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Abstract Hypericum is a large genus that includes more than 500 species of pharmacological, ecological and conservation value. Although latest advances in sequencing technologies were extremely exploited for generating and assembling genomes of many living organisms, annotated whole genome sequence data is not publicly available for any of the Hypericum species so far. Bioavailability of secondary metabolites varies for different tissues and the data derived from different cultures will be a valuable tool for comparative studies. Here, we report the single molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) data sets of Hypericum perforatum L. plantlets and cell suspension cultures for the first time. Sequencing data from cell suspension cultures yielded more than 33,000 high-quality transcripts from 20 Gb of raw data, while more than 55,000 high-quality transcripts were obtained from 35 Gb of raw data from plantlets. This dataset is a valuable tool for comparative transcriptomic analysis and will help to understand the unknown biosynthetic pathways of high medicinal value in the Hypericum genus.

Introduction: Splenectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. The splenic hilum is closely related to adjacent organs like the tail of the pancreas, stomach, splenic flexure of colon, and left kidney. One of the morbid complications of splenectomy is injury to the tail of pancreas. The objective of this study was to assess the anatomical details of the pancreatic tail with respect to the splenic hilum by assessing patient’s abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods: A total of 150 patients’ abdominal CT imaging was taken for evaluation in this study. The distance between the pancreatic tail and the splenic hilum was measured. The level of location of the pancreatic tail in relation to the splenic hilum was also noted for each patient. Results: The pancreatic tail was inferior to the level of the splenic hilum in 59.3 percent (n =89) of the patients, superior to the level of the splenic hilum in 2.0 percent (n =3) of the patients, and at the level of the hilum in 38.7 percent (n = 58) of the patients. The mean distance from the pancreatic tail to the splenic hilum was 13.1 ± 5.2 mm. Conclusion: Abdominal CT imaging will provide a road map regarding the location of the pancreatic tail and the distance between the pancreatic tail and the splenic hilum. With the preoperative CT imaging details and efficient surgical dissection as close as possible to the splenic hilum, the potential injury to the pancreatic tail can be prevented.

Theranirajan Ethirajan,1,* Gopalakrishnan Natarajan,2,* Rajendran Velayudham,3,* Pavithra Jayakumaran,4 Indumathi Karnan,1 Karthick Rajendran,5 Sudhakaran Doraisamy,6 Sripriya Chenakeswarar Sridhar,7 Purushoth Kumaran,1 Kabilan Kamaraj,1 Anuradha Kandasamy,7 Murugan Natarajan8 1Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 2Institute of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 3Institute of Internal Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 4Institute of Pathology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 5Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 6Critical Care Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 7Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India; 8Institute of Thoracic Medicine, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Murugan Natarajan, Institute of Thoracic Medicine, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600003, India, Email stanleymurugan@gmail.comBackground and Objectives: Omicron, a variant of SARS COV2, is looming large as a cause of global concern. Its high transmissibility can pose challenges in healthcare allocation in a highly populous country like India. Studying the behaviour of the virus among the Indian population will definitely help in planning for the impending omicron surge, so we conducted a preliminary analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the suspected omicron cases in the early part of the surge.Methodology: The study was conducted in the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, from 17th December 2021 to 11th January 2022. A total number of 159 consecutive patients ≥ 18 years of age with the S gene target failure were enrolled and clinically followed up during hospitalisation.Results: Nearly half (n = 79, 49.7%) were aged between 18 and 30 years and the mean (SD) age of the patients was 35.1 (14.9); 52.8% (n = 84) were males and 54.7% (n = 87) were healthcare workers. The NLR ratio and CRP were raised in unvaccinated individuals. Out of 159 patients, only 4 patients required oxygen and all the others showed a mild course of illness and there was no mortality.Conclusion: The clinical course of suspected omicron patients was mild in those who were vaccinated. Unvaccinated individuals with comorbid illness need to be closely monitored for prompt referral for acute care. Further studies are needed in the high-risk group with omicron.Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, omicron, variant of concern, S gene target failure

Detecting trace gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) in Mars' atmosphere is among the primary objectives of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. Terrestrially, HCl is closely associated with active volcanic activity, so its detection on Mars was expected to point to some form of active magmatism/outgassing. However, after its discovery using the mid‐infrared channel of the TGO Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS MIR), a clear seasonality was observed, beginning with a sudden increase in HCl abundance from below detection limits to 1–3 ppbv in both hemispheres coincident with the start of dust activity, followed by very sudden and rapid loss at the southern autumnal equinox. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between HCl and atmospheric dust by making comparisons in the vertical distribution of gases measured with ACS and aerosols measured co‐located with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). This study includes HCl, water vapor, and ozone measured using ACS MIR, water vapor and temperature measured with the near infrared channel of ACS, and temperature, dust opacity, and water ice opacity measured with MCS. In part 1, we show that dust loading has a strong impact in temperature, which controls the abundance of water ice and water vapor, and that HCl is very closely linked to water activity. In part 2, we investigate the quantitative correlations between each quantity and discuss the possible source and sinks of HCl, their likelihood given the correlations, and any issues arising from them. Plain Language Summary: After four full Martian years in orbit since 2018, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has observed three Martian dusty seasons, which occur when it is spring and summer in the southern hemisphere. The first, starting in summer 2018, featured a global dust storm (GDS) after which we made the first detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the Martian atmosphere using the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) instrument. Finding this gas was a priority of ExoMars because its presence may indicate that the planet is volcanically active. Since then, we have observed two more dusty periods without a GDS and observed the reappearance of HCl each time. Here, we present the climatology of HCl in both hemispheres over these three dusty periods (in Mars years 34, 35, and 36) and investigate their relationships with temperature and water vapor measured by ACS, and with airborne dust and water ice measured with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). In this paper, we examine how the vertical structure of each quantity changes over time. We show that there is a close relationship between HCl and H2O, and that both are controlled by temperature, driven by dust loading. Key Points: Comparison of trace gas abundance and aerosol extinction between Atmospheric Chemistry Suite on ExoMars TGO and Mars Climate Sounder on Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterReveal the seasonal changes in hydrogen chloride on MarsShow that dust affects atmospheric temperature, which controls water vapor abundance and ice extinction, and thus impacts HCl abundance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere of Mars was among the primary objectives of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. Its discovery using the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite mid‐infrared channel (ACS MIR) showed a distinct seasonality and possible link to dust activity. This paper is part 2 of a study investigating the link between HCl and aerosols by comparing gas measurements made with TGO to dust and water ice opacities measured with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS). In part 1, we showed, and compared, the seasonal evolution of vertical profiles of HCl, water vapor, temperature, dust opacity, and water ice opacity over the dusty periods around perihelion (solar longitudes 180°–360°) across Mars years 34–36. In part 2, we investigated the quantitative correlations in the vertical distribution between each quantity, as well as ozone. We show that there is a strong positive correlation between HCl and water vapor, which is expected due to fast photochemical production rates for HCl when reacting with water vapor photolysis products. We also show a strong positive correlation between water vapor and temperature, but are unable to show any correlation between temperature and HCl. There are weak correlations between the opacities of dust and water ice, and dust and water vapor, but only very low correlations between dust and HCl. We close with a discussion of possible sources and sinks and that interactions between HCl and water ice are the most likely for both, given the inter‐comparison. Plain Language Summary: The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has observed three Martian dusty seasons (summer in the southern hemisphere). In mid‐2018, we made the first detection of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the Martian atmosphere using the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS). Finding this gas, among others, was a priority of ExoMars because its primary source may be volcanic. Since then, we have observed two more dusty periods with the reappearance of HCl each time. In part 1, we presented the climatology of HCl over these three dusty periods (in Mars years 34, 35, and 36) and investigate their relationships with temperature and water vapor measured by ACS, and with airborne dust and water ice measured with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). In this paper, part 2, we quantify the correlations between HCl, water vapor, ozone, dust, temperature, and water ice. We show that HCl is closely correlated to water vapor, which is, in turn, correlated to temperature. There is only a very low correlation between HCl and dust or water ice, which both impact water vapor. Possible mechanisms for seasonal HCl production and destruction are discussed, concluding that the freeze‐thaw cycle of atmospheric water is most likely. Key Points: Comparison of trace gases and aerosol opacity between ACS on ExoMars TGO and MCS on MROLow correlations between HCl and the opacities of dust or water ice, but very strong correlation with water vapor and the formation of icesHCl source and sink possibilities are discussed, concluding that frost activity may be the most likely possibility for both [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to find out the level of study skills of arts and science college students. Study Skills Check List developed and standardized by Virginia University, Australia (2006) is used to collect the relevant data. The sample consists of 216 Government arts and science college students of Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, South India, of whom 108 are men and 108 are women. The data are analysed by mean, standard deviation and "t" test. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between men and women, arts group and science group students and the students of rural and urban arts and science colleges in their study skills. But there is significant difference between undergraduate and postgraduate students of arts and science colleges in their study skills. The undergraduate students are better in their study skills than the postgraduate students of arts and science colleges.

The most important approaches for safeguarding our communications and data nowadays are message encryption techniques. The use of the internet and network communications has increased the pace of message encryption technology development. Sharing sensitive, private messages through unsecured networks makes it possible for an attack, theft, or hacking of the messages. In order to reduce this term, cryptographic methods have been found essential. There are several symmetric enciphering methods; a few examples are the Caesar Cipher, Hill Cipher, and others. In order to generate a complex cipher text, the enciphering method described in this article encrypts and decrypts the messages given to it using a selfinvertible key matrix and an adjacency matrix of certain graphs like A graph, Centipede C2, Domino graph. Since we are using the self-invertible matrix as a key matrix, whose inverse always exists, thus we can decode the ciphertext without computing the inverse of the key matrix. The lessening in computational complexity facilitates our ability to determine the inverse of a key matrix.