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The erosion of tooth enamel is a common oral disease. The erosion pattern and location and the effects of nanoscale chemical composition on the erosion susceptibility of enamel have been well documented. However, the enamel remineralization accompanied by erosion and its underlying physicochemical mechanisms still remain poorly understood. Here, using rat molars selected for its good relevancy to human teeth, we investigated the remineralization behavior of the outermost enamel surface at the nanoscale level during erosion in diluted hydrochloric acid solutions. While particles on the outermost enamel surface that represent the termination of crystallites protruding to the surface from the near-surface core eroded by acid-attack, the lateral-growth of the particles (i.e., the main remineralization picture of the surface enamel) occurred concurrently. Ionic analyses indicate that the particle growth is driven by the local increase in pH near the eroding enamel surface as a result of the combination of the PO

A: Prostate cancer cells were seeded in 6 well plates. Twenty-four hours later, cells were treated with Geldanamycin (3 μM) for 1-24 hr, or were left untreated (NT). Protein extracts were subjected to western blotting. Actin served as a loading control. B: PC-3 cells were seeded in 6 well plates. Twenty-four hours later, cells were treated with 17-AAG (2 μM, 2 hr), proteasome inhibitor MG132 (10 µM, 2 hr) or were left untreated (NT). Protein extracts were collected and subjected to western blotting. Actin served as a loading control. C, D: PC-3 or LNCaP cells were treated with Geldanamycin as described above and nuclear or total protein extracts we collected and subjected to western blot analysis for detection of β-AR2 (C) and EGFR (D). AU: Arbitrary Units

Supplemental Data

Quantification of Western blot analysis from Figure 2.

C4-2B cells were seeded in 8 well chamber slides in antibiotic-free media (30,000 cells per well). Twenty-four hours later, cells were transfected with ARR2-eGFP plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000. After overnight incubation, culture medium was replaced with low serum media (1% FBS). Twenty-four hours later, cells were washed with PBS-Tween and fixed with PFA, 4%.

The primary antibodies used were: β-Actin (Cell Signaling, #5125s), β-arrestin-2 Antibody (SantaCruz Biotechnology, sc-13140), Akt Antibody (Cell Signaling, # 9272), phospho-Akt (pT308) (epitomics, #2214-1), phospho-Akt (pS473) (epitomics, #2118-1), Cyclin A (Cell Signaling, # 4656s), Cyclin D1 (Abcam, ab 134175), CXCR7 Antibody (Proteintech, 20423-1-AP, and customized Antibody from Abmart, GeneTech), EGFR Antibody (Cell Signaling, #2646), phospho-EGFR (pY1110) (Abcam, ab68470, ab47370), phospho-EGFR (pY1068) (Epitomics, 1138-1), Lamin A/C (epitomics, 2966-1), phospho-p44/42 MAPK (pERK1/2) (cell signaling, #9106s), p44/42 MAPK (cell signaling, #9102), Src Family (Tyr416) Antibody (Cell Signaling, #2108), phospho-Src Family (pY416) Antibody (Cell Signaling, #2101), ɑ-Tubulin Antibody (Cell Signaling, #2144). Blots were probed with a 1:10,000 dilution of an anti-rabbit or anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Cell Signaling).

Supplementary Figure 1 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

The proinflammatory chemokine receptor CXCR7 that binds the ligands CXCL11 and CXCL12 (SDF-1a) is elevated in a variety of human cancers, but its functions are not understood as it does not elicit classical chemokine receptor signaling. Here we report that the procancerous cytokine IL-8 (interleukin-8) upregulates CXCR7 expression along with ligand-independent functions of CXCR7 that promote the growth and proliferation of human prostate cancer cells (CaP cells). In cell culture, ectopic expression or addition of IL-8 selectively increased expression of CXCR7 at the level of mRNA and protein production. Conversely, suppressing IL-8 signaling abolished the ability of IL-8 to upregulate CXCR7. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CXCR7 in CaP cells caused multiple antitumor effects, including decreased cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase, and decreased expression of proteins involved in G1 to S phase progression. In contrast, addition of the CXCR7 ligand SDF-1a and CXCL11 to CaP cells did not affect cell proliferation. Over expression of CXCR7 in normal prostate cells increased their proliferation in a manner associated with increased levels of phospho-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor; pY1110) and phospho-ERK1/2. Notably, coimmunoprecipitation studies established a physical association of CXCR7 with EGFR, linking CXCR7-mediated cell proliferation to EGFR activation. Consistent with these findings, CXCR7-depleted CaP tumors grew more slowly than control tumors, expressing decreased tumor-associated expression of VEGF, cyclin D1, and p-EGFR. Together, these results reveal a novel mechanism of ligand-independent growth promotion by CXCR7 and its coregulation by the proinflammatory factor IL-8 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 71(9); 3268–77. ©2011 AACR.

Supplementary Figure 3 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Supplementary Figure 5 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Supplementary Figure Legend 5 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Supplementary Figure 2 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Supplementary Figures Legends 1-4, Tables 1-2 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Supplementary Figure 4 from The IL-8–Regulated Chemokine Receptor CXCR7 Stimulates EGFR Signaling to Promote Prostate Cancer Growth

Recently, in lithium batteries, high-capacity Ni-rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) have gained tremendous attention. However, they also suffer from serious capacity degradation upon cycl...

World is passing through the energy crises due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. To address this crisis and to fulfill the energy demands worldwide, development of energy storage devices have increased rapidly. Also, renewable energy resources are intermittent, and therefore nevertheless, this energy resources are not always available. In that context, rechargeable lithium batteries are most promising energy storage devices owing to high energy and power density. Although, the development of the component of rechargeable battery such as anode, cathode and electrolyte are in progress as they play major role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery. Among them, electrolyte plays crucial role as it provides the path for diffusion of Li+ ions between the electrodes. In that context, ionic liquid-based electrolytes are widely used as it acts as plasticizer and thus increases the conductivity of electrolyte considerably. In this chapter, we have discussed basics of ionic liquids and its application in electrolyte system. Also, in this chapter, we have discussed various properties of ionic liquid-based electrolytes and their application in rechargeable lithium battery.

Electrolytes with high Li+ transference number and good electrochemical stability are urgently needed for high-energy-density Li battery. In this paper, we present newly synthesized ionic liquid (IL)-based polymer electrolyte using polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), salt lithium bis(fluorosulfonly)imide (LiFSI), and IL 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPyTFSI) by solution cast technique. They show high Li+ transference number and good electrochemical and thermal stability. Also, nickel-rich layered cathode material LiNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2 (NCA) with good electrochemical performance for lithium secondary battery is successfully synthesized by Co-precipitation method. Using the optimized polymer electrolyte and NCA cathode, Li cell is prepared which shows initial discharge capacity of ~ 137 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C-rate and good Coulombic efficiency ~96.0% upto 125 cycles.

Nano-composite polymer gel electrolytes (NPGEs) based on polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) PVdF-HFP, ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)i...

A high specific capacity conducting reduced graphene oxide nanosulfur nanocomposite (RGOSNC) cathode is synthesized via deposition of nanosulfur on graphene oxide (GO) through the hydrothermal treatment in the presence of multifaceted ethylenediamine (EDA) for improving the performance of lithium‐sulfur battery (LiSB). The maximum utilization of active material (sulfur) is facilitated by the attachment of nanosulfur to GO via EDA, and further, optimum reduction of GO into conducting, porous and interconnected RGO is performed via hydrothermal treatment in the available solution having residual EDA. Therefore, GO is reduced in highly conducting RGO without the use of any external reducing agent; minimizing the chance of impurity in the synthesized RGOSNC. A three‐dimensional interconnected porous conducting architecture with nitrogen (heteroatom) doping in RGO of RGOSNC with conductivity ∼1.83 S/cm assists easy electron transportation through conducting RGO network and stabilizes intermediate polysulfide to prevent loss of active material during the electrochemical performance. The synthesized RGOSNC cathode material delivers high initial specific capacities 1448 and 1040 mAh/g at 0.1 and 0.5 C, respectively. Prepared LiSB maintains ∼741 mAh/g retention over 100 cycles at 0.5 C with excellent Coulombic efficiency (∼99%).

Purpose: To review information pertaining to secondary glaucoma following infant lensectomy and provide evidence to support the mechanism responsible for this condition. Methods: Reported risk factors and proposed mechanisms for infantile aphakic glaucoma are reviewed. Laboratory studies and clinical observations in affected patients with glaucoma are described. Evidence of postoperative anterior chamber fibrosis is reviewed and interpreted. Results: Clinical evidence demonstrated the development of anterior chamber fibrosis following infant cataract surgery. Laboratory studies showed liberated lens epithelial cell transition to fibroblasts. Conclusions: The review and assessment of laboratory and clinical evidence support the proposal that infantile aphakic glaucoma is caused, in part, by postoperative anterior chamber fibroization related to lens cell dispersion, cytokine activation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition with resultant filtration angle fibrosis and secondary loss of filtration function. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2022;59(4):236–242.]

Depleting fossil fuels has put pressing need for the search of alternative energy resources. Solar and wind energy resources are being considered one of the viable solutions. However, these intermittent sources require efficient energy storage systems in terms of rechargeable Li batteries. In Li batteries, electrolyte is one of the most important components to determine the performance, as it conducts the ions between the electrodes. In battery, mostly liquid electrolyte is used as it shows high ionic conductivity and electrode/electrolyte contact which help to reduce the internal resistance. But these are not electrochemically very stable and raised some major problems such as reactivity with electrode, dissolution of electrode ions, leakage, volatility, fast Li dendrite growth, etc. Therefore, in order to improve its electrochemical performance, selection of electrolyte is an important issue. In the present study, ionic liquid (IL)-based polymer electrolyte is used over liquid electrolyte in which IL acts as a plasticizer and improves ionic conductivity and amorphicity. These electrolytes have high thermal and electrochemical stability, therefore, can be used in high voltage Li battery. Also, their mechanical stability helps to suppress Li dendrites growth. Therefore, polymer electrolytes can open a new way in the progression of battery application.

In this paper, we report the effect of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIMFSI) on polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and salt lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) electrolyte system. The glass transition temperature and degree of crystallinity decreased with an increasing amount of EMIMFSI resulting in an increase in the ionic conductivity. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity and Li+ transference number are observed for PEO + 20 wt% LiTFSI + 10 wt% EMIMFSI. These prepared gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are thermally and electrochemically stable enough for battery application. Two different cells with graphene oxide-doped lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4 (GO-LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathodes were tested with prepared GPEs. GO-LFP showed more predictable and consistent nature of capacity fading and good discharge capacity. However, NCA showed higher discharge capacity, better cyclic performance, lower capacity fading, and better performance at high C rates.

Data from human dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes support the hypothesis that constant 'tickover' of the alternative complement pathway results in chronic deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) on the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Sub-lytic levels of MAC lead to cell signaling associated with tissue remodeling and the production of cytokines and inflammatory molecules. Lytic levels of MAC lead to cell death. CD59 is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the assembly of MAC. CD59 may thus be therapeutically efficacious against the pathophysiology of dry and wet AMD. The first gene therapy clinical trial for geographic atrophy - the advanced form of dry AMD has recently completed recruitment. This trial is studying the safety and tolerability of expressing CD59 from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected once into the vitreous. A second clinical trial assessing the efficacy of CD59 in wet AMD patients is also under way. Herein, the evidence for the role of MAC in the pathophysiology of dry as well as wet AMD and the scientific rationale underlying the use of AAV- delivered CD59 for the treatment of dry and wet AMD is discussed.

Lanthanum (La3+)-doped double perovskites Sr2CoMoO6 (Sr2-xLaxCoMoO6, 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) were synthesized via the citrate-nitrate autocombustion route. The Reitveld refinement analysis of X-ray diffraction reveals the tetragonal symmetry as the main phase with space group I4/m and also confirms the presence of some peaks corresponding to extra phase SrMoO4. The SEM micrograph images reflect that grains are in irregular shape and sizes for all samples. Average grain size gradually decreases with the increase of the SrMoO4 phase. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the presence of mixed valence states of Mo5+/Mo6+, Co2+/Co3+, and O-lattice/O-chemisorbed/O-physisorbed species. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) analysis shows that the particular composition Sr1.97La0.03CoMoO6 has the lowest CTE value among the compositions studied. The electrical conductivity of Sr2CoMoO6 is enhanced effectively by doping La at Sr sites. The measured area-specific resistance (ASR) for the composition Sr1.97La0.03CoMoO6 (SLCM03) is found to be appreciably low, ∼0.053 Ohm cm-2 at 800 °C. The obtained highest electrical conductivity with the lowest activation energy and low ASR value for the composition Sr1.97La0.03CoMoO6 encompasses it as a promising candidate for anode material in the intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) application.

The term acoustic refers to a periodic pressure wave. The term includes waves in the audio frequency range as well as those above audio frequency range (ultrasonic and hypersonic) and below the audio frequency range. Acoustic waves are characterized by their speed and absorption. Acoustic absorption is a measure of the energy removed from the acoustic waves by conversion to heat as the wave propagates through a given thickness of material; it has unit dB/cm (or Np/cm). Absorption is a material property, in contrast to attenuation, which includes energy loss due to scattering and reflection as well as and depends upon sample size and experimental configuration. The elastic and inelastic properties of solids are suitable for the study of acoustic dissipation which account for the direct conversion of acoustic energy into thermal energy. In measurement of the attenuation of acoustic waves in solids using pulse echo method, the attenuation is usually found to be greater than the absorption due to intrinsic dissipation. Acoustic energy is removed from the propagating acoustic wave, but is not immediately converted into heat. The most important cause of the attenuation is the scattering of acoustics wave from imperfections. In terms of phonon description of acoustic waves, this is a two-phonon process, in which incoming and outgoing phonons have different wave vectors. The perturbation at the scattering centre may be due to a mass difference of an impurity atom from the normal mass or to a change in interatomic forces. In polycrystalline solids, sound is scattered from the boundaries between the microcrystal grains. The grain boundaries act as scattering centers due to the discontinuity of the elastic constants, and the amount of loss depends on the grain size and on the wavelength of the acoustic wave. When the wavelength of the acoustic wave is small compared to the grain size, the loss is independent of frequency and inversely proportional to the mean grain diameter. When the wavelength is large compared to the grain size, the loss is proportional to the fourth power of the frequency (Rayleigh scattering) and to the third power of grain diameter. Another source of nondissipative loss is diffraction of acoustic field from the transducer. This is an important loss mechanism in megahertz frequency range, but at higher frequencies it is negligible. At higher frequencies, a loss mechanism occurs due to lack of flatness and parallelism of the end faces of the specimen. At higher frequencies (10 GHz), the wavelength of the sound in a solid is of the order of optical wavelength in visible range and hence, the surface of the specimen should be polished with optical quality. Source: Acoustic Waves, Book edited by: Don W. Dissanayake, ISBN 978-953-307-111-4, pp. 466, September 2010, Sciyo, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM

1H and 19F spin&ndash, lattice relaxation studies for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in bulk and mesoporous MCM-41 silica matrix confinement were performed under varying temperatures in a broad range of magnetic fields, corresponding to 1H resonance frequency from 5Hz to 30MHz.A thorough analysis of the relaxation data revealed a three-dimensional translation diffusion of the ions in the bulk liquid and two-dimensional diffusion in the vicinity of the confining walls in the confinement. Parameters describing the translation dynamics were determined and compared. The rotational motion of both kinds of ions in the confinement was described by two correlation times that might be attributed to anisotropic reorientation of these species.