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UNSTRUCTURED Intro and Objective: In the presence of COVID-19, telemedicine is being utilized to limit person-to-person spread while increasing healthcare access. While telemedicine use is increasing, a mismatch exists with the amount of training to deliver care. For this, the American Medical Association has called for an increase in formalized training for telemedicine. This literature review provides recent examples of telemedicine education techniques to provide guidance for telemedicine training in this time of immediate need. Methods: The authors conducted a literature review by searching the PubMed (MEDLINE) database for publications pertaining to telemedicine education and training. After review, 12 pieces of literature were analyzed for methods and skills taught in telemedicine, means to assess competency, and future directions. Results: This study identified a broad scope of skills to be taught from orientation to technology, to patient interaction methods, as well as the current medico-legal guidelines. Using standardized assessments and being supervised by trained physicians, there is a role of telemedicine incorporation into formal curricula. As the field of telemedicine continues to adapt, so should the mechanisms by which training is delivered. Conclusions/Discussion: While accepted that telemedicine provides access to care, especially in the time of COVID-19, this is not synonymous with quality of care if telemedicine training is lacking. The results of this work provide many current examples of telemedicine teaching to be incorporated across all healthcare disciplines. With this, we emphasize the need for growth in the area of telemedicine education and published data in the field.

PSA is a biomarker for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. PSA is known to have anti-tumorigenic activities, however, the physiological role of PSA in prostate tumor progression is not well understood.Five candidate peptides identified based upon computer modeling of the PSA crystal structure and hydrophobicity were synthesized at95% purity. The peptides in a linear form, and a constrained form forced by a di-sulfide bond joining the two ends of the peptide, were investigated for anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC.None of the five PSA-mimetic peptides exhibited PSA-like serine protease activity. Two of the peptides demonstrated significant anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC based on (i) inhibition of cell migration and invasion; (ii) inhibition of tube formation in Matrigel; (iii) anti-angiogenic activity in a sprouting assay; and (iv) altered expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic growth factors. Constrained PSA-mimetic peptides had greater anti-angiogenic activity than the corresponding linearized form. Complexing of PSA with ACT eliminated PSA enzymatic activity and reduced anti-angiogenic activity. In contrast, ACT had no effect on the anti-angiogenic effects of the linear or constrained PSA-mimetic peptides. Modeling of the ACT-PSA complex demonstrated ACT sterically blocks the anti-angiogenic activity of the two bioactive peptides.The interaction of a hydrophilic domain on the surface of the PSA molecule with a target on the cell membrane of prostate endothelial and epithelial cells was responsible for the anti-angiogenic or anti-tumorigenic activity of PSA: enzymatic activity was not associated with anti-angiogenic effects. Furthermore, since PSA and ACT are both expressed within the human prostate tissue microenvironment, the balance of their expression may represent a mechanism for endogenous regulation of tissue angiogenesis.