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Vacuum windows are an essential part of any radio frequency (RF) system which launches/couples RF power from an atmospheric to a vacuum environment. This paper describes the RF design of a double barrier ceramic coaxial vacuum window. Alumina 99.5% pure is considered as ceramic barrier material while inner and outer conductors are oxygen-free copper. As the initial design approach the thickness, slope, depth of ceramic in the conductor is varied and the performance of the window is studied. The design is optimised to achieve the best insertion loss, return loss response for operating frequency range up to 65MHz.

Oil & gas industry player have always been big investors in advancement of technology, especially in the direction of extracting additional petroleum to address the production decline. In the spirit of automation, PETRONAS has various automated technical workflows that tackles different types of challenges and purposes. The operational, technical and engineering aspects of increasing production and effectiveness of execution are built upon these processes related to automation of data sources as well as systems integration. With the recent challenge that forced the employees to work remotely, it is now more important than ever to ensure that the Digital Fields (DF) solution can cater for more information and to transform the way of working. Linking distant teams to work together on the same platform to resolve production related issues, centralized monitoring and diagnostics is key to this transformation. Workflows can enable organizational vision since having the right type of information available in a visualization environment that provides actionable insights to the right "persona" across different domains and teams accelerates production increases and decreases the production decline at brown fields. The success of this is linked with working together with the Reservoir, Wells and Facilities Management (RWFM) team to ensure the critical information are captured. The improved synergy between offshore and onshore staff due to the shared operations visualization supports further analysis and decision making irrespective of their location. Providing the "persona" with the relevant production and other related data in a modern analytical platform allows them to concentrate on production optimization rather than the data gathering aspect of the traditional method. PETRONAS has considerable experience in developing automated digital oilfield workflow solutions and extending Digital Fields capabilities with greater coverage of other systems such as Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) and topside facility management is part of the current and future roadmap. In this paper, we will describe the journey taken by PETRONAS Upstream Digital in extending the Digital Fields capability, and how the effort in digital transformation has helped in unlocking greater value in the daily operation.

In this paper we will present a process streamlined for well-test validation that involves data integration between different database systems, incorporated with well models, and how the process can leverage real-time data to present a full scope of well-test analysis to enhance the capability for assessing well-test performance. The workflow process demonstrates an intuitive and effective way for analyzing and validating a production well test via an interactive digital visualization. This approach has elevated the quality and integrity of the well-test data, as well as improved the process cycle efficiency that complements the field surveillance engineers to keep track of well-test compliance guidelines through efficient well-test tracking in the digital interface. The workflow process involves five primary steps, which all are conducted via a digital platform: Well Test Compliance: Planning and executing the well test Data management and integration Well Test Analysis and Validation: Verification of the well test through historical trending, stability period checks, and well model analysis Model validation: Correcting the well test and calibrating the well model before finalizing the validity of the well test Well Test Re-testing: Submitting the rejected well test for retesting and final step Integrating with corporate database system for production allocation This business process brings improvement to the quality of the well test, which subsequently lifts the petroleum engineers’ confidence level to analyze well performance and deliver accurate well-production forecasting. A well-test validation workflow in a digital ecosystem helps to streamline the flow of data and system integration, as well as the way engineers assess and validate well-test data, which results in minimizing errors and increases overall work efficiency.

PETRONAS Upstream is cognizant of the need to provide a unified digital production platform to the entire upstream community. The digital platform enables the community to perform analytical, collaborative monitoring & surveillance, and optimization to sustain production and improve our operations. Digital Fields (DF) is a modern digital platform, integrating data and analytical services, that provides smarter insights and shed light on potential insights that contribute to better-informed decision-making and improves the way of working. A big data ecosystem and strong infrastructure is the foundation of this digital platform, allied to existing business processes, it allows frictionless secure flow of data, high performance, scalability to support business operations. Digital Fields platform provides the following features: Scalable to all PETRONAS fields operated in Malaysia as well as International assets Solution architecture that allows fast implementation of new solutions and insights A common company-wide platform with the same familiar user interface and user experience The critical aspect to liven up a digital production platform is to identify first the available data sources. Some fields have the luxury of transmitters and sensors installed at the well head, topside facilities and export pipelines where the data can be easily retrieved from the SCADA system for data acquisition. Some other fields with less real-time data luxury would keep their operational data inside some operational reporting documents. A smart report ingestion solution was developed with the means to transform unstructured data from the operational reports, which empowers the users with multiple options for data upload and consumption while ensuring a single, traceable and auditable source of truth. Digital Fields leverages the combination of Daily Operation Reports (DOR), data with different frequency, such as real-time data, with engineering models changing the way the users consume data and provides proactive actionable insights to accelerate tangible values for the business organization. The solution establishes the foundational digital capabilities for field operations and speeds up data-driven value opportunities from operational data and analytics at scale.

This paper presents a process flow of an efficient method to diagnose, identify and optimize non-optimum gas lifted wells for a gas-lifted oil field. During normal day-to-day operations, a Petroleum Engineer's deliverables include well lifting performance analysis as well as optimization. Gas lifted wells are deemed optimized when the injection point is at the deepest mandrel possible and no multi-pointing scenario is occurring. However, the real-life well production can be unstable, corroborated by real-time data of flowing tubing-head pressure, casing head pressure and gas lift injection rate. The analysis of these real-time data can infer non-optimized lifting, where one of the symptoms is valve chatter. This in turn translates to well slugging and affects the whole production system. In a field with a large number of gas lifted wells, the diagnosis of these types of cases requires a substantial investment of time each month. By utilizing this workflow, the time spent for lifting diagnostics can be reduced, as well as contributing to time savings for other meaningful tasks, i.e. designing new gas lift system on non-optimized wells. The Gas Lift Diagnostic workflow, which is developed using pre-defined logic and the existing well model, eliminates the time-consuming manual task that slows down work and streamlines the processes to generate more value for the business and organization.

As part of development program for a high power co-axial transmission line component test facility, an existing traveling wave resonator based test stand is modified to improve power gain and ring return loss. The 10 dB directional coupler in the earlier test stand is replaced with a 14 dB directional coupler to couple radio frequency power with the ring. To achieve an improved isolation and return loss, the 14 dB directional coupler design is equipped with two broadside strip-lines with a tunable gap between them. Detailed design and optimization of the 14 dB directional coupler with and without the traveling wave resonator setup is performed using a high frequency simulator Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. The low power test of the fabricated directional coupler is performed at several tuning positions to achieve an optimum operating frequency for the traveling wave resonator. Furthermore, after optimization, the maximum power gain of around 18 dB and minimum return loss of about −22 dB inside the ring are obtained. Finally, a preliminary study of the future 3 MW test facility is discussed.

IndianDomestic Agency is responsible for the development and delivery of total nine numbers of RF sources for ITER ion cyclotron heating and current drive (ICH and CD) system. To validate the design of RF amplifier source, a research and development program has been initiated. Each ICH and CD source consists of two chains of amplifier, and each chain composed of low-power RF section, one solid-state power amplifier followed by two cascaded tunable high-power tube (tetrode/diacrode)-based amplifiers, high-voltage/high-current power supplies, and control system. A dedicated data acquisition and control system has been developed based on real-time (RT) PXI controller. To demonstrate the performance of RF source as required by ITER, two RT control for anode voltage regulation and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) for maintaining constant load power is implemented on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) module. To protect high-power RF tubes and related subsystems, interlock logic is implemented on another FPGA module, which will suppress RF input drive and switch off different biasing power supplies within $10~\mu \text{s}$ . To operate RF amplifier as per experimental requirement, user settable parameters ( $T_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}- T_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ time, number of pulses, allowed number of faults before terminating the pulse, and rise time and fall time) for RF pulse generation are incorporated into application software developed using LabVIEW platform. Two modes of data acquisition function are implemented using NI PXI-8108 RT controller (embedded real time operating system controller). All analog and digital signals for status and health monitoring of different subsystems, normal acquisition mode having 1-ms sampling rate, are implemented. For fault analysis purpose, data are acquired with 1- $\mu \text{s}$ sampling frequency in trigger mode of acquisition with 100-ms predata and 100-ms postdata considering fault event as trigger for the acquisition. In this paper, architecture of RT controller is discussed in detail and various operational results are presented.

Pulse Step Modulation (PSM) based High Voltage Power Supplies (HVPSs) are widely used in fusion research and other applications viz. broadcast transmitters, particle accelerators and neutral beam injectors because of inherent advantages of modular structure, high accuracy and efficiency, low ripple and fast dynamics. Typical Ion Cyclotron Radio Frequency (IC RF) system composed of cascaded connection of Driver stage (130 kW RF output) and End stage (1500 kW RF Output) would need two power supplies. A novel concept of tapping two outputs from single PSM based HVPS is attempted for the first time. PSM based 3 MW HVPS is developed with dual output to feed anode voltage of Driver (up to 18 kV) and Final Stage (up to 27 kV). Controller for the HVPS is designed to suit requirements during local operation and remote operation. In Local operation mode, protection interlocks with in the HVPS are integrated while remote mode has additional interlocks from IC RF Amplifiers system. Field integration of the controller is achieved through fiber optical links to avoid Electro-Magnetic interferences. Present article discusses initial experience of dual output HVPS with IC RF amplifiers, pre-integration validation campaigns including qualification for energy limits. The paper also presents the performance of HVPS at full rated capacity of 2800 kW continuous duty to support 1.5 MW IC RF system.

India is developing 2.5 MW RF source at VSWR 2:1 in the frequency range 35–65 MHz for ITER project. Eight such RF sources will generate total 20 MW of RF power for plasma heating and current drive. A large number of high power transmission line components are required for connecting various stages of RF source. To test these passive transmission line components at high power, a 3 MW test facility based on the concept of Traveling Wave Resonator (TWR) is underway. A high power CW RF amplifier is required to feed RF power to 10 dB coupler of TWR. To fulfill the requirement a tetrode based amplifier is designed to operate in class B with optimized efficiency, gain and harmonics level. The detail design is carried out to estimate operational parameters derived from the data sheet of selected tetrode, simulation for RF cavities, power supply requirements and thermal management for CW operation.

One of the important auxiliary heating and current drive systems for ITER experiment is Ion Cyclotron Heating & Current Drive (IC H&CD) system. ITER requires 1 prototype and 8 independent RF Sources, each having capability to deliver constant output power of 2.5 MW at VSWR 2 in the frequency range of 35–65 MHz. To meet the ITER requirement, an R&D program has been launched to identify the final stage tube (Tetrode/Diacrode) for MW level RF amplifier, along with other critical components. Under this R&D program, single chain of RF cascaded amplifiers, consisting of low & high power RF sections, auxiliary power supply, Anode power supply and test bench simulating ITER requirement, are being developed. To ensure reliable and safe operation of the entire system, PLC/PXI based Local Control Unit (LCU) is developed. PLC based sequential control system is developed for sequential biasing of electrodes of high power vacuum tubes (Tetrode/Diacrode). To protect the RF Source against critical fault condition, local protection logic is developed using PXI-7841R, which will ensure fast shut off (

Abstarct India is developing a very high power test bed (∼MW level) based on concept of Travelling Wave Resonator (TWR) for testing of passive transmission line components [3] . Data acquisition and control system is required for safe and reliable operation of TWR. It includes online monitoring of input power and circulating ring power. Acquired RF signal provides information about forward and reflected RF power. For MW power level testing, system is protected against arc and thermal effect during CW operation. National Instrument make hardware and software have been used to acquire signals from RF detector, Arc detectors, IR camera and thermocouples etc. LabVIEW™ based software has been developed for calculation of RF parameters. Graphical user interface is developed for better visualization. Initial testing of the TWR setup with 10 dB coupler provides a power gain of 13.58 dB (22X). For future 3 MW TWR test bed the required power gain is ∼20 dB (100X) since the available source is ∼40 kW. This paper describes the detail design and integrated test results for data acquisition and control system for TWR test bed.

Gas Lift Optimization solutions have improved significantly over the past decades with the introduction of Integrated Operation (IO) in the Oil and Gas industry. Big fields that consist of hundreds of strings, gas lift injection system, water/gas injection system and complex surface facilities (compressors, pumps, choke and valve, etc.) could establish numerous cases from different scenarios to identify production bottlenecks via simulated network models. Using available tools, the user could model the full production system including well, surface network, reservoir, gas/water injection models, gas lift injection networks and process plants to identify bottlenecks and opportunities for optimization. The model is updated continuously using live data feed and automated technical workflow to establish an end to end solution in providing various optimization scenarios e.g. Gas Lift Optimization. This paper discusses how the methodology works and reviews the results of gas lift optimization from four platforms consisting of over 200 strings of which 95% are gas lifted, operated using a new approach that includes live link to field data, integrated model management, and automated technical workflows to identify potential strings and gas lift supply facilities for production enhancement. This paper reviews the setup required to ensure all the necessary inputs are aligned to publish the desired outcome. The approach has resulted in prevention of 480bopd potential deferment at platform level that can be further improved with future field implementation. In addition to gas lift optimization, the workflows have potential to expand to other business needs such as defining an accurate gas demand requirement, determining daily liquid or sand production limitation identifying underperforming wells, optimizing choke configuration, studying the feasibility of low pressure system, water treatment system, and condensate recovery system. This paper should be of interest to those who are planning to implement Integrated Operations to their field with the aim in maximizing its value. It will provide information on the requirements, challenges, ways to overcome, and effective approach during the implementation.

India is in-charge for the procurement of ITER Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) sources (1 Prototype + 8 series units) along with auxiliary power supplies and Local Control Unit. As there is no unique amplifier chain able to meet the output power specifications as per ITER requirement (2.5 MW per source at 35–65 MHz/CW/VSWR 2.0), two parallel three-stage amplifier chains along with a combiner circuit on the output side is considered. This kind of RF source will be unique in terms of its stringent specifications and building a first of its kind is always a challenge. An R&D phase has been initiated for establishing the technology considering single amplifier chain experimentation (1.5 MW/35–65 MHz/3600 s/VSWR 2.0) prior to Prototype and series production. This paper presents the status of R&D activity to resolve technological challenges involved and various infrastructures developed at ITER-India lab to support such operation.

The ITER Ion Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive system (IC H&CD) is designed to deliver 20MW to a broad range of plasma scenarios between 40 and 55MHz, during very long pulses. It consists of two broadband equatorial port plug antennas, their pre-matching and matching systems, transmission lines, Radio Frequency (RF) Sources and High Voltage Power Supplies. The overall project schedule has been revised and agreed by ITER Council; it re-integrates the second antenna and its power supplies in construction baseline and sets the dates for progressive installation with DT phase planned in 2035. Recent progress on ICRF subsystems is reported, covering design evolution, qualification of test articles and specific R&D results in domestic agencies, suppliers, associated laboratories and IO.

Current account balance appears to be an impenetrable pecuniary concept. However in the economies that spend extravagantly overseas than they accumulate, the current account is the end at which international economics crash with political veracity. When countries lope outsized discrepancies, business tycoons, trade unions, law-makers, analysts and bureaucrats are customarily brisk to tip reproving fingers at trading partners and lay the blame on unwarranted conventions. At the same time as India’s Central government leads off to deal with the economic disorders the country faces, its stance cannot but hinge on the Current Account Deficit (CAD). It is that deficit which is ‘fundamental’ to rupee’s corrosion and prompts collateral consequences that intimidates much harm. The seethe avowal these days is ‘currency swaps’, an artifact of financial engineering which seems to be the only panacea to treat volatility in the rupee and eventually India’s unbridled current account deficit. In this paper I endeavored to seize a closer gaze at the perceived implications of currency swaps and its utilization to curb India’s current account deficit.

The paper reports on latest developments for the ITER Ion Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive system: imminent acceptance tests of a prototype power supply at full power; successful factory acceptance of candidate RF amplifier tubes which will be tested on dedicated facilities; further design integration and experimental validation of transmission line components under 6MW hour-long pulses. The antenna Faraday shield thermal design has been validated above requirements by cyclic high heat flux tests. R&D on ceramic brazing is under way for the RF vacuum windows. The antenna port plug RF design is stable but major evolution of the mechanical design is in preparation to achieve compliance with the load specification, warrant manufacturability and incorporate late interface change requests. The antenna power coupling capability predictions have been strengthened by showing that, if the plasma scrape-off layer turns out to be steep and the edge density low, the reference burning plasma can realistically be displaced to improve the coupling.

India is responsible for delivery of 8+1(prototype) RF sources to ITER Organization. Each RF source will provide 2.5MW of RF power at 2 VSWR in the frequency range of 35 to 65MHz with other stringent specifications. To test the sources at full performance, India is developing unique 3MW test facility with variable load condition (up to VSWR 3.0 at any phase angle in between 0°-360°), consisting of high power 50 Ohm dummy load, phase shifter and stub. The combined assembly of phase shifter and stub is called MisMatch Transmission Line (MMTL) system. Detailed RF and thermal simulation of the MMTL system has been done as a part of developmental activity. Simulations predict maximum RF voltage and current in the MMTL system are 18kV and 400A, respectively. Thermal simulation shows that system can be operated at 1.7MW/CW/3VSWR without active cooling. A detailed design and initial test results of MMTL system considering RF & mechanical aspect for testing ITER ICRF sources is described in this paper.

India is responsible for delivery of 8+1(prototype) RF sources to ITER Organization. Each RF source will provide 2.5MW of RF power at 2 VSWR in the frequency range of 35 to 65MHz. Eight such RF sources will generate total 20MW of RF power. A large number of high power transmission line components are required for connecting various stages of RF source. To test these passive transmission line components at high power, prior to connecting with RF source system, a test facility is required. India is developing a 3MW test facility based on the concept of Traveling Wave Resonator (TWR) for testing of transmission line components. TWR is basically a ring resonator which will build high power under certain operation condition at resonant frequency (∼55MHz in this case). In TWR, power is fed to the ring via a directional coupler continuously which leads to development of high circulating power in the ring. The voltage and current magnitude inside the ring increases with the increasing circulating power. Detailed ...

Development of wideband solid state power amplifier in ITER [1] ICH&CD frequency range is ongoing. A 12 kW/CW Solid State Power Amplifire (SSPA) is being developed in house. 1 × 16 wideband splitter/combiner will be used at input/output side. Study has been carried out on two options i.e. coaxial type & lumped element based Wilkinson splitter/combiner. Tentative power level of both input N-Type ports of combiner is ~ 1 kW. Design and simulation for coaxial type Wilkinson combiner is done. Quarter wave length for centre frequency is ~ 1500 mm. To reduce mechanical dimension of combiner, PTFE dielectric is used with sophisticated arrangement. Coaxial combiner required unique fabrication process. Alternate option is proposed as a lumped element based Wilkinson combiner with reduced size, cost & development time. Design and simulation was carried out. Required PCB design & fabrication was done accordingly. Same design will be implemented for splitter as well. Design scheme for the splitter/combiner will be finalized depending on the achieved performance of both the designs. In this paper, detailed design, simulation and test results are presented for both types of combiners. A detailed comparison of combiners is provided.

ITER-India, working as a nodal agency from India for ITER project [1], is responsible to deliver one of the packages, called Ion Cyclotron Heating & Current Drive (ICH&CD) - Radio Frequency Power Sources (RFPS). RFPS is having two cascaded amplifier chains (10 kW, 130 kW & 1.5 MW) combined to get 2.5 MW RF power output. Directional couplers are inserted at the output of each stage to extract forward power and reflected power as samples for measurement of amplitude and phase. Using passive mixer, forward power and reflected power are down converted to 1MHz Intermediate frequency (IF). This IF signal is used as an input to the Digital IQ Demodulator (DIQDM). DIQDM is realized using National Instruments make PXI hardware & LabVIEW software tool. In this paper, Amplitude and Phase measurement of RF signal with DIQDM technique is described. Also test results with dummy signals and signal generated from low power RF systems is discussed here.

Samarang is a 35-year-old offshore oilfield in Malaysia, operated by Petronas. By 2003, with the declining production trends anddwindling reserves, the field abandonment was on the horizon. SamarangRedevelopment Project was kicked-off in 2012 with a vision to implementIntegrated Operations (IO) as an Asset Management Decision Support tool byimplementing a real time production, reservoir and process surveillance system. For the IO implementation, various intelligent asset decisionprocesses referred as workflow were identified and in various reservoir, production, and operations domains suchas Flow Assurance, Well Performance, Artificial Lift, Production and facilityPlanning and EOR Optimization. These workflow groups are linked to provide an integrated asset decision support system whichwill improve decision quality and operational efficiency. workflowm will deliver value with enhanced asset management by focusing on decisions toimprove reservoir drainage, production, and operations. In the initial phase, well performance workflow group, by acquiring data from the SCADA system andprocessing the real-time analysis workflows, enables the asset team to movefrom a reactive to a pro-active asset management system. ‘Well Status andUptime Calculation’ and ‘Well Rate Estimation’ workflow enable engineers to know in real-time the performance andstatus of wells to reduce the production deferment. The ‘Well Test Validation’ workflow will provide online validation, enhanced test quality andimproved confidence in back-allocation and reservoir modeling leading to betterField Management. ‘GasLift Surveillanceand Optimization’ workflow monitorslift performance, performs diagnostics and optimizes gaslift distribution. UsingReal Time data and integrated software, this solution will enable efficientdecisions with a shorter turnaround timeThus workflows equipthe asset team with cutting edge technology and collaborationenvironment for operational decision making. The IO implementation will help to extend the fieldlife and increase recoverable reserves while facilitating an effectivereservoir management strategy.

A Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system would be the prime method to drive current in SST-1. The LHCD system is based upon two TH2103D klystrons of M/s Thomson CSF at 3.7 GHz capable of delivering 500 kW CW microwave power. The klystrons have been commissioned and deliver the microwave power through two standard WR-284 waveguides. It is electrically isolated from the main system using DC breaks. Two high power circulators protect the tube from high reflection. Directional couplers measure forward and reflected power in the system. The output power is deposited on two matched dummy loads during testing. In the event of arcing or any other fault, the high voltage from the klystron is removed in less than 5 μs, with the help of a crowbar system, based on a pressurized rail gap switch, for the protection of the klystron. High power (up to 200 kW), 1000-s tests of two klystrons have been conducted and detailed test results are described in this paper. It also describes the high power microwave system at 3.7 GHz that is being used to test the high power microwave components, being designed and fabricated for use in the LHCD system on SST-1.

Eni Australia is operating the Blacktip gas field offshore Australia and Kitan oil field offshore East Timor. The main challenge was to manage these green fields remotely, with lean resources and strict deadlines covering tasks like data capture and acquisition, data validation, application integration and field analysis efficiently. The implications of the decisions made during the development of a green field are imperative to the optimization of reservoir production. Therefore, an integrated production decision support system was required for performance monitoring of asset health and optimizing production to meet the targets. This paper describes how these challenges were overcome at Eni Australia by centralizing the operations of both fields into a standardized production platform, providing a seamless data transfer from offshore assets to the onshore technical office and establishing the foundation towards a digital oilfield. The platform framework automates the process of acquisition, transfer, conditioning, aggregation and storage of production and operations data into a secure centralized data repository with an auditable amendment history. The production platform provides improved operational and reservoir visibility, which forms the basis for all subsequent analysis and underpins the engineering justification to support operational decisions. The current solution framework provides a multifunctioning system that can be expanded for future assets and fields as they come online by leveraging the investment in the existing system. All the domain experts, from production operations to reservoir engineering, will have the required information at their fingertips for collaborative decision making. Thus, a centralized production platform provides engineers with an improved field visibility for remote field management, proactive decision making and help them to strategically develop fields by optimizing production.

Accurate prediction of individual well potential and estimation of field capacity are the key for managing Coal Seam Gas (CSG) wells and its deliverability to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant. Because there are no downhole gauges in these wells there is limited reservoir data. The associated uncertainty, the absence of fast predictive wellbore models and challenges in generating accurate well performance predictions add to the deliverability challenge. This paper presents a method used to estimate CSG well performance for Australian CSG assets using neural network (NN) and proxy modeling. Traditional methods for prediction of well potential, such as numerical simulation or statistical techniques, have significant limitations. Numerical prediction is traditionally accurate but very complex in setup and computation; statistical techniques have the advantage of being fast but often lack accuracy. The approach starts with the automatic acquisition, validation, and quality control of static and dynamic production parameters in proxy modeling. Based on the relationship and similarity of key performance indicator (KPI) profiles, the wells are grouped into various clusters using a NN self-organizing map (SOM) technique. For each cluster group, a workflow is defined to estimate various well parameters used to predict individual well potential. A generic proxy model can be designed for each cluster for future prediction and capacity modeling. The workflow also allows tracking of capacity at different operating points on a daily basis for wells, group of wells, and fields and can be leveraged further by generating scenarios for various constraints on production parameters and facility controls. The entire workflow process can be standardized, scheduled to run automatically, and stored in a workflow library for secure deployment and sharing across the organization.

A case study of the Spring Gully coal seam gas (CSG) field illustrates how an integrated production data management and analysis system has consolidated scattered data sources into a unified repository to provide easy access for reporting and analysis. Automated surveillance workflows with notification and alarm capabilities have simplified production performance tracking and enabled proactive decision making. Current analysis techniques and expert knowledge have been captured in predefined templates and workflows to identify trend violations, flagging the issues and optimizing production. The new system has provided a foundation layer for managing the production and deliverability of thousands of wells now and in the future, helping to translate data into information. Enabling timely decision making through the use of accurate, validated data and automated workflows has helped engineers focus on problem solving and analysis. The streamlined process will continue to help the operator's CSG teams improve the efficiency and productivity of all their assets.

The ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) system is one of the most important ITER heating and current drive systems. Total 20 MW of RF power is required to be dumped on the ITER plasma using 8 nos. of RF sources, each capable of delivering 2.5 MW at VSWR 2 in the frequency range 35 - 65 MHz. RF power to the antenna should remain constant to its required value, even if source experiences VSWR of 2 at any phase angle. To qualify the RF sources without antenna, a test bed is to be fabricated to simulate antenna condition for the entire frequency band. The design analysis for the test bed has been done using RFSim99 software which consists of two phase shifters, one stub tuner and one matched 50 ohm dummy load. This paper describes the technical aspect of the design of this test bed.

A 28 GHz ECRH system has been successfully commissioned on the tokamak Aditya to carry out breakdown, start up and heating experiments. The microwave source gyrotron VGA8000A19 capable of delivering 200 kW CW is commissioned and tested with a water dummy load for pulsed operation. The output mode of the gyrotron (TE/sub 02/) is externally converted to the HE/sub 11/ mode with the help of a mode converter and Matching Optics Unit of the transmission line. The transmission line consists of a mode converter, MOU, DC breaks, mitre bend, polarizer unit and different sizes of corrugated waveguides. The total transmission loss of the transmission line including 10 m long waveguides is measured to be less than 1.1 dB. The burn patterns at different locations of the transmission line confirm the mode purity to be better than 93% in the TE/sub 02/ mode. The transmission line terminates at a launcher box through a barrier window. The ECRH launcher consists of two mirrors to focus the microwave beam at the plasma center. The first mirror is convex while the second mirror is a concave focusing mirror. The mirrors are designed based on quasi optical analysis of the launcher system. The focal length of second mirror is 392.9 mm, which focuses the microwave beam to 35 mm (beam waist radius) at the plasma center. Beam steering in the plasma volume is restricted to /spl plusmn/2/spl deg/. The gyrotron is tested up to /spl sim/80 kW output power. A hard-wired interlock for various fault conditions, operates a rail-gap crowbar in less than 10 /spl mu/S to protect the gyrotron. The gyrotron output is coupled to the tokamak Aditya (O-mode, perpendicular launch from low field side) and successful breakdown of the neutral gas is observed at different tokamak parameters. The paper describes the technical aspects of commissioning of the ECRH system and breakdown results on Aditya.

With a vision of innovation, integrity and agility, Nexus Energy began first production of Longtom field in October 2009. The Longtom gas field is located in the Gippsland Basin, offshore Victoria where the produced gas is transported to Santos’ Patricia Baleen gas processing plant. All production data is acquired by Santos with the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The challenge for Nexus Energy was to monitor the field remotely in the absence of a data historian and to support the operational people proactively. Data acquisition from Santos, validation, and storage in a secured centralised repository were therefore key tasks. A system was needed that would not only track accurate production volumes to meet the daily contractual quantity (DCQ) production targets but that would also be aligned with Nexus’s vision for asset optimisation. We describe how real-time data is acquired, validated, and stored automatically in the absence of a data historian for Longtom field, and how the deployed system provides a framework for an integrated Production Operation System (iPOS). The solution uses an integrated methodology that allows effective monitoring of real-time data trends to anticipate and prevent potential well and equipment problems, thus assisting in meeting DCQ targets and providing effective analysis techniques for decision making. Based on full workflow automation, the system is deployed for acquisition, allocation, reporting and analysis. This has increased accuracy, accountability and timely availability of quality data, which has helped Nexus improve productivity. The comprehensive reporting tool provides access to operational and production reports via email for managers, output reports in various formats for joint venture partners, and nontechnical users without direct access to the core application. A powerful surveillance tool, integrated with the operational database, provides alarms and notifications on operation issues, which helps engineers make proactive operational decisions. The framework allows a streamlined data flow for dynamic updates of well and simulation models, improving process integration and reducing the runtime cycle.

This paper discusses a new workflow to stochastically estimate the performance of future production in coal seam gas (CSG) developments. Usually performance evaluations for CSG wells are conducted using either much-generalised statistical methods or numerical simulation. Both approaches have significant drawbacks; the former methods are quick but very often lack accuracy, while the latter is very accurate however also usually highly complex in set-up and computation. The presented workflow is a new approach to well performance prediction that combines speed and reasonable accuracy. The workflow generates a set of key performance indicators of existing wells derived from historic dynamic data (water and gas production rates, pressures, etc.), static data (initial coal and reservoir properties, etc.) and predicted data (simplified production forecasts). The wells are then grouped according to the similarity of their KPIs. The production profiles of the wells within the same group are combined to a type curve that is described by the most likely production profile and an associated uncertainty range. A data-driven expert system is used to identify and capture the correlations of the parameters such as geographic locations, well spacing, reservoir properties and the group membership (equivalent to type curve). This expert system can then be applied to any location in the field in order to determine the most likely group membership of a potential well. The classification of a new well to a group is hereby not necessarily unique; the expert system might classify a new well into several groups and assign a probability of occurrence for each of the groups. A Monte Carlo routine is then applied to forecast the performance of the new well locations honoring the respective probability of occurrence of each type curve.