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In subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems, water constraints to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production are greatly minimized and N management becomes the main priority. Injecting N fertilizer into SDI systems should, in theory, be as efficient as the irrigation delivery system itself. The objective of this study was to test duration of N injections, addition of the nitrification inhibitor ammonium thiosulfate (ATS), and using canopy spectral reflectance to guide N injections in a 2-yr study of SDI cotton in Lubbock, TX. For a 1400 kg ha -1 expected lint yield, the N fertilizer rate was 170 kg N ha -1 minus the 0- to 0.6-m soil NO 3 -N and an estimate of irrigation water NO 3 (20 and 30 kg N ha -1 for 2005 and 2006). We tested injection of urea-NH 4 NO 3 (UAN) between first square and early bloom, and first square and peak bloom. There was no effect of timing or ATS on lint yield. Reflectance-based N management up to peak bloom resulted in savings of 28 and 17 kg UAN-N ha -1 for 2005 and 2006, respectively, compared with soil-test-based N fertigation. Lint yields were similar between reflectance-based UAN management (1814 kg ha -1 ) and UAN injected up to peak bloom based on soil test NO3 (1880 kg ha -1 ). Nitrogen fertilizer recovery at first open boll was not affected by treatment but was high (62-75%). Flux of N 2 O + N 2 was low (800-2100 g N ha -1 ) in both years and was not different between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Residual 0- to 1.2-m soil profile NO3 after 2 yr was not affected by N fertigation treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer injections in SDI cotton are utilized very efficiently, and spectral-reflectance-based approaches have potential to reduce N fertilizer inputs.