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the most popular winter leguminous multi-cut fodder crop widely cultivated in the northwest and central parts of India. Quality seed significantly impacts farm productivity, farmers’ profitability, and socioeconomic welfare. Foundation and certified seeds enable high-quality seed production, making breeder seed (BS) the most important link in the seed supply chain. In India, berseem BS indent had increased from 1998 - 99 to 2012–13; afterwards, it followed a constant but decreasing trend. Of the 27 notified cultivars, 24 came into the seed supply chain between 1998–1999 and 2021–2022, indicating high varietal availability to stakeholders. The study examines the potential causes of the national decline in BS indent and production and the differences in these figures over time. The highest BS indent was received for the variety JB-1 (276.1 q), followed by BL-10 (205.1 q), Mescavi (165.6 q) and Wardan (153.7 q) from 1998 - 99 to 2021–22. The varietal replacement rate (VRR) is high, 43.30 %, for the varieties that have reached the age of five or less in the recent three years (2019–20 to 2021–22). Additionally, it has been calculated that if the seed chain operates at 100 % efficiency, the BS generated (48.1q) in 2021–22 can cover an area of almost 0.12 million hectares in 2024–25. The study offers an in-depth overview of berseem BS indent and production, an analysis of the difficulties encountered in BS production, and future directions for expanding variety and producing excess BS in the nation.

PURPOSEStandard-dose immune checkpoint inhibitors (SD-ICIs) are the standard of care as initial therapy in microsatellite instable-high (MSI-H) advanced/metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas (mCRC), but there are preclinical data to suggest that low-dose ICIs (LD-ICI) might also have similar efficacy.MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective study of patients with MSI-H mCRC receiving ICIs between June 2017 and January 2023 was conducted. The primary end point of the study was 12-month progression-free survival (PFS), which was computed using the Kaplan-Meier method.RESULTSA total of 65 patients were available for analysis during the study period. Sixty patients (92%) received nivolumab, whereas the remaining received pembrolizumab. First-line ICIs were received by 18 patients (28%), whereas 47 patients (72%) received ICIs during later lines. Thirty patients (47%) received LD-ICIs (all received nivolumab), with the remaining receiving SD-ICIs (53%). At a median follow-up of 16.5 (95% CI, 11.8 to 21.2) months, median PFS was not reached in the entire cohort. The 12-month PFS rate in the LD-ICI cohort was 90%, whereas it was 75.8% in the SD-ICI cohort. There were no statistical differences in patients receiving ICIs as first-line therapy (12 months PFS—94.4%) or during later lines of therapy (12-month PFS—77.9%; P = .56).CONCLUSIONICIs in the current study show survivals which are similar to those seen in seminal trials in patients with MSI-H mCRC. Low-dose ICIs appear to work in MSI-H mCRC and should be explored prospectively in clinical trials. Patients with MSI-H status should be exposed to ICIs, whether initially or later during treatment, whenever feasible.

Summary: Lung cancer varies between Caucasians and Asians. There have been differences recorded in the epidemiology, genomics, standard therapies and outcomes, with variations according to the geography and ethnicity which affect the decision for optimal treatment of the patients. To better understand the profile of lung cancer in Southeast Asia, with a focus on India, we have comprehensively reviewed the available data, and discuss the challenges and the way forward. A substantial proportion of patients with lung cancer in Southeast Asia are neversmokers, and adenocarcinoma is the common histopathologic subtype, found in approximately a third of the patients. EGFR mutations are noted in 23–30% of patients, and ALK rearrangements are noted in 5–7%. Therapies are similar to global standards, although access to newer modalities and molecules is a challenge. Collaborative research, political will with various policy changes and patient advocacy are urgently needed.

Background: Postpartum depression refers to non-psychotic depressive episode that begins immediately after childbirth. Although delivering a baby is a happy event but many females develop depressive symptoms. About 13% of postpartum women experience a mental disorder, primarily depression worldwide. The aim is to estimate the prevalence of Postpartum depression among the mothers and to determine the association of Perceived Social Support, socio demographic and other obstetric variables with Postpartum depression. Methodology: The study was conducted among the Postpartum mothers attending the immunization section of a Tertiary care hospital, Jammu, India. Tools used are- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Hamilton depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). SPSS software was used to analyse the data. Results: Prevalence of Postpartum Depression was found to be 16.1%. Variables like residence, occupation, h/o domestic violence, family h/o mental illness, eventful antenatal period, h/o hospitalization of baby, unwanted parenthood and low social support emerged to be independent predictors of Post Partum depression. Conclusions: Postpartum mothers particularly those, who were having poor social support are highly vulnerable to depression. Every postpartum mother should be screened for postpartum depression and timely referred to the psychiatrists. Also, family members need to be counselled.

The scarcity of high-quality forage has a significant influence on the productivity and profitability of livestock. Addressing this concern, an investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of distinct Italian ryegrass genotypes, namely, Punjab ryegrass-1, Kashmir collection, and Makhan grass, in conjunction with varying seeding ratios of Italian ryegrass to Egyptian clover. The seeding ratios considered were 100:0 (Italian ryegrass to Egyptian clover), 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. All possible combinations of Italian ryegrass and Egyptian clover with seeding ratios were set up in a randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Co-cultivating Italian ryegrass and Egyptian clover at a 75:25 seeding ratio yields the best yield benefit, as determined by the land equivalent ratio. It is noteworthy that in this configuration, real yield loss is higher for Egyptian clover and for Italian ryegrass when the seeding ratio is 25:75. The higher competitiveness of Italian ryegrass in comparison to Egyptian clover is highlighted by the competitive ratio. Notably, the nutritive parameter, crude protein yield, was significantly higher in the Makhan grass-based 50:50 and 75:25 seeding ratio. Results of the study ascertained the compatibility of grass-legume co-cultivation with significantly higher quantity and quality forage harvested under mixed cropping systems whereas Makhan grass as the superior and dominant genotype in comparison to Kashmir collection. The outcomes of this study revealed that the 100:0 seeding ratio, coupled with the Makhan grass genotype, exhibited superior performance in terms of cumulative forage harvest, dry matter accumulation, net returns, and benefit–cost ratio.

Agriculture is the second largest contributor (20 %) to total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world. There is a need to identify energy and carbon efficient cropping systems that reduce GHG emission and improve environmental quality. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), we evaluated the four cropping systems namely fallow – chickpea (F–C); Sesbania – mustard (Ses–M); blackgram – chickpea (B–C); sorghum + cowpea – mustard (S + C–M) cultivated during the 2018–2022 period. The energy use pattern and the input-output relationship were analysed. Three measures were utilized to quantify carbon footprints: CFa, which denotes emissions per unit area; CFb, indicating emissions per kilogram of yield; and CFe, representing emissions per unit of economic output. The result indicates that non-renewable sources of energy (diesel and fertilizer) contributed more than ∼80 % of the total energy consumed in the different cropping systems. The total energy requirement was the highest for S + C–M (16,972 MJ ha–1), followed by Ses–M (14,365 MJ ha–1), B–C (11,132 MJ ha–1) and F–C (8679 MJ ha–1) cropping systems. The S + C–M cropping system also had the highest energy use efficiency (9.13) followed by F–C (6.03), B–C (5.41) and Ses–M (5.41). The fallow–chickpea cropping system had the lowest values of CFa, CFb, and CFe however, the highest carbon efficiency (10.7) and the carbon sustainability index (9.7) were computed in S + C–M cropping system. Our findings indicate that thoughtfully structured, varied crop systems that integrate legumes and forage crops have the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, while sustaining or potentially improving overall productivity within these systems.

The crop water requirement of rice in different agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand, India was estimated using the CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT 2.0 models with data collected through NASA data-access-viewer on climate, soil, crop, and water availability. The evapotranspiration (ETo), effective rainfall (Peff), and crop water requirement (CWR) for the four zones of the Jharkhand State were calculated. Results revealed that the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) varied from 420.4 mm to 516.5 mm during the crop growing season of rice in different zones. The effective precipitation varied from 748.4 mm to 760.8 mm. The crop water requirement of rice varied from 482.5 mm to 592.4 mm. Effective rainfall was sufficient to meet the water requirement of rice in most of the zones except Alluvial zone wherein the net irrigation water requirement was only 67.6 mm.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of laparoscopic surgery in complicated choledochal cyst (CDC) with previous interventions (laparotomy or biliary drainage). Patients and Methods: Patients with CDC who underwent surgery from July 2014 to July 2019 were evaluated. CDC without previous interventions (Group A) was compared with CDC that had previous interventions (Group B) to assess the feasibility and outcome of laparoscopic surgery. Results: In 5 years' period, 38 patients were operated for CDC. The mean age was similar in both groups (3.78 ± 2.27 in Group A and 4.08 ± 2.73 in Group B). Out of six CDC with previous intervention (Group B), five patients were previously managed at other institutions as follows: (1) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) stenting. (2) Laparotomy for biliary peritonitis and ERCP. (3) Percutaneous drainage of the large cyst. (4) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (5) ERCP stenting. (6) Percutaneous drainage for biliary ascites. All patients underwent laparoscopic CDC excision and hepatico-duodenostomy. The mean duration of surgery was 160.3 ± 17.22 in Group A and 169.2 ± 17.5 in Group B (P = 0.258). None required intraoperative blood transfusion. None had a bile leak. Drain was removed at 4.47 ± 0.98 in Group A, while at 4.17 ± 0.75 days in Group B (P = 0.481). There was statistically no significant difference in feed starting time or length of stay. In follow-up of 6 months–3 years, all patients are asymptomatic. Conclusions: Laparoscopy in complicated CDC with previous intervention is technically tedious but is feasible. The procedure is safe and delivers a good outcome.

Introduction: Long COVID is commonly encountered by many individuals during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. It is best diagnosed by a history consistent with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) followed by a prolonged recovery. An attempt has been made to enlist the sequel of long COVID clinically and to assess their risk factors. Materials and Methods: Confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital were enquired about their persistent symptoms following infection after 3– 12 weeks for acute symptoms and after 12 weeks for chronic symptoms through the predesigned questionnaire schedule about their manifestations and followed up every month for 6 months. Results: A total of 152 patients were included in our study and found acute long COVID symptoms related to neurological (72.2%), respiratory (64.7%), and musculoskeletal (61.4%) system being most commonly affected. Chronic symptoms were comprised predominantly musculoskeletal (63.1%) followed by fatigue (43.4%) and neurological (29.6) manifestations. Risk factors estimate of postacute COVID-19 symptoms showed that females had increased risk with odds ratio (OR) (and 95% confidence intervals) (OR) of 2.412 (1.239–4.692), sedentary lifestyle OR 1.775 (1.345–2.762), body mass index (BMI) >23 OR 3.877 (1.613–6.144), and presence of comorbidities OR 2.526 (1.277–4.997). Similarly, risk factor estimate of Postchronic COVID-19 symptoms showed that females had increased risk with OR 1.879 (0.952–3.709), sedentary lifestyle OR 5.091 (2.853–9.085), BMI >23 OR 2.082 (1.005–4.134), and presence of comorbidities OR 1.851 (0.925–3.705). Conclusions: Long COVID symptoms noted were mainly related to musculoskeletal disorders, neurological, respiratory, and fatigue. This enumeration will help us to bring the further pathway to include this long COVID entity for preventive strategies in our regular setup at the primary care level.

Background: Food insecurity is a matter of public health concern as it is associated with adverse health outcomes particularly among vulnerable population. Accessibility and availability of nutritious and culturally appropriate food is paramount to achieve zero hunger. To assess the prevalence of household food insecurity, to estimate the household dietary diversity and its association with household food insecurity. Material and Methods: Using multistage sampling 381 rural households were surveyed. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and House hold Dietary Diversity Scale were used as study instruments. Chi square test was used to compare the two groups and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of household insecurity was 33.3% (127) among the surveyed households and 8.1% (31) had severe food insecurity. The mean HFIS score was 6.85 ± 4.82. The household Dietary diversity score was 8.14 ± 1.54 for food secure and 6.51 ± 1.38 for severely food insecure households. There was a statistically significant difference in intake of milk and milk products, fruits, eggs and meat/poultry among food secure and insecure households (P < 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Food insecurity was high in rural households and was associated with lower dietary intake of foods from protein group, necessitating a need to reinforce the food security programmes in rural India with focus to enhance protein rich diet.

The democratic welfare government is equally committed to quality-driven, impartial, and egalitarian education. The major contribution of this study is to examine the problems and opportunities posed by the incorporation of digital technology in the classroom via the lens of Classroom 4.0 (CLSR4) and education 4.0. The commitment of the democratic welfare government to equitable and quality education is investigated, in line with the Global Agenda SDG 4 goal of ensuring comprehensive and lifelong education for everyone. The modern classroom is witnessing a clash between traditional teaching methods and the digital competency of today’s tech-savvy generation. The goal of this study is to examine the connections between education 4.0 and classroom 4.0 by looking at developments in classroom architecture and the use of digital platforms. The biggest issue found is instructors’ inability to adjust to changing conditions. In terms of methodology, confirmatory factor analysis is used in this work to investigate the dynamics of correlations in the context of Classroom 4.0. This method offers insights into the variables influenced by metaverse technology, resulting in a thorough comprehension of the evolving educational scene. This study’s findings shed insight into how students see the changing classroom and the role that various platforms play in engaging them. The study underscores the need for educators to effectively integrate these tools and address this digital transformation to improve teaching and learning experiences. However, there are study constraints, most notably the limited contextual scope, which is exclusively focused on the Indian educational setting. Further research in other worldwide contexts is required to generalize the findings. In the future, it is critical to investigate and build creative instructional practices that effectively synergize with Classroom 4.0. Furthermore, further research should be conducted to determine how governments and educational institutions might adapt to this paradigm shift, ensuring a smooth and effective transition into the digital era of education.

Abstract The growing popularity of nano-fertilization around the world for enhancing yield and nutrient use efficiency has been realized, however its influence on soil microbial structure is not fully understood. The purpose of carrying out this study was to assess the combined effect of nano and conventional fertilizers on the soil biological indicators and crop yield in a wheat–maize system. The results indicate that the at par grain yield of wheat and maize was obtained with application of 75% of recommended nitrogen (N) with full dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) through conventional fertilizers along with nano-N (nano-urea) or nano-N plus nano-Zn sprays and N100PK i.e. business as usual (recommended dose of fertilizer). Important soil microbial property like microbial biomass carbon was found statistically similar with nano fertilizer-based management (N75PK + nano-N, and N75PK + nano-N + nano-Zn) and conventional management (N100PK), during both wheat and maize seasons. The experimental data indicated that the application of foliar spray of nano-fertilizers along with 75% N as basal is a sustainable nutrient management approach with respect to growth, yield and rhizosphere biological activity. Furthermore, two foliar sprays of nano-N or nano-N + nano-Zn curtailed N requirement by 25%, furthermore enhanced soil microbial diversity and the microbial community structure. The specific microbial groups, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Proteobacteria, were present in abundance and were positively correlated with wheat and maize yield and soil microbial biomass carbon. Thus, one of the best nutrient management approaches for sustaining productivity and maintaining sound microbial diversity in wheat–maize rotation is the combined use of nano-fertilizers and conventional fertilizers.

Abstract India is the second-highest contributor to the post-2000 global greening. However, with satellite data, here we show that this 18.51% increase in Leaf Area Index (LAI) during 2001–2019 fails to translate into increased carbon uptake due to warming constraints. Our analysis further shows 6.19% decrease in Net Primary Productivity (NPP) during 2001–2019 over the temporally consistent forests in India despite 6.75% increase in LAI. We identify hotspots of statistically significant decreasing trends in NPP over the key forested regions of Northeast India, Peninsular India, and the Western Ghats. Together, these areas contribute to more than 31% of the NPP of India (1274.8 TgC.year−1). These three regions are also the warming hotspots in India. Granger Causality analysis confirms that temperature causes the changes in net-photosynthesis of vegetation. Decreasing photosynthesis and stable respiration, above a threshold temperature, over these regions, as seen in observations, are the key reasons behind the declining NPP. Our analysis shows that warming has already started affecting carbon uptake in Indian forests and calls for improved climate resilient forest management practices in a warming world.

The pathogenesis of the inflammatory, chronic, and common skin disease psoriasis involves immune cells, skin cells (keratinocytes), and the cytokines they secrete. Hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes are hallmarks of the disease. The roles of cytokines such as TNFα, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-23 in psoriasis have been studied through mathematical/computational models as well as experiments. However, the role of proinflammatory cytokine IL-36 in the onset and progression of psoriasis is still elusive. To explore the role of IL-36, we construct a network embodying indirect cell–cell interactions of a few immune and skin cells mediated by IL-36 based on existing knowledge. We also develop a mathematical model for the network and perform a global sensitivity analysis. Our results suggest that the model is most sensitive to a parameter that represents the level of cytokine IL-36. In addition, a steady-state analysis of the model suggests that an increase in the level of IL-36 could lead to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and, thus, psoriasis. Our analysis also highlights that the plaque formation and progression of psoriasis could occur through either a gradual or a switch-like increase in the keratinocyte population. We propose that the switch-like increase would be due to a bistable behavior of the network toward either a psoriatic or healthy state and could be used as a novel treatment strategy.

Abstract The excretory–secretory proteome plays a pivotal role in both intercellular communication during disease progression and immune escape mechanisms of various pathogens including cestode parasites like Taenia solium. The cysticerci of T. solium causes infection in the central nervous system known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), which affects a significant population in developing countries. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30–150‐nm‐sized particles and constitute a significant part of the secretome. However, the role of EV in NCC pathogenesis remains undetermined. Here, for the first time, we report that EV from T. solium larvae is abundant in metabolites that can negatively regulate PI3K/AKT pathway, efficiently internalized by macrophages to induce AKT and mTOR degradation through auto‐lysosomal route with a prominent increase in the ubiquitination of both proteins. This results in less ROS production and diminished bacterial killing capability among EV‐treated macrophages. Due to this, both macro‐autophagy and caspase‐linked apoptosis are upregulated, with a reduction of the autophagy substrate sequestome 1. In summary, we report that T. solium EV from viable cysts attenuates the AKT–mTOR pathway thereby promoting apoptosis in macrophages, and this may exert immunosuppression during an early viable stage of the parasite in NCC, which is primarily asymptomatic. Further investigation on EV‐mediated immune suppression revealed that the EV can protect the mice from DSS‐induced colitis and improve colon architecture. These findings shed light on the previously unknown role of T. solium EV and the therapeutic role of their immune suppression potential.

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons (kharif) of 2021 and 2022 at research farm of ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of irrigation regimes and integrated use of prilled urea and nano-urea as a source of N, on productivity and profitability of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted in a three-time replicated split-plot design (SPD) comprised of 3 irrigation regimes, viz. irrigation at 1, 3 and 6 days after disappearance of surface water (DADSW) assigned to main-plots and 4 N-management variants including; 100% RDN (recommended dose of N, 120 kg/ha); 75% RDN + 4% nano-urea (NU) 2 sprays (75% RDN + 2 NU); 50% RDN + 2 NU; and no-N (control) in sub-plots. Irrigating basmati rice 1 DADSW exhibited the highest panicle weight (2.67–3.09 g) and number of grains/panicle (115.9, 109.8), across the years, respectively that were significantly higher than 3 and 6 DADSW. The most delayed irrigation at 6 DADSW caused significant reduction in grain yield, the magnitude of reduction was 13–19% over irrigation at 3 DADSW and substantially by 23–28% over 1 DADSW. Fertilizing rice crop with 100% RDN and 75% RDN + 2 NU resulted in statistically similar yield attributes and grain yield; however, both were, significantly superior to 50% RDN + 2 NU and no-N. Net returns, benefit cost (B:C) ratio and monetary efficiency were significantly higher when crop was irrigated 1 DADSW than 3 and 6 DADSW. The N-management options followed the trend as RDN>75% RDN + 2 NU ˃50% RDN > no-N for all studied economic parameters.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal parasitic infection caused by Leishmania donovani in India. L. donovani is an obligate intracellular protozoan residing mostly in macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system throughout chronic infection. Monocytic phagocytes are critical in the pathogenesis of different forms of leishmaniasis. Subsets of monocytes are distinguished by their surface markers into CD14+CD16- classical monocytes, CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes, and CD16++CD14low non-classical monocyte subsets. During cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), intermediate monocyte are reported to be a source of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF, and they express CCR2 attracting them to sites of inflammatory pathology. We examined monocyte subsets in the blood and bone marrow of patients with VL from an endemic site in Bihar, India, and found these contrasted with the roles of monocytes in CL. During VL, intermediate and non-classical CD16+ monocyte subsets expressed instead a non-inflammatory phenotype with low CCR2, high CX3CR1 and low microbicidal oxidant generation, making them more similar to patrolling monocytes than inflammatory cells. Bone marrow CD16+ monocyte subsets expressed a phenotype that might be more similar to the inflammatory subsets of CL, although our inability to obtain bone marrow from healthy donors in the endemic region hampered this interpretation Overall the data suggest that CD16+ intermediate monocyte subsets in VL patients express a phenotypes that contributes to an immunosuppressed pathologic immune state, but in contrast to CL, these do not mediate localized inflammatory responses.

Among cancer-related disorders, lung carcinoma is one of the leading causes of mortality. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) belongs to tyrosine kinase receptor family and exhibits similar characteristics to insulin type receptors. The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) associates with ALK gene rearrangement has significantly improved since the approval of Crizotinib in 2011 as the first generation ALK inhibitor. In continuation, the second-generation drugs like ceritinib, alectinib, and brigatinib were developed to address and counteract resistance that was associated with the first-generation agents. However, resistance can develop over time, necessitating ongoing research to enhance their effectiveness. Therefore, the third-generation drug lorlatinib, which has demonstrated broad-spectrum potency against the majority of known resistance mutations and better lipophilicity, has been developed. According to current reports, the USFDA has approved five ALK-TKIs crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib for ALK-associated lung cancer. Currently, several clinical trials are underway in search of better ALK inhibitors. Trials such as TPX-0131 and NVL-655 are considered fourth-generation ALK inhibitors for the treatment of patients with advanced ALK-positive or metastatic NSCLC. This review aims to provide specifics information on research works involving various ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, clinical studies, and the development of ALK TKIs. Additionally, we suggest potential future strategies involving sequential therapy and combination techniques for managing non-small cell carcinoma.

The complex of methyltransferase-like proteins 3 and 14 (METTL3-14) is the major enzyme that deposits N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications on messenger RNA (mRNA) in humans. METTL3-14 plays key roles in various biological processes through its methyltransferase (MTase) activity. However, little is known about its substrate recognition and methyl transfer mechanism from its cofactor and methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Here, we study the MTase mechanism of METTL3-14 by a combined experimental and multiscale simulation approach using bisubstrate analogues (BAs), conjugates of a SAM-like moiety connected to the N6-atom of adenosine. Molecular dynamics simulations based on crystal structures of METTL3-14 with BAs suggest that the Y406 side chain of METTL3 is involved in the recruitment of adenosine and release of m6A. A crystal structure with a BA representing the transition state of methyl transfer shows a direct involvement of the METTL3 side chains E481 and K513 in adenosine binding which is supported by mutational analysis. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) free energy calculations indicate that methyl transfer occurs without prior deprotonation of adenosine-N6. Furthermore, the QM/MM calculations provide further support for the role of electrostatic contributions of E481 and K513 to catalysis. The multidisciplinary approach used here sheds light on the (co)substrate binding mechanism, catalytic step, and (co)product release, and suggests that the latter step is rate-limiting for METTL3. The atomistic information on the substrate binding and methyl transfer reaction of METTL3 can be useful for understanding the mechanisms of other RNA MTases and for the design of transition state analogues as their inhibitors.

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2022–23 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand to assess how well nano- urea performs in maize under different field conditions and investigate its compatibility with other N sources. Results showed that root weight (fresh and dry), partial factor productivity (N, P2O5 and K2O), N concentration (grain and stover), grain yield, biological yield and harvest index of maize were all significantly affected by the application of various N rates and nano-fertilizers. The grain yield of maize was comparable to the yield obtained under RDF and 75% of the recommended N + two nano-urea sprays. These findings indicate that the concurrent use of these nano-fertilizers has the potential to reduce N fertilization by as much as 25%. Furthermore, the results highlight the prospect of augmenting biological yield of maize by incorporating 2 nano-urea sprays alongside the prescribed N quantity from prilled urea, as well as full applications of P2O5 and K2O.

Introduction: Pain from lower abdominal surgeries originates from the abdominal wall incision. The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) is a fascial plane between the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscle, which contains the nerve bundles. TAP block involves infiltrating this plane with anaesthetic drugs that block the somatic component of postoperative pain. Traditionally, the TAP block is given by anaesthesiologists as a blind procedure or under Ultrasound (US) guidance. In 2010, an innovative surgical TAP block method was developed, where the surgeon gives TAP block under direct vision before closing the abdomen during abdominal surgery. Many studies have recommended surgical TAP block as an intervention for achieving postoperative pain relief. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of the surgical TAP block technique for postoperative analgesia following lower abdominal surgeries using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores and by comparing the need for rescue analgesia and the total amount of analgesic drugs utilised within the first 24 hours of surgery. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at The Oxford Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from January 2022 to December 2022. The study participants included 108 women undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under spinal or epidural or combined regional anaesthesia and belonging to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system ASA I or ASA II or ASA IIE. The study group included 54 women who received surgical TAP block with 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and 4 mg of dexamethasone, intraoperatively on either side before closure of the abdomen. Postoperative pain was assessed using VAS at regular intervals within 24 hours of surgery. VAS was also recorded whenever the participants demanded rescue analgesia. The control group included 54 women who received intravenous tramadol 50 mg eight hourly for postoperative pain relief, while the study group received rescue analgesia on demand or if the VAS score was recorded as three or more. The time for the first request for rescue analgesia and the total dose of rescue analgesic required in the first 24 hours after surgery were also recorded. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. For inferential statistics, numerical data were analysed by Chi-square test, and for continuous data, the Student’s t-test was used. A p-value

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of developing a deep learning (DL) algorithm for classifying brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) into epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement groups and to compare the accuracy with classification based on semantic features on imaging. Methods: Data set of 117 patients was analysed from 2014 to 2018 out of which 33 patients were EGFR positive, 43 patients were ALK positive and 41 patients were negative for either mutation. Convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture efficient net was used to study the accuracy of classification using T1 weighted (T1W) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence, T2 weighted (T2W) MRI sequence, T1W post contrast (T1post) MRI sequence, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences. The dataset was divided into 80% training and 20% testing. The associations between mutation status and semantic features, specifically sex, smoking history, EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement status, extracranial metastasis, performance status and imaging variables of brain metastasis were analysed using descriptive analysis [chi-square test (χ2)], univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis assuming 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: In this study of 117 patients, the analysis by semantic method showed 79.2% of the patients belonged to ALK positive were non-smokers as compared to double negative groups (P = 0.03). There was a 10-fold increase in ALK positivity as compared to EGFR positivity in ring enhancing lesions patients (P = 0.015) and there was also a 6.4-fold increase in ALK positivity as compared to double negative groups in meningeal involvement patients (P = 0.004). Using CNN Efficient Net DL model, the study achieved 76% accuracy in classifying ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutations without manual segmentation of metastatic lesions. Analysis of the manually segmented dataset resulted in improved accuracy of 89% through this model. Conclusions: Both semantic features and DL model showed comparable accuracy in classifying EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement. Both methods can be clinically used to predict mutation status while biopsy or genetic testing is undertaken.

BackgroundCD4+ T cells play a central role in control of L. donovani infection, through IFN-γ production required for activation of macrophages and killing of intracellular parasites. Impaired control of parasites can in part be explained by hampered CD4+ T cells effector functions in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. In a recent studies that defined transcriptional signatures for CD4+ T cells from active VL patients, we found that expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα; CD127) was downregulated, compared to CD4+ T cells from endemic controls (ECs). Since IL-7 signaling is critical for the survival and homeostatic maintenance of CD4+ T cells, we investigated this signaling pathway in VL patients, relative to ECs.MethodsCD4+ T cells were enriched from peripheral blood collected from VL patients and EC subjects and expression of IL7 and IL7RA mRNA was measured by real time qPCR. IL-7 signaling potential and surface expression of CD127 and CD132 on CD4+ T cell was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. Plasma levels of soluble IL-7 and sIL-7Rα were measured by ELISA.ResultTranscriptional profiling data sets generated previously from our group showed lower IL7RA mRNA expression in VL CD4+ T cells as compared to EC. A significant reduction was, however not seen when assessing IL7RA mRNA by RT-qPCR. Yet, the levels of soluble IL-7Rα (sIL-7Rα) were reduced in plasma of VL patients compared to ECs. Furthermore, the levels of soluble IL-7 were higher in plasma from VL patients compared to ECs. Interestingly, expression of the IL-7Rα protein was higher on VL patient CD4+ T cells as compared to EC, with activated CD38+ CD4+ T cells showing higher surface expression of IL-7Rα compared to CD38- CD4+ T cells in VL patients. CD4+ T cells from VL patients had higher signaling potential baseline and after stimulation with recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) compared to EC, as measured by phosphorylation of STAT5 (pSTAT5). Interestingly, it was the CD38 negative cells that had the highest level of pSTAT5 in VL patient CD4+ T cells after IL-7 stimulation. Thus, despite unaltered or potentially lowered IL7RA mRNA expression by CD4+ T cells from VL patients, the surface expression of the IL-7Rα was higher compared to EC and increased pSTAT5 was seen following exposure to rhIL-7. Accordingly, IL-7 signaling appears to be functional and even enhanced in VL CD4+ T cells and cannot explain the impaired effector function of VL CD4+ T cells. The enhanced plasma IL-7 may serve as part of homeostatic feedback mechanism regulating IL7RA expression in CD4+ T cells.

Intense cultivation with narrow row spacing in wheat, a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia, renders the crop more susceptible to lodging during physiological maturity. This susceptibility, compounded by the use of traditional crop cultivars, has led to a substantial decline in overall crop productivity. In response to these challenges, a two-year field study on the system of wheat intensification (SWI) was conducted. The study involved three different cultivation methods in horizontal plots and four wheat genotypes in vertical plots, organized in a strip plot design. Our results exhibited that adoption of SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm resulted in significantly higher intercellular CO2 concentration (5.9-6.3%), transpiration rate (13.2-15.8%), stomatal conductance (55-59%), net photosynthetic rate (126-160%), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception (1.6-25.2%) over the existing conventional method (plant geometry 22.5 cm × continuous plant to plant spacing) of wheat cultivation. The lodging resistance capacity of both the lower and upper 3rd nodes was significantly higher in the SWI compared to other cultivation methods. Among different genotypes, HD 2967 demonstrated the highest recorded value for lodging resistance capacity, followed by HD 2851, HD 3086, and HD 2894. In addition, adoption of the SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm enhanced crop grain yield by 36.9-41.6%, and biological yield by 27.5-29.8%. Significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity (12.06 μg TPF g-1 soil hr-1), arylsulfatase activity (82.8 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil hr-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (3.11 n moles ethylene g-1 soil hr-1), total polysaccharides, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil chlorophyll content were also noted under SWI over conventional method of the production. Further, increased root volumes, surface root density and higher NPK uptake were recorded under SWI at 20×20 cm in comparison to rest of the treatments. Among the tested wheat genotypes, HD-2967 and HD-3086 had demonstrated notable increases in grain and biological yields, as well as improvements in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and chlorophyll content. Therefore, adoption of SWI at 20 cm ×20 cm (square planting) with cultivars HD 2967 might be the best strategy for enhancing crop productivity and resource-use efficiency under the similar wheat growing conditions of India and similar agro-ecotypes of the globe.

BackgroundHelminth infections are a global health menace affecting 24% of the world population. They continue to increase global disease burden as their unclear pathology imposes serious challenges to patient management. Neurocysticercosis is classified as neglected tropical disease and is caused by larvae of helminthic cestode Taenia solium. The larvae infect humans and localize in central nervous system and cause NCC; a leading etiological agent of acquired epilepsy in the developing world. The parasite has an intricate antigenic make-up and causes active immune suppression in the residing host. It communicates with the host via its secretome which is complex mixture of proteins also called excretory secretory products (ESPs). Understanding the ESPs interaction with host can identify therapeutic intervention hot spots. In our research, we studied the effect of T. solium ESPs on human macrophages and investigated the post-translation switch involved in its immunopathogenesis.MethodologyT. solium cysts were cultured in vitro to get ESPs and used for treating human macrophages. These macrophages were studied for cellular signaling and miR expression and quantification at transcript and protein level.ConclusionWe found that T. solium cyst ESPs treatment to human macrophages leads to activation of Th2 immune response. A complex cytokine expression by macrophages was also observed with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in milieu. But, at the same time ESPs modulated the macrophage function by altering the host miR expression as seen with altered ROS activity, apoptosis and phagocytosis. This leads to activated yet compromised functional macrophages, which provides a niche to support parasite survival. Thus T. solium secretome induces Th2 phenomenon in macrophages which may promote parasite's survival and delay their recognition by host immune system.

Increasing complexity in crop nutrient requirement in intensive crop production systems needs alternate multi-nutrient sources. Polyhalite (POLY-4) which contains 14% K2O along withcalcium (17% CaO), magnesium (6% MgO), and sulfur (19% S) can be a possible recourse in this regard. In maize-wheat systems, it was evaluated for productivity, profitability, nutrient usage, and nutrient use efficiency under Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) zones for consecutive two years (2018-19 and 2019-20). The results revealed that 150% K through POLY-4 produced the maximum maize grain yield under the Trans Indo-Gangetic plains (TGP). The maize grain yield increased by 20.8% and 26.2% under 100% K (POLY-4) and 150% K (POLY-4) over No–K, respectively. But statistically, 100% K (POLY-4) stands similar with both 150% K (POLY-4) and 150% K through muriate of potash (MOP) and equivalent. The trends were noticed under upper Indo-Gangetic plain zones (UGP) also. Similarly, the maximum wheat grain yield (6.12 and 6.29 t/ha under TGP and UGP, respectively) was obtained under 150% K (POLY-4), and remained statistically at par with 100% K (POLY-4), but significantly higher than 150% K (MOP). Under both agro-ecologies i.e. TGP and UGP, the highest system productivity was obtained with recommended N, P, and 150% K application through POLY-4. The added return over NPK remained highest with 150% K (POLY-4) for both maize and wheat. However, higher partial factor productivity for N and S, agronomic, physiological, and translocation efficiencies were noticed under 150% K (POLY-4), and remained at par with 100% K (POLY-4). Increased system yield, added returns, partial factor productivity, agronomic, physiological, and translocation efficiencies under 100% K through POLY-4 (along with recommended N and P) proved its effectiveness as multi-nutrient source for the maize-wheat system under TGP and UGP.

Smart manufacturing is the modern form of manufacturing that utilizes Industry 4.0 enablers for decision making and resources planning by taking advantage of the available data. With the advancement of digitalization and industrial machine connectivity, it is now feasible to gather data in real-time from a variety of sensors (e.g. current, acoustic, vibration etc.) while the process is being carried out. The aim of the paper is to propose a framework for predictive maintenance PdM 4.0 and validate the framework by implementing it for a manufacturing process, milling in which a public data set from NASA repository is used to build and test the proposed PdM 4.0 system. The various machine learning classifiers such as: support vector regression SVR, RF, DT, XGBoost and MLP regressor have been used for remaining useful life and tool wear rate prediction. The model evaluation and comparison is based on metrics like (R- square), root mean square error and mean absolute error.

The present study examines the high-temperature (500–800 °C) oxidation behavior of Fe-10Cr-(3,5) Al alloys and studies the effect of nanocrystalline structure and Al content on their resistance to oxidation. The nanocrystalline (NC) alloy powder was synthesized via planetary ball milling. The prepared NC alloy powder was consolidated using spark plasma sintering to form NC alloys. Subsequently, an annealing of the NC alloys was performed to transform them into microcrystalline (MC) alloys. It was observed that the NC alloys exhibit superior resistance to oxidation compared to their MC counterparts at high temperatures. The superior resistance to oxidation of the NC alloys is attributed to their considerably finer grain size, which enhances the diffusion of those elements to the metal–oxide interface that forms the protective oxide layer. Conversely, the coarser grain size in MC alloys limits the diffusion of the oxide-forming components. Furthermore, the Fe-10Cr-5Al alloy showed greater resistance to oxidation than the Fe-10Cr-3Al alloy.

To achieve higher crop yields and maintain environmental conservation, it is imperative to adopt novel agricultural methods that improve both the quantity and quality of produce. The following study focused on investigating the effectiveness of integrated use of biogas slurry and inorganic nutrigation on spinach growth and nutrient uptake through drip irrigation. A field experiment was conducted using a split-plot design; spinach was cultivated with seven different treatments: biogas slurry nutrigation (BSN) (T1), integrated inorganic + organic nutrigation: 40% Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + BSN (T2), 60% RDF + BSN (T3), 80% RDF + BSN (T4), 100% RDF (T5), slurry broadcasting (SB) (T6), and control (T7). The results showed that spinach grown with (T4) 80% RDF + BSN exhibited optimum plant height and leaf count compared to spinach under other treatments and was at par with T5 100% RDF for crop parameters. T5 treated plants demonstrated the longest roots, followed by T4 treated plants. The highest recorded yield of 5.72 tons ha−1 was achieved in treatment T5 with 100% RDF, followed closely by T4 with 80% RDF + BSN at 5.52 tons ha−1 and T3 with 60% RDF + BSN at 5.36 tons ha−1. These three treatments exhibited comparable yields, showcasing the effectiveness of incorporating biogas slurry nutrigation in conjunction with inorganic fertilizer for achieving high spinach yields. In terms of macronutrient content in spinach leaves, significant differences were found for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents. Incorporating biogas slurry into the soil modified microbial enzyme activities, specifically dehydrogenase and phosphatase. Normally, alkaline phosphatase shows greater activity than acidic phosphatase, but the addition of biogas slurry equalized the enzymatic activity of both, establishing a harmonized enzymatic profile. Our results suggest that fertilizing spinach with integrated biogas slurry nutrigation (if properly filtered) + inorganic nutrigation through drip nutrigation is a viable strategy for improving the morphological parameters and productivity of spinach while also contributing to environmental preservation and a reduction in production costs.

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the second most significant winter leguminous fodder crop after berseem in India. Breeder seed (BS) is the first stage of the seed production chain, as it is the base material for producing foundation and certified seeds. In India, lucerne BS demand has been reduced by 85.58% during the last 24 years (1998–1999 to 2021–2022), declining from 2150 kg to 310 kg. Out of 14 varieties released and notified so far, only nine varieties entered the seed chain since 1998–1999. It shows narrow varietal diversification and, hence, needs robust breeding programs towards enriching genetic variability and varietal development. The present study also highlights the disparity in BS demand and production over the years and puts forth the possible reasons behind the reduction in BS demand and production in the country. Out of the nine varieties, the BS demand of Anand-2 (53.11%) was highest, followed by Type-9 (19.44%) and RL-88 (13.60%). Varietal replacement rate (VRR) was found to be moderate, i.e., 23.67% for the varieties having

MYC, a key member of the Myc-proto-oncogene family, is a universal transcription amplifier that regulates almost every physiological process in a cell including cell cycle, proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. MYC interacts with several cofactors, chromatin modifiers, and regulators to direct gene expression. MYC levels are tightly regulated, and deregulation of MYC has been associated with numerous diseases including cancer. Understanding the comprehensive biology of MYC under physiological conditions is an utmost necessity to demark biological functions of MYC from its pathological functions. Here we review the recent advances in biological mechanisms, functions, and regulation of MYC. We also emphasize the role of MYC as a global transcription amplifier.

BackgroundIt has been amply described that levels of IgM antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) correlate strongly with the bacterial load in an infected individual. These findings have generated the concept of using seropositivity for antibodies against M. leprae PGL-I as an indicator of the proportion of the population that has been infected. Although anti-PGL-I IgM levels provide information on whether an individual has ever been infected, their presence cannot discriminate between recent and past infections. Since infection in (young) children by definition indicates recent transmission, we piloted the feasibility of assessment of anti-PGL-I IgM seroprevalence among children in a leprosy endemic area in India as a proxy for recent M. leprae transmission.Material and methodsA serosurvey for anti-PGL-I IgM antibodies among children in highly leprosy endemic villages in Bihar, India, was performed, applying the quantitative anti-PGL-I UCP-LFA cassette combined with low-invasive, small-volume fingerstick blood (FSB).ResultsLocal staff obtained FSB of 1,857 children (age 3–11 years) living in 12 leprosy endemic villages in Bihar; of these, 215 children (11.58%) were seropositive for anti-PGL-I IgM.ConclusionThe anti-PGL-I seroprevalence level of 11.58% among children corresponds with the seroprevalence levels described in studies in other leprosy endemic areas over the past decades where no prophylactic interventions have taken place. The anti-PGL-I UCP-LFA was found to be a low-complexity tool that could be practically combined with serosurveys and was well-accepted by both healthcare staff and the population. On route to leprosy elimination, quantitative anti-PGL-I serology in young children holds promise as a strategy to monitor recent M. leprae transmission in an area.

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a very uncommon malignant tumour in children under the age of 20. The diagnosis of paediatric NPC is challenging due to its relative rarity. This unusual occurrence is frequently linked to delayed diagnosis, which can result in advanced loco-regional illness. Here, we investigate the clinical manifestations, investigations, and treatment of paediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a nonendemic region. Method: The data from children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer served as the basis for this study, which was carried out at the Cardiology and Pathology Departments of a tertiary teaching hospital in the eastern region of India. Result: In this retrospective analysis, 17 paediatric patients under the age of 18 were enrolled. Between December 2020 and January 2022, they were treated at a tertiary teaching hospital. 17 kids with nasopharyngeal cancer between the ages of 6 and 18 took part in this study. In this study, there were 7 girls (41.1%) and 10 boys (58.8%). NPC diagnosis occurred at a median age of 14 years (interquartile range: 6–18 years). In 15 (88.2%) individuals, neck swelling was the most frequent clinical manifestation, followed by nasal bleeding, nasal block, and hearing impairment in 10 (58.8%), 12 (70.5%), and 11 (64.7%) of cases, respectively. Conclusion: With the exception of individuals who have distant metastatic disease, children with NPC have a very good prognosis. NPC in children is typically not clinically suspected until the patient is in a late stage. The most important prognostic factor is the TNM staging. Unfortunately, NPC frequently has distant metastases at the time of diagnosis in the paediatric age range and has a tendency to be locally progressed.

It is widely accepted that deficiency of macro (nitrogen) and micronutrients (zinc, copper etc.) affects the plant growth and development which cause a significant threat to crop production and food security. The Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO) developed nano-urea (nano-N), nano-zinc (nano-Zn), and nano-copper (nano-Cu) liquid fertilizer formulations to enhance the crop yields, simultaneously addressing the nutrient deficiency, without causing toxicity. Therefore, this study was formulated to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-N (nano-urea), nano-Zn, and nano-Cu at varying N levels [0, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended rates of nitrogen (RRN)] on maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard systems during 2019–20 and 2020–21. The results exhibited that the application of nano-N + nano-Zn with 100% RRN exhibited significantly higher grain yields in maize (66.2–68.8%), wheat (62.6–61.9%), pearl millet (57.1–65.4%), and mustard (47.2–69.0%), respectively, over absolute control plots and combinations of three nano-fertilizers like nano-N + nano-Zn + nano-Cu applied plots. This was mainly attributed to the higher N and Zn uptake by the crops. However, 75% RRN with nano-N + nano-Zn also produced comparable yields. Thus, applying nano-N and nano-Zn via foliar applications, in conjunction with conventional urea, has the potential to reduce the required nitrogen fertilizer amount by up to 25%, while simultaneously maintaining equivalent yield levels. Similarly, 100% RRN and 75% RRN + nano-N + nano-Zn registered comparable profitability, soil mineral N, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), during both the study years. However, further research and field trials on nano fertilizers alone or in combination with conventional fertilizers are essential to fully unlock its benefits and ascertain its long-term effects which may offer a pathway to more efficient and eco-friendly crop nourishment.

Introduction: Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is the standard of care for renal tumors, especially in the early stages. RENAL Nephrometry scores provide a comprehensive presurgical predictive module for the choice of NSS or Radical Nephrectomy. The validity and reliability of Nephrometry scores is being tested continuously with advancement in the surgical techniques. The Simplified PADUA Nephrometry score (SPARE NS) is a newer proposed score which aims to better the reproducibility of the previously established nephrometry scores. Materials and Methods: The retrospective observational study studied the comparative inter-observer reliability of RENAL (RENAL NS) and SPARE nephrometry scoring systems amongst two radiologists while assessing solid renal tumors in contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of 42 patients. Interobserver reliability for all components of both scores, final scores and risk grading was done by Kendall's Concordance Coefficient (Tau). Results: Both RENAL NS and SPARE NS showed strong to excellent agreement (RENAL NS = 78.57% and SPARE NS = 88.09%) among observers with comparable correlation co-efficient (RENAL NS = 0.944 and SPARE NS = 0.935). Lesion radius and exophytic/endophytic properties were the most reproducible components of RENAL NS with 97.61% and 92.85% agreement, respectively. Location across polar lines was the least reproducible component with 85.71% agreement among observers. Exophytic rate (97.61%) and Rim location were the most reproducible components of SPARE NS. The final lesion risk stratification by both observers for both was concordant in 92.85% of cases. Conclusion: The SPARE system of scoring matches up to the RENAL NS in total score and risk stratification reproducibility. However, the individual components of the SPARE score are more reproducible than those of RENAL NS, bringing about better compliance among radiology consultants. Comparable reproducibility with the RENAL NS, lesser number of variables, and ease of doing make SPARE NS a plausible option for the customary preoperative assessment of renal tumors.

Background: Parents of the children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are prone to psychological distress than as compared to parents of normally developing children and adolescents. Various biopsychosocial factors affect the perception and manifestation of this stress and influences difference in quality and severity in psychological outcomes. When a couple faces stress of caregiving as a unit, it is worthwhile to know and assess distribution pattern amongst the primary care giver and the other parent. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the proportional distribution of depression and anxiety in primary care giver and the other parent in parents of children and adolescents with ID. Materials and Methods: Using a Cross-sectional observational study design, 99 parents (99 fathers and 98 mothers) of 99 children and adolescents (up to 18 yrs of age) with Intellectual Disability were assessed for Depressive and Anxiety symptoms using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Comparison of proportional distribution of psychiatric morbidity among fathers and mothers (primary care giver) was done using 2 independent sample proportion tests. Results: The mothers were found to be the primary care givers. 35.4% of fathers and 66.3% of mothers had significant depressive symptoms. 57.6% of fathers and 91.8% of mothers had significant anxiety symptoms. In 33 couples, fathers did not report anxiety or depressive symptoms but corresponding 27 mothers reported significant anxiety or depressive symptoms or both. In rest of the couples in whom fathers reported anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, the corresponding mothers also reported. In six couples where mothers did not report anxiety or depression, the fathers also did not report any anxiety or depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Depressive and Anxiety symptoms are very prevalent in parents of children with ID. Their proportion is significantly high in primary care giver (mother) as comparedto corresponding other parent (father). There is unequal distribution of anxiety and depression in these parents with a skew towards mother.