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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) which is a member of Capripoxvirus. It is an economically critical transboundary disease affecting cattle. This study records an LSD outbreak in Ganjam district of Odisha, India during August 2020. The epidemiological data were analysed and LSDV was genetically characterized. Out of the 452 animals clinically examined (59 farms), 63 animals were clinically affected with LSD, with a total morbidity rate of 13.93%. The morbidity rates in the surveyed villages (n = 10) varied from 5.55 to 21.62%. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that grazing of animals (P = 0.013; OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.16-3.57) and age of cows 3 years old (P = 0.001; OR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.65- 5.07) were potential risk factors for the presence of LSD. Out of the 53 clinically suspected animals' samples, 18 samples (33.96%) were found positive for both the P32 and F genes of Capripoxvirus by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the P32 gene of LSDV (MW147486) showed 100% similarity with other isolates from India, Bangladesh, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the F gene of LSDV (MW147485) revealed a similarity of 97.99%, with Odisha India (MT074110) isolate and located in the same cluster with other Indian isolates.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) which is a member of Capripoxvirus. It is an economically critical transboundary disease affecting cattle. This study records the first LSD incidence in cattle of Ganjam district and analyses data from LSD outbreak in August 2020 on epidemiological and genetic characterization. Out of 452 animals clinically examined (59 farms), 63 animals were clinically affected with LSD, with a total morbidity rate of 13.93%. The morbidity rates in the villages (ten villages) varied from 5.55 to 21.62%. The multivariable logistic regression showed that grazing of animals (P=0.023; OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09-3.32), and lactation and pregnancy status of animals (P=0.007; OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.32-6.17) were the potential risk factors for the occurrence of lumpy skin disease. Out of 53 clinically suspected animals collected from Ganjam district of Odisha, 18 samples (33.96%) were found positive by PCR for both P32 and F genes of capripox virus. Phylogenetic analysis of P32 gene of LSD (MW147486) showed 100% similarity with other isolates from India, Bangladesh, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of F gene of LSD (MW147485) revealed a similarity of 97.99 %, 97.36%, and 96.60% with, Odisha India (MT074110), Beni Suif Egypt (MN694826) and Marsa Matrouh Egypt (MN699855), respectively.

BACKGROUND Anaemia is the most common symptom in the developing countries including India where under nutrition is prevalent besides haemoglobinopathy is also prevalent in this geographic region. Haemoglobinopathies especially thalassaemia minor present in the paediatric age group with microcytic hypochromic anaemia and hence often misdiagnosed and treated wrongly as iron deficiency anaemia. Simpler cost-effective techniques like study of haematological indices by performing Complete Blood Count (CBC) and in suspicious cases haemoglobin electrophoresis the exact diagnosis can be established at the earliest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Under aseptic condition, 5 mL of blood collected in K2EDTA Vacutainer. One part was analysed in cell count analyser. Other part was used to prepare hemolysate and subsequently gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Gel Electrophoresis is done in 210 cases of microcytic hypochromic anaemia which is detected by haemogram assay, 21% of cases were diagnosed to be thalassaemia and 79% were iron deficiency anaemia. CONCLUSION Iron-Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is the commonest cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia, the second being thalassaemia. Differential diagnosis is based on complete haemogram and peripheral smear. Serum iron profile study and haemoglobin electrophoresis are must for confirmation of diagnosis.

BACKGROUND Anaemia is the commonest nutritional deficiency disorder in the world and in India prevalence in pregnancy is 50-80%. It is a risk factor for preterm delivery, low birth weight, stillbirth and foetal anaemia. The aim of the study is to find out correlation between maternal and cord haemoglobin and birth weight of newborn. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective observational study of 150 pregnant women delivering in KIMS from December 2014 to June 2016 for antenatal and newborn haemoglobin and newborn weight. RESULTS Of 150 mothers, 89.33% are anaemic (24% mild, 44% moderate and 21.3% severe). The incidence of low birth weight and low cord haemoglobin varied directly with severity of anaemia. Out of 150 babies, 119 (79.3%) of babies had anaemia in our study. The mean haemoglobin among babies was 12.9 g/dL with a S.D. of 2.01. CONCLUSION A significant positive correlation with maternal haemoglobin and newborn weight and cord haemoglobin. RecommendationAntenatal prophylaxis with iron and folic acid to prevent anaemia and incidence of low birth weight and infantile anaemia.

The term Congenital Lamellar Ichthyosis is used for newborns in whom all the body surface is covered by thick skin sheets , so called “collodion membrane”. Ichthyosis is an infrequent clinical entity worldwide (1 : 300 , 000 births). The collodion membrane is the result of an epidermal developmental dysfunction. The collodion membrane is composed of thick skin sheets which resemble translucent , tight parchment paper. In almost all of the collodion membrane cases an autosomal recessive ichthyosiform disease is implicated. Especially , in cases of lamellar ichthyosis , congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and harlequin ichthyosis frequent association with collodion baby formation has been well documented. Clinically , the collodion babies may encounter dehydration , electrolyt e imbalance , temperature imbalance and increases risk of sepsis because of relatively severe skin damage. Therefore , morbidity and mortality rates are fairly high in these cases. Conclusively , these newborns should be monitored carefully in intensive care units and is difficult to diagnose in antenatal period.

Background: The measurement of blood pressure is an important component of routine Pediatric physical examination. Children with higher levels of blood pressure tend to maintain higher blood pressure levels in adulthood in comparison to their peer group. The aims and objectives of this study were to define the normal pattern of blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in urban school children between the age group of 5-15 years and to evaluate relationship of blood pressure with variables such as age, sex, height, weight and BMI in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted from July 2016 to December 2018 in Department of Pediatrics, KIMS Amalapuram.Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 3.2%. Of these 16 children 11 were males amounting to 4.41% of total number of males and 5 were females amounting to 1.99% of total number of females. The prevalence of hypertension was more in the males. It was observed that there is not much increase in mean blood pressure up to 130 cms (both in males and females) and increased significantly and gradually in children above 130 cms of height. Blood pressure increases gradually and in a proportionate manner with increase in weight and BMI.Conclusions: Blood pressure is an important vital sign which reflects the integrity of the cardiovascular system, renal, endocrinal system and other systems in the body. Blood pressure of an individual varies with age, sex, height, weight and BMI. It also has a strong correlation with family history of hypertension. Thus, concluded that hypertension has its roots in childhood and early adolescence.

Background: Neonatal hypoglycemia is a very common metabolic disorder which is due to inability to maintain a normal glucose homeostasis. The most effective method of preventing hypoglycemia is early breast feeding which is preferred to formula feeding. Therefore, author conducted this study to document incidence of hypoglycemia both symptomatic and asymptomatic in exclusively fed with breast milk, low birth weight neonates who are appropriate for gestational age. Aims and objectives of this study was to determine incidence of hypoglycaemia in first 72 hrs of life in low birth weight neonates (1500-2499gm) who are appropriate for gestational age and who are exclusively fed with breast milk.Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in between December 2015 to November 2017 in which 150 consecutive neonates with a birth weight between 1500 to 2499 grams and appropriate for gestational age, being fed exclusively with breast milk were studied.Results: Out of 150 neonates, 36 (24%) developed one episode of hypoglycemia, 14 (9.4%) newborns had recurrent episodes while 13 (8.66%), and 1 (0.7%) newborn had two and three episodes of hypoglycemia respectively. Applying a cut-off of blood glucose level of 40 mg/dl, the incidence of hypoglycemia was 24%. The less is the gestational age there is higher chance of occurrence of hypoglycemia. PIH is the most common maternal risk factor for neonatal hypoglycemia. Incidence of hypoglycemia is highest during the first 24hrs after birth and jitteriness is the most common symptom of neonatal hypoglycemia.Conclusions: Healthy new-borns in postnatal wards can be exclusively breastfed, but there is needing to closely monitor their blood glucose levels at least in first 72 hrs and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in new-borns can be managed with frequent breastfeeding without any formula feeds.

Phototherapy is a common mode of treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Bronze baby syndrome is an infrequent complication of phototherapy. The characteristic feature is a grayish-brown discoloration of the skin, plasma and urine. The pigment responsible for the discoloration has not been properly identified and pathogenesis remains still unelucidated. The bronze color disappears spontaneously and the findings are compared to other causes of dusky-hued skin in the neonate. The bronze baby syndrome is usually innocuous but can signal life-threatening disease for which investigations should be performed routinely.

Background: Diarrhoeal infections are the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and continue to take a high toll on child health. The objective of the study was to assess and compare mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention and management of diarrhoea in children. Methods: A hospital based observational study was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, M.K.C.G. Medical College. Data collected from mothers by questionnaire method. Results: Diarrhoea is more common in less than 2 years of age with males are affected more than females and more cases are seen from rural areas. Diarrhoeal diseases are more common in the lower educated group and low socioeconomic status families with prevalence of overcrowding. 47% mothers had knowledge about diarrhoea, 52% about the aetiology and 58% about risk factors of diarrhoea. Regarding role of breastfeeding in diarrhoea 48% mothers had good knowledge and regarding adverse effects of bottle feeding 56% mothers were aware. In this study only 34% of mothers were aware of assessment of danger signs and dehydration and 27% about treatment of dehydration. 33% mothers had good knowledge on sanitary latrine and safe drinking water uses in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. Regarding preparation of ORS only 19% mothers had good knowledge, 65% mothers had average knowledge. Conclusions: Among mothers’ knowledge about diarrhoea along with the importance of breastfeeding and the adverse effects of bottle feeding is significantly lacking. Also, the knowledge about assessment, management and practices about diarrhoeal diseases among mothers is significantly less.

Background: Complementary feeding is the introduction of semisolid or solid food in infant who is on breast feeding, when mother’s milk is no longer enough to meet the nutritional needs. Understanding the social beliefs, knowledge, attitude and practices about complementary feeding among mothers is an important step prior to designing an intervention strategy to prevent malnutrition in children. Aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding complementary feeding among mothers and its effect on growth of the child. Methods: Prospective study including 500 mothers with children between 6 to 24 months of age in KIMS, from December 2014 to November 2015. Results: Mean age of knowledge regarding complementary feeding in mothers was 8.01 months. Most of the mothers 307/500 (61.4%) started complementary feeding because of insufficient milk, 183/500 (36.6%) mothers started complementary feeding as they felt the child required more milk, 30/500 (6%) mothers started complementary feeding as the child was sick and not drinking milk. There is significant positive correlation between age of complementary feeding and malnutrition in first 2 years of life. Conclusions: Mother’s knowledge regarding timing of complementary feeding is inadequate and practices are inappropriate. Majority of them are not aware of the current recommendations. It is essential to give accurate information and education about complementary feeding to prevent malnutrition and improve the health status of children.