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Traditional healthcare services have changed into modern ones in which doctors can diagnose patients from a distance. All stakeholders, including patients, ward boy, life insurance agents, physicians, and others, have easy access to patients’ medical records due to cloud computing. The cloud’s services are very cost-effective and scalable, and provide various mobile access options for a patient’s electronic health records (EHRs). EHR privacy and security are critical concerns despite the many benefits of the cloud. Patient health information is extremely sensitive and important, and sending it over an unencrypted wireless media raises a number of security hazards. This study suggests an innovative and secure access system for cloud-based electronic healthcare services storing patient health records in a third-party cloud service provider. The research considers the remote healthcare requirements for maintaining patient information integrity, confidentiality, and security. There will be fewer attacks on e-healthcare records now that stakeholders will have a safe interface and data on the cloud will not be accessible to them. End-to-end encryption is ensured by using multiple keys generated by the key conclusion function (KCF), and access to cloud services is granted based on a person’s identity and the relationship between the parties involved, which protects their personal information that is the methodology used in the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme is best suited for cloud-based e-healthcare services because of its simplicity and robustness. Using different Amazon EC2 hosting options, we examine how well our cloud-based web application service works when the number of requests linearly increases. The performance of our web application service that runs in the cloud is based on how many requests it can handle per second while keeping its response time constant. The proposed secure access scheme for cloud-based web applications was compared to the Ethereum blockchain platform, which uses internet of things (IoT) devices in terms of execution time, throughput, and latency.

A graphene disk metasurface-inspired refractive index sensor (RIS) with a subwavelength structure is numerically investigated to enhance the functionality of flexible metasurface in the biosensor sector. The main aim behind the sensor development is to detect amino acids with high sensitivity. The results in form of transmittance and the electric field intensity are carried out to verify the sensor's performance. The optimal design of the proposed sensor is also obtained by varying several structural parameters such as glass-based substrate thickness, the inner radius of the graphene disk metasurface, and the angle of incidence. The proposed sensor is also wide-angle insensitive for the angle of incidence ranging from 0° to 60°. Furthermore, the sensor's attributes are analyzed based on numerous parameters with an achieved maximum sensitivity of 333.33 GHz/RIU, Figure of Merit (FOM) of 3.11 RIU

Modern lifestyle and alleviated anthropogenic activities have increased the pollutant load, ultimately causing stress on the environment. In industrialization, many harmful compounds are released into the environment polluting air, water, and soil, triggering adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human beings. Therefore, the development of advanced remediation technologies turns out as a significant environmental priority. Less polar cyclic oligosaccharide Cyclodextrin (CD) with cavity binding organic compounds attracted attention by helping effectively as environmental application. The formation of inclusion complexes and modified Cyclodextrin by cross-linking or surface modification enhances their capacity to abate pollutant effectively from the environment. Modification results in the formation of several novel materials such as CD-based composites, nanocomposites, crosslinked polymer or hydrogels, potent cross-linkers, CD-based membranes, and CD immobilized supports. Several environmental remediation technologies based on Cyclodextrin and modified Cyclodextrin have been discussed in detail in this review. Various environmental applications of Cyclodextrin and its derivatives have been discussed, along with their formation, properties, and characterization. Effective removal of organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, micropollutants, volatile compounds etc., has been explained using several remediation technologies. Based on CD innocuity, this is referred to as the green process. The reversible equilibrium corresponded by the inclusion phenomenon sets a significant trend in the field of CD environmental application to develop techniques by incorporating supramolecular chemistry as well as irreversible methods such as biodegradation and advanced oxidation. It helps in the complete removal of pollutants and ultimately recycling the CD.

Information centric networking (ICN) shifts the focus of existing internet architecture from host-oriented to content-oriented model by enabling in-network caching and content-based forwarding. These ICN features help to increase network performance by decreasing content discovery delay, content server load, and network congestion. To route a content interest inside network such that content can be fetched with minimal time is a challenging task in ICN. The performance of the ICN routing protocol can be significantly improved if the decisions related to content chunk placement and request forwarding are taken in a cooperative fashion. This paper describes a novel strategy for co-operative caching joint request forwarding in ICN, focusing on decreasing content retrieval latency. To do so, the caching strategy leverages the concept of connected dominating set (CDS) for creating a virtual backbone network to eliminate caching redundancy and reduce content discovery delay. It considers content chunk placement and request forwarding tasks as strongly co-related procedures. It exploits the caching information so that the request is forwarded to a content router (CR) with the maximum likelihood of carrying needed data using the betweenness centrality (BC) of CR. The proposed approach also uses the Markov chain-based model to estimate CS hit likelihood and use it as decisional parameter while forwarding the interest packet. This mechanism helps to fetch the content within the shortest possible time duration. The CCJRF-ICN adopts the Dijkstra’s shortest path routing and works in collaboration with the CDS-driven caching joint forwarding mechanism. The simulation study of CCJRF-ICN is done inside ns-3 based ndnSIM-2.0 simulator with performance measures like content store (CS) hit ratio, content discovery delay, mean hop distance, network load, and network overhead. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that CCJRF-ICN outperforms the state-of-the-art strategies for realistic topologies (GEANT, US-26, Euro-28) and shows improvement up to 5-35% against stated performance measures.

In present study, we have synthesized two homologous series of some new Schiff base of 4-n-alkoxy-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde (n = 2–8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18) with 4-amino acetanilide and their correspondi...

The quality of power is always a concern for the high penetration of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system due to the variation in solar irradiation and the temperature change of solar output, which in turn varies the fundamental component of power delivered to the grid. A solar source requires an inverter interface to supply the AC load as well as for the grid interconnection. Any reduction in the fundamental component generated by solar PV at a lower irradiation level or at high- temperature results in increasing %THD at the output of inverter for a given fixed switching frequency since harmonics due to PWM technique is comparable with the fundamental component. The selection of high-fixed-switching-frequency PWM reduces harmonics but increases the stress on switches and switching losses. It also suffers from issues of harmonics at carrier frequency and its sideband at multiples of switching frequency that causes acoustic noise and EMI. The random frequency PWM (Random PWM) method overcomes these issues presented by the fixed-frequency PWM method. However, a wide band of Random PWM makes the inverter filter design difficult and causes resonance in the distribution system. In addition, asymmetry in the carrier wave introduces even-order harmonics in the line current. Hence, this paper proposes a narrowband random frequency PWM method to reduce sideband harmonics, lower-order harmonics, even-order harmonics and a total harmonic distortion (THD) for a solar-based grid-connected inverter. Simulation results present a satisfactory performance of the proposed control technique for a steady-state and transient results. Experimental validation of the same is carried out on the OPAL-RT OP4500-based laboratory prototype of a 2-kVA inverter which depicts reduction in harmonics and hence improvement in power quality.

Peer Learning is considered one of the innovative teaching learning strategies in current engineering education. It covers many learning techniques suitable for both in and out of the classroom. Some of the types includes peer tutoring, groups discussions (small or large groups), and feedback-based learning. These methods have been proven effective to improve students understanding provided peer learning techniques are well monitored and assisted. In this attempt of implementing peer learning, instructor assisted peer learning is adopted to see the effectiveness of the learning technique. The method is applied to 4th Sem B. Tech. in Computer Engineering in Computer Networks subject. Students are divided into group 0f 5-6 with a mix of fast learner, slow learner and regular (in attending lectures). A problem based on the previously discussed topic was given and asked to solve in a group within the class room. However, initially one member from each group has to come and describe the underlaying theory behind the problem and necessary care to be taken to solve it. After the activity, feedback on the activity is taken to know the reaction of the student. One quiz is also conducted to see the understanding of the topic. Similar quiz is also conducted in another class where the peer learning was not adopted and results are compared. Observation shows that understanding of the topic is better in the class where peer learning was adopted. An analysis of the students’ feedback and results are presented in the paper.

This work reports a sustainable approach for fabrication of a highly cost-effective and operation-convenient adsorbent derived from dextran and its valorization to a metallopolymer photocatalyst. The hydrogel with a significant magnitude of equilibrium water absorbency (EWA) was prepared by crosslinking with hexamethylene diisocyanate in a simple one pot synthesis. Due to numerous functionalities, the hydrogel not only adsorbs cationic and anionic dyes but also efficiently scavenges heavy and valuable metal ions from effluents. The removal efficiency of dyes (concentration 100 mg L−1) is greater than 80% in the presence of 100 mg of adsorbent. The adsorption process and its probable mechanism are supported by both experimental (via appropriate analytical characterization) and theoretical (kinetic modelling and thermodynamic calculations) evidence. The recovery of heavy metals was demonstrated with silver ions, which were further readily reduced to silver nanoparticles to generate a metallopolymer photocatalyst. The latter catalyzes complete reduction of nitrophenol within 10 seconds in the presence of sunlight. A process flow diagram for commercial scale up and production of an economically viable adsorbent for effluent treatment using waste from the sugar industry and its valorization as a photocatalyst is reported for the first time.

Graphene-based efficient metasurface solar absorber is presented. Graphene monolayer sheet is integrated over silicon dioxide dielectric layer to improve the bandwidth and achieve maximum absorption in the visible region from 430 to 770 THz. Simulation results indicate that the average absorption of our graphene-based metasurface absorber is more than 84% in the visible range. The absorber C-shape metasurface top layer placed above the graphene sheet is made up of tungsten material, and bottom layer made up of tungsten material helps in absorbing incoming electromagnetic light. The resonance frequency can be tuned in a wide frequency range by changing different physical parameters of proposed absorbers design. The absorption efficiency results of the proposed design are also compared with previously published similar absorber design to show the improvement of absorption in the proposed design. The proposed design is useful for designing next-generation graphene-based sensors and photovoltaic devices. Purposed graphene-based metasurface absorber can be used as a basic building block of solar energy-harvesting photovoltaic devices.

Novel acyl pyrazolone and thio-Schiff base of acyl pyrazolone ligand HL (2-((4-chlorophenyl)(1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) has been synthesised and characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR techniques. This unusual coordinated complex [Zn(L)(CH3C00)(H2O)]CH3CH2OH has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. 1H NMR confirms the structure of the thio-Schiff base used in the study. The structural data reveal that mononuclear Zn(II)complex has distorted square pyramidal geometry. S-S interaction, Inter molecular and intra molecular H-Bond found in crystal packing of the complex. The complex has been screened for MTT assay against A549 cell lines. The Zn(II) complex is cytotoxic against the screened cell line at low concentration.

An information-centric network fulfils the demand of current Internet applications that need data dissemination across distinct institutional boundaries; heterogeneous platforms; and for a dynamic, large population of publishers as well as subscribers. Because of which security is prominent aspect that need to be addressed by ICN paradigm. Security mechanisms for ICNs are different from typical host-oriented networking models. In general, content security is more interesting than security of channel, when compared ICN with host-based network paradigm. This chapter discusses the significance of security provisioning in ICN along with major security and privacy concerns for ICN paradigms. Distinct possible attacks related to naming, caching, and routing in ICN are covered. Different ICN attributes that lead to possible security threats are another topic of discussion. The chapter is concluded with the exploration about various security mechanisms adopted in ICN with related countermeasures for possible attacks. This chapter helps readers to understand the impact and need of security measures in ICN along with several efficient ICN security mechanisms that are resilient enough against possible attacks inside network.

Through condensation of 4-n-alkoxybenzaldehyde (n = 2 to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18) with (E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, new homologous series of rod shaped calamite liquid crystals that merge Schiff base, chalcone and thiophene units have been prepared. All synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The liquid crystalline properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated using a polarizing optical microscope (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicate that n-heptyloxy (A7) to n-tetradecyloxy (A14) derivatives exhibited monotropic nematic phase while the remaining derivatives of homologous series are non mesomorphic. The n-ethoxy derivative (A2) crystallizes under monoclinic, space group P21/c with unit cell dimension a = 19.343(4) ��, b = 5.8353(9) ��, c = 16.574(4) ��, �� = 98.78(2) ��, V = 1848.8(7) ��3. The dihedral angle between two phenyl rings of imine linkage in compound A2 is 51.64 (2) ��.

Since the inception of ICN, there are many architectures proposed by various researchers. This chapter aims at describing all the available architectures proposed since 2009. The chapter starts with a brief description of the importance of ICN architecture and the need for a stable architecture for the wide acceptance of the new technology. The architectures like TRIAD (2000), DONA (2006), PURSUIT (2011), NetInf (2013), etc. are the prime topics of discussion in this chapter. Figures included in the chapter describe the activities, like registration of contents, and resolving of names to find contents defined by each of the different architectures. For each of the architectures included in the chapter, discussion in terms of architectural diagram, various messages used, and message-passing diagram to accomplish the assigned functionalities are presented. At the end of the chapter, a table is given that contains the key elements of all the architectures with various features carried by the respective architecture along with the distinct contribution made by them.

This chapter describes the linear stability investigation of the incompressible viscid flow between the two concentric counter-rotating vertical cylinders. The parallel flow assumption was considered for the base flow, and hence it is varying in the radial direction only. The flow is a shear driven, and hence the pressure gradient is zero in the stream wise direction. The Governing stability equations for the disturbance flow quantities are derived in cylindrical polar coordinates by coupling the energy equation with the Navier-stokes formulas. The stability formulas are discretized using CSC method. The discretized stability formulas, combined with appropriate boundary conditions, form a general Eigenvalues problem (EVP). The full spectrum of the eigenvalue problem is computed for the different Reynolds numbers under the effect of viscous heating, different radius ratio, and buoyancy. The axial and radial wave numbers, β and α are taken as π/2 and zero, respectively. The effect of viscosity variation due to temperature is introduced by Nahme number (Na) and Brinkman number (Br) and effect of buoyancy by Grashof number (Gr). The acute value of Re of the flow is computed for isothermal and non-isothermal Ta–Co flow including the effect of viscid heating and buoyancy at different radius ratio (η). The viscous heating and buoyancy effect destabilize the flow.

A series of four copper(II) µ-alkoxo-µ-carboxylato double bridged complexes, [{Cu 2 (L)} 2 ][(µ-O 2 C-CO 2 ] 1 , [{Cu 2 (L)} 2 (µ-O 2 C-(CH 2 )CO 2 ] 2 , [{Cu 2 (L)} 2 (µ-O 2 C-CH 2 -CO 2 ] 3 and [{Cu 2 (L)} 2 (µ-O 2 C-C 6 H 4 -CO 2 ] 4 (H 3 L = 4-bromo-2-((E)-((3-(((E)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino)-2-hydroxypropyl) imino) methyl)-6-methoxyphenol and µ-dicarboxylate ions = oxalate, malonate, succinate and terephthalate) have been synthesized and characterized using several physicochemical technique. The tridentate nature of H 3 L is interpreted from IR spectra. The Epr spectra of these complexes are characteristic of the quintet state (S = 2) in central features and the triplet state (S = 1) of the tetranuclear complexes. The electrochemical potential of these complexes was investigated using cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse Voltammetry (DPV). All complexes exhibited quasi-reversible reduction peaks in the cathodic region. To explore the stability of these complexes, quantum chemical parameters like electronegativity, ionization potential, electron affinity, global hardness and softness and electrophilicity were estimated and discussed. The synthesized complexes have been designed as structural and functional models of the catechol oxidase enzymes to investigate the catecholase activity. Additionally, superoxide dismutase activity data of all complexes have also been evaluated and compared with known SOD mimics.

Routing is one of the important areas of research in ICN. An efficient routing mechanism may significantly improve the performance of ICN and hence increase acceptability. Among its numerous benefits of efficient routing, resiliency of networks and applications are two important aspects. So far, many routing proposals for ICN have been made that consider the NDN architecture for realizing those schemes. Many of them have to focus on extending traditional routing methods to ICN either through content transmission as an overlay or as an independent concept. Many have emphasized combining in-network caching with routing. The Software-Defined Network (SDN) is also inherited to implement ICN routing in many new proposals. In this chapter, a brief explanation of few routing protocols for ICN is given. At the end of the chapter, a comparative table of all these protocols is given to understand the enhancements in these protocols. Research challenges and future scopes are also covered.

Information-Centric Network (ICN) is a new architecture for Internet that focuses on shifting the current Internet’s host-oriented approach to content-oriented one. This chapter provides an overview of ICN. This also covers Internet architecture in its present form and its limitations. The chapter also covers Content Distribution Network (CDN) in brief, which aims at providing better services to the end users of Internet through replication of contents, and using surrogate servers. ICN aims at transforming from host-centric architecture to content-centric architecture of Internet in order to meet the demands of current Internet users and Internet usage patterns, which are more focused at accessing a tremendous volume of data rather than having the knowledge of the physical location of data under consideration. This chapter highlights the benefits of using ICN along with other relevant topics such as characteristics and challenges involved in the design of ICN. The chapter ends with a historic note on ICN.

Because of development in early stage, information-centric networks and their different paradigms like NDN are under the rigorous changes and updates to make them suitable for distinct networking approaches in future. This chapter includes applications of information-centric networks starting with introduction, recent trends in information-centric networks applications, and an in-detail exploration of existing and recent research work carried out in the fields like information-centric network-based Internet of things, information-centric network-based smart grid, information-centric network-based wireless sensor networks, information-centric network-based mobile ad hoc networks, information-centric network-based vehicular ad hoc networks, etc. In this chapter a comparative analysis of some of the applications is presented along with a tabulated summary. In-depth discussion about the suitability and efficiency of ICN to become base paradigm for above-mentioned different networks are also found in the chapter.

This chapter aims to cover the optimization aspect with respect to performance improvement in ICN. The chapter starts with the explanation about necessity of optimization in ICN along with different optimization approaches. It also covers in detail discussion on role of machine learning for optimization inside ICN. The chapter includes applications of machine learning for communication networks including traffic prediction, analysis, and routing. It highlights the involvement of machine learning and its applications for information-centric networks in context of caching, naming, and routing. This chapter is concluded with the future research directions in the field of optimization in ICN, and this can provide roadmap to the research community. The content provides a detailed walk through to the readers in context of need of optimization in ICN and how machine learning can be beneficial to achieve the same.

Unlike an IP-based network, which is based on a host-centric approach, the ICN is based on content-centric approach. It implies that, for ICN, the location of the content is of greater importance than the producer of the content. Because ICN states that if a chunk of data is in the cache of a user and another neighbor is looking for the same chunk of data, then the current user can send a copy of the data to the requester. In that case, the data need not be necessarily delivered from the producer or actual source of data. This fact of providing data from anywhere considerably reduces the network load and end-to-end delivery delay. The concern of ICN is to make contents as the primary object, and residing location of such content is much more important than the actual producer of the content. The ICN has emphasized on instant addressability and routability of contents. Although this promising technology has a great potential in reducing the load on the network and improving end-to-end delay, it comes with specific challenges. In this chapter, some challenges of implementing the caching of content in the networks are listed out as the defining characteristic challenges of ICN. Few existing work projects in this area are also covered.

Contents in ICN require universally location independent, unique, secure, and human-friendly identification. But it is a tough task to propose one single naming mechanism that fulfills all of these criteria. Instead of it, a multilayer/hierarchical naming mechanism that merges self-certifying identifiers with human-friendly keywords which is much preferable in real time. This chapter covers the significance of the naming scheme, its design and fundamental types, the existing naming approaches related to ICN projects, comparative analysis of the same. The chapter ends with a discussion related to the viewpoint on the need for an efficient naming scheme for ICN.

Human activities and natural processes release a large number of organic pollutants, such as hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chloroforms, in the environment. These hazardous organic pollutants are a threat to human beings, animals, and the environment. These contaminants provide major technical and economical challenges in their remediation through conventional physicochemical methods. Among so many available remediation methods, bioremediation is one of the most promising techniques for eliminating organic contaminants by using natural resources, such as fungi, bacteria, microbes, and plants. Bioremediation is an attractive alternative to other conventional remediation methods due to its low cost and environmentally friendly methods. It involves several techniques in a hierarchical relationship, including bioreacting, land farming, bioslurping, bioventing, biosparging, and phytoremediation. In this chapter, we discuss current bioremediation methods for the removal of organic contaminants and their advantages and limitations.

Numerical methods such as FVM, FDM, FVM, and BVM are eminent for solving the physical problems in engineering and science. Mentioned numerical methods are based on the predefined topological map, generally called “mesh,” Meshes are required to establish the relations between nodes, which becomes vital for the creation of shape functions. The problems with mesh-based methods are (i) They require the qualitative mesh, which is a somewhat tedious, time-consuming & messy task (ii) Meshing & re-meshing for a sizeable computational domain is time consuming, tedious, and costly task also requires the skills (iii) In complex computational domains, the mesh-based method fails in terms of accuracy (iv) Glass hour and shear locking phenomena generally found in the traditional finite element method. In the last two and a half decades, many engineers and mathematicians have proposed a new class of numerical methods known as meshfree methods. Meshfree methods are independent of mesh and approximate the governing PDE based on the set of nodes only. This chapter seeds light on an eminent meshfree method called EFGM. Chapter deals with the introduction and background of meshfree methods, the EFGM method, and its mathematical formulations. The chapter also comprises two elastostatic numerical problems, the 1D problem of a bar with body forces and 2D Timoshenko cantilever beam with traction at the tip, numerical results have been evaluated & compared with exact results. The convergence of both 1D and 2D problems have been discussed. This work built a sound foundation on EFGM and will act as a stepping stone for novices in the field of meshfree methods. Keywords: Advanced numerical approach, Mesh-free methods, Element free Galerkin method