Search

The field of operations research models known as multi-criteria analysis, also known as Multi-Criteria Decision-Making or Multi-Criteria Satisfaction Analysis deals with the process of making decisions when there are numerous objectives. The conflicting criteria, incomparable units, and challenges in designing/selecting alternatives are all aspects of these methods, which can manage both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The MUSA approach is an ordinal regression analysis-based preference disaggregation model. Based on their values and expressed preferences, the integrated methodology assesses the level of satisfaction of faculty at engineering institutions. The MUSA approach aggregates the various preferences in special satisfaction functions using data from satisfaction surveys. The paper presents a faculty performance analysis by implementing optimization technique known as PSO on Multi Criteria Satisfaction Analysis and shown performance analysis.

The Data stream clustering is an active area of research that has recently emerged with the goal of discovering new knowledge from a large amount and variability of constantly generated data. In this context, different-different algorithm for unsupervised learning that clusters multiple data streams has been proposed by many researchers. There is a need for a more efficient and efficient data analysis method. This paper introduces a multi-level K-Means density-based flow clustering algorithm (MKDCSTREAM) for clustering problems. This approach proposes to view the problem of clustering is a optimization process hierarchy that follow different levels, from unrefined to subtle. In the clustering problem, for the solution first divide the problem in parts, by following different levels to make the first clustering a coarser problem than calculated. Coarse problem clustering is mapped level by level and improves the Clustering the original problem by improving intermediate clustering using the general K-means algorithm. Compare the performance of the hierarchical approach with its single-tier approach using tests with a set of datasets collected from different areas.

Type Ia supernovae, SNeIa, are used as standard candles in cosmology to determine the distances of the galaxies harbouring them. We show that the luminosity of an SNIa depends on its distance from us when physical constants (the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, and the Planck constant h) are permitted to evolve. It is because the Chandrasekhar mass of the white dwarf that explodes to create SNIa depends on the values of the constants at the epoch the SNIa is formed. We show that the SNeIa luminosities could be about four times higher in the past than they are now. Thus, the luminosity distance estimation of the earliest SNeIa could be off by up to a factor of 2. Cosmological parameters, determined with this correction applied to the redshift versus distance modulus data base (Pantheon SNeIa), are not very different from those from the standard ΛCDM model without this correction, except for the dark-energy density and the curvature energy density; the latter increases at the cost of the former. Variations of the constants are given by $\dot{G}/G = \ 3.90 \ ( { \pm 0.04} ) \times {10^{ - 10}}\ {\rm y{r^{ - 1}}}$and $\dot{c}/c = \dot{h}/h\ = \ 1.30\ ( { \pm 0.01} ) \times {10^{ - 10}}\ {\rm y{r^{ - 1}}}$ at present. These variations are valid only when $G,\ c,\ $and$\ h$ are permitted to vary concurrently rather than individually.

Equations governing the evolution of a star involve multiple coupling constants. Thus, the time it spends as a main-sequence star can be expected to depend on whether or not such constants vary over the time scale of stellar evolution. When the star belongs to a globular cluster, the star's age cannot exceed that of the globular cluster, and the latter cannot exceed the age of the Universe. This fact can be used to constrain or verify the variation of the coupling constants, i.e., the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h, and the Boltzmann constant k. We have estimated the age of the main-sequence star analytically from the time it takes to synthesize all its hydrogen into helium under fixed and varying coupling constants scenarios. When we permitted the interrelated variation of the four constants ($G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3}\thicksim k^{3/2}$) and differentiated between the cosmological energy and local energy conservation laws, we could show that the variation of the constants established in our earlier studies, i.e., $(\dot{G}/G)_{0}=3(\dot{c}/c)_{0}=(\dot{h}/h)_{0}=1.5 (\dot{k}/k)_{0}=5.4H_{0} =3.90(\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1}$ at the current cosmic time is consistent with the present work. Nevertheless, the challenge remains to come up with an experiment, astrometric or terrestrial, that can unequivocally prove or falsify the predicted variation., 12 pages, 2 figures

A study was conducted to explore the potentiality of coconut milk residue (CMR) for cold extrusion (pasta preparation). Proximate analysis revealed that coconut milk residue is a rich source of crude fibre (24.03%) in addition to crude fat (41.55%), crude protein (5%), total carbohydrates (26.24%) and ash content (0.97%) at 2.23 per cent moisture. The effect of coconut milk residue upon replacing durum wheat semolina on cooking qualities, colour parameters, textural property and overall sensory acceptability of pasta samples were evaluated. Incorporation of coconut milk residue significantly influenced the observed parameters (P0.05). Thus, the study recommends incorporating 10 per cent coconut milk residue in durum wheat semolina for pasta preparation. Moreover, the entrepreneurs engaged in the coconut milk/milk powder and virgin coconut oil industry would be benefitted by adopting this venture, wherein they would be able to fetch huge additional income by placing their residue product on an upgraded fast-moving consumer good (FMCG) value chain.

Soil compaction in the plow layer of soils is becoming a serious concern because of conventional tillage practices adopted by sugarcane growers utilizing a rotavator, particularly in medium to heav...

Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is a serious life threatening disease associated with morbidity and mortality in India. Hypothetical relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein (CRP) levels has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of CKD. Fifty chronic kidney disease patients before dialysis and fifty controls were executed for measurement of serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein as well as other biochemical parameters analysis. Serum C-Reactive protein was measured by quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay. In this study, serum uric acid, creatinine, urea and C-Reactive protein levels were significant raised in CKD group to that of controls. Notably serum C-Reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the CKD patients associated with non-diabetic factors in comparison to diabetic associated CKD patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) exhibited a strong association between uric acid and C-Reactive protein levels. A strong direct relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein in CKD patients are plausibly culprits in the progression of diseases.

The 'extreme Population A (xA) quasars' approaching, sometimes exceeding the Eddington limit, are a type of quasars that could serve as a standard candle to measure distances too large for supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia) to be observable. For using xA quasars as standard candles, it would be beneficial to know how their luminosities would vary if coupling constants varied over cosmic time. Alternatively, when calibrated using SN Ia standard candle, xA quasar observations could constrain the variation of coupling constants. We show that the Hubble diagram of xA quasars provides the same constraint on the constants' variation as the Hubble diagram of SNe Ia from the Pantheon data. The coupling constants vary concurrently in our model, i.e., the variation of the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, the Planck constant $h$, and the Boltzmann constant $k$, are interrelated as $G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3}\thicksim k^{3/2}$. The constraint thus determined can be expressed in terms of the Hubble constant $H_{0}$ as $(\dot{G}/G)_{0}=3(\dot{c}/c)_{0}=3(\dot{h}/h)_{0}=1.5 (\dot{k}/k)_{0}=5.4H_{0} =3.90(\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1}$, where subscript 0 is for the current time. This conclusion is corroborated with the analysis of data on the quasars with correlated UV and X-ray emissions., 10 pages, 3 figures. Modified as per MNRAS review

Adverse effect of intensive tillage practices on soil chemical and biological properties is already known. Soil organic carbon maintains porosity, releases nutrients for crop growth and also provides shelters to microbes. However, maintaining soil organic carbon at higher level and increasing crop productivity have become two faces of a single coin. Without addressing both issues simultaneously, the sustainability of production system will be far away. Strategic tillage intervention in no-tillage plots for sustaining long-term productivity is gaining importance. Strategic tillage through subsoiling/ripping of soil up to 45 cm depth at about 1 m spacing before sugarcane planting is feasible in sugarcane-based system. Thus, keeping the above points in view, the experiment was conducted during 2015–2017 with hypotheses of (i) whether the minimum tillage (once subsoiling) could maintain soil physical, chemical and biological parameters to sustain sugarcane productivity for longer period and (ii) how the mouldboard ploughing and/or conventional tillage practice affects these parameters and crop yields. The experiment was laid out in four preplant tillage treatments, i.e., one subsoiling (SS) and two harrowings, minimum tillage through subsoiling and direct planting of sugarcane through IISR Cutter Planter (SS), one ploughing through mouldboard plough and two harrowings (MBP + H) and conventional practice (CP—two ploughings through cultivator and one through rotavator) with six replications in randomized block design. The effect of these treatments was recorded on various soil physical, chemical and biological parameters vis-a-vis infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration and optimizing sugarcane yield in subtropical India. The results concluded that minimum tillage and direct planting of sugarcane through Sugarcane Cutter Planter could break hard impervious layer and improve soil physical, chemical and biological parameters besides improving sugarcane and sugar yields. Minimum tillage favoured build-up of soil organic carbon (SOC) and also release of nutrients for crop growth, which optimized rhizospheric environment as compared to conventional practice. Minimum tillage through subsoiling had shown major effect in reducing soil compaction in subsurface layers (bulk density—1.52 Mg m−3 (SS) vs 1.61 Mg m−3 through MBP + H). During tillering period, basic infiltration rate could reach the level of 7.5 mm/hr in SS plots compared to 5.5 mm/hr in conventional practice (CP). Minimum tillage recorded the highest SOC at all the crop growth stages. The highest mean SOC was recorded during grand growth phase (13.51 Mg ha−1). Minimum tillage altered lower amount of soil and showed the highest population of soil bacteria (log10 6.90x 105). Thus, the minimum tillage through subsoiling significantly improved sugarcane (96.32 t ha−1) and sugar yields (12.14 t ha−1) as compared to conventional tillage/mouldboard ploughing.

Since Dirac predicted in 1937 possible variation of gravitational constant and other coupling constants from his large number hypothesis, efforts continue to determine such variation without success. Such efforts focus on the variation of one constant while assuming all others pegged to their currently measured values. We show that the variations of the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, the Planck constant $h$, and the Boltzmann constant $k$ are interrelated: $G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3/2}\thicksim k^{3/2}$. Thus, constraining any one of the constants leads to inadvertently constraining all the others. It may not be possible to determine the variation of a constant without concurrently considering the variation of others. We discuss several astrophysical observations that have been explained recently with the concomitant variation of two or more constants. We also analyze the reported and unexplained 35 micro-gram decrease of 1 Kg Pt-Ir working standards over 22 years of measurements and show that the Kibble balance, that measures mass in units of Planck constant, cannot determine the variation of h when h and c variations are interrelated as determined in here., Comment: 6 pages. This version has been corrected for the error in the variation of the Planck constant

A scalar-tensor theory of gravity is considered wherein the gravitational coupling $G$ and the speed of light $c$ are admitted as space-time functions and combine to form the definition of the scalar field $\phi$. The varying $c$ participates in the definition of the variation of the matter part of the action; it is related to the effective stress-energy tensor which is a result of the requirement of symmetry under general coordinate transformations. The effect of the cosmological coupling $\Lambda$ is accommodated within a possible behaviour of $\phi$. We analyze the dynamics of $\phi$ in the phase space, thereby showing the existence of an attractor point for reasonable hypotheses on the potential $V(\phi)$ and no particular assumption on the Hubble function. The phase space analysis is performed both with the linear stability theory and via the more general Lyapunov's method. Either method lead to the conclusion that the condition $\dot{G}/G=\sigma\left(\dot{c}/c\right)$ where $\sigma=3$ must hold for the rest of cosmic evolution after the system gets to the globally asymptotically stable fixed point and the dynamics of $\phi$ ceases. This result provides a physical foundation for the phenomenological model admitting $\left(G/G_{0}\right)=\left(c/c_{0}\right)^{3}$ used recently to interpret cosmological and astrophysical data. The thus co-varying couplings $G$ and $c$ impact the cosmic evolution after the dynamical system settles to equilibrium. This impact is investigated by constructing the generalized continuity equation in our scalar-tensor model and considering two possible regimes for the varying speed of light -- decreasing $c(a)$ and increasing $c(a)$ -- while solving our modified Friedmann equations. The solutions to the latter equations make room for radiation- and matter-dominated eras that progress to a dark-energy-type of accelerated expansion., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. v2: 19 pages, 6 figures; stability analysis expanded and generalized; discussion improved. v3: 27 pages, 6 figures; appendix added; abstract edited due to arXiv's policy; content matches the published version

Dirac, in 1937 proposed the variation of coupling constants derived from his large number hypothesis. Efforts have continued since then to constrain their variation by various methods. We briefly discuss several methods used for the purpose while focusing primarily on the use of supernovae type 1a, quasars, and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as cosmological probes for determining cosmological distances. Supernovae type Ia (SNeIa) are considered the best standard candles since their intrinsic luminosity can be determined precisely from their light curves. However, they have only been observed up to about redshift $z=2.3$, mostly at $z, Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2202.12758

Medical images such as MRI image, mammogram images, X-ray images, CT-scan images provide appropriate information regarding human brain soft tissue, cancer, stroke and various other diseases. These images help doctors to identify the diseases easily. But these images may suffer from very low contrast ratio and to improve contrast of such image we used hybrid technique which is the combination of contrast stretching (CS) and Brightness Preserving Dynamic Histogram Equalization (BPDHE). Our proposed method work as follows: In the first step, we applied pre-processing to remove noises present in images then we estimated accurate background surface and obtained new foreground image by subtracting this estimated background from the original image. We carried out local contrast stretching method on new image which containing only foreground object. Finally, after combining the background and enhanced foreground image we apply global BPDHE method to enhance image. The experiments were performed on various low contrast medical images. Experiments show more accurate results than other contrast enhancement methods.

Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced technologies in the current era. This is attributed to its capabilities to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Therefore, a large amount of research is focused on developing delivery systems based on this technology. This chapter reviews aspects of widely used nanocarrier systems such as self-assemblies, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles that are used for targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. It highlights critical issues in the design and engineering of nanocarrier systems for various applications. Success stories in the form of examples have been tabulated in this chapter.

The resource exploitation is inhibited in the huge region of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) and various attacks are introduced in vast vulnerable network. The intruder seizes the sensor vertices (nodes) and pilfers the secret data to control laudatory WSN under the node capture attack. We develop a Black Widow Optimization Algorithm (BWOA) to discover the sensor vertices having superior possibility of compromising by attack. BWOA is applied on multi objective function combining the various factors such as link key utilization, link stability time, link participation and link energy expenses of vertices and experiment results illustrate the superior performance of BWOA in terms of energy expenses cost, rounds of attack, compromised portion of traffic and complexity against MA, FGA, MREA, ACO and PSO.

Digital content increases in the world where image plays an important role. So getting relevant set of content as per user requirement becomes a major issue. Hence the researcher works on this problem and proposed number of approaches. This paper proposed a genetic algorithm based retrieval of images. Here visual feature histogram was fetched during training with attach annotation from the image. Both this feature value was passed in the genetic algorithm having twice crossover and population updating in one iteration. The resultant of the genetic algorithm is cluster center images, so the dataset is arrange in cluster structure. Experiment was done on real images and results shows that the proposed model was better by fetching relevant images as per user requirements.

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, with three tillage practices (T1: Control- two times ploughing with harrow and cultivator, each followed by...

Field experiments were conducted during consecutive spring seasons of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, in subtropical India to find the best irrigation application parameters that lead to significant reduction in total water use and to characterize soil moisture spread along the furrow. The soil of the experimental site is categorized as Inceptisol neutral in reaction (pH 7.6), low in organic carbon (0.33%) and available N (187.5 kg/ha), medium in available P (19.7 kg/ha) and K (239.4 kg/ha). The treatment consisted of two length of furrows (F1-50 m and F2-75 m) and six discharge and cut-off length (D1: Furrow-8 L per second – lps + 75% cut-off length, D2: Furrow-10 lps + 75% cut-off length, D3: Furrow-8 lps + 85% cut-off length, D4: Furrow-10 lps + 85% cut-off length, D5: Border-75% cut-off length and D6: Border-85% cut-off length). Experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The number of millable canes (109.27 t/ha), cane length (169.21 cm), average cane weight (0.68 kg), cane yield (50.93 t/ha) and sugar yield (6.75 t/ha) were found significantly higher under longer furrow length (75 m). Significantly highest number of shoot counts (168.61 t/ha at 180 DAP), millable canes (106.61 t/ha), cane yield (54.02 t/ha) and sugar yield (7.03 t/ha) were recorded with discharge of 10 lps + 85% cut-off length. Moisture flow pattern showed a clear downward movement of water in all the furrow irrigation combinations methods with required water availability at tail end region. Significantly voluminous root (53.25 cc/clump), longer root length (33.90 cm), higher number of root hairs (918.9 cm), wider horizontal spread (27.0 cm) and root efficiency (22.84) were observed under discharge of 10 lps at cut-off of 85% discharge of water at 10 lps with 85 m cut-off length recorded highest IWUE (2239.71 kg/ha cm). Under conventional method of irrigation, IWUE was very low. Thus, it may be concluded that to conserve and save irrigation water, a cut-off at 85% furrow length and discharge of 10 lps are efficient to soak the soil at tail end of the field. Further, the length of the furrow may be kept up to 75 m under sandy loam alluvial soils having slope less than 1%.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be one of the important tools while teaching at under graduate and post graduate level. It is being popular at education sector because of their different modes of operations. Since, the education includes regular, online, distance and part time education, so there are a number of applications based on ICT are available in the real world. In this paper, the emphasis is given on the use of ICT by teachers and its effects on the teaching methods with their different perspectives. The paper has also focused on the certain important issues related to the effective implementation of ICTs at educational level and provides suggestions for effectively use of ICT at higher education level for distance education.

This article describes how in the VANET environment, routes are broken owing to node mobility. Moreover, the usage of wireless links for data communication leads to inherent unreliability and are error prone. Single path routing uses a prediction mechanism to compute a reliable path considering vehicle velocity and vehicle direction. Nevertheless, this methodology does not deal with major real-world traffic conditions. Hence, to address the aforementioned problems and to enhance reliability and fault tolerance, multipath routing protocols are employed. However existing multipath routing protocols even though compute multipath, only one path will be engaged in actual communication at any given time. Hence this work proposes Adaptive Congestion Controlled Multipath Routing in a VANET. The proposed work computes multiple paths from source to destination using cubic Bezier curves and more importantly, employs all/more than one path during the communication. The paths thus computed are adaptive in nature dependent upon the direction of mobility of source and destination vehicles.

The world is growing rapidly with constantly increasing the data. There are innumerable people around the world who use different types of applications, whether it is for reservation, marketing, shopping or knowledge in the form of text, image, audio and video. Only data is being generated everywhere and this growing data which is large and high dimensional is in nature is generally known as “big data”. For the organizations, it is a big task to cluster streaming big data successfully. In this paper, we are presenting a survey of data stream clustering algorithms applied over big data and big datasets. The paper shows the comparative analysis of all the studied methods and also review the evolution and progression of data stream clustering algorithm for big datasets. The paper also analyses the proposed and implemented algorithms in recent years.

Ring pit method of sugarcane planting has shown promise in significantly increasing the productivity of sugarcane. However, digging of large number of circular pits was found to be very cumbersome, labour intensive and costly affair. An effort was made to develop double bottom pit digger with modified pit digging blades and power transmission to mechanize pit digging operation. It was tractor-operated, mounted-type, equipment for digging of two circular pits of 750 mm diameter and 300 mm deep at a spacing of 300 mm. Pit digger was tested and evaluated in sandy loam soil at IISR farm. Output (effective field capacity) of the pit digger was 150 pits h−1 (0.13 ha d−1). Only 23.5 man-d ha−1 was involved in pit digging using the developed pit digger as against 450 man-d ha−1 in manual pit digging. Cost of pit digging using the pit digger was ₹33,200 (US$ 499.92) ha−1 in comparison to manual pit digging of ₹90000 (US$ 1355.20) ha−1. Hence, there was a labour saving of 94.8 % and cost saving of 63.1 % in pit digging operation with the pit digger. Ring pit planting of sugarcane resulted in significant saving of irrigation water due to significant increase in irrigation water use efficiency as compared to conventional flat method of planting. Millable canes and cane yield also increased significantly. Benefit/cost ratio was highest (1.79:1) in ring pit method when pit digger was used for pit digging followed by manual ring pit planting (1.41:1) and conventional flat planting (1.36:1). Use of developed pit digger not only reduced labour involvement and cost of pit digging operation but also resulted in highest benefit/cost ratio.

In the phishing attack, the user sends their confidential information on mimic websites and face the financial problem, so the user should be informed immediately about the visiting website. According to the Third Quarter Phishing Activity Trends Report, there are 55,282 new phishing websites have been detected in the month of July 2014. To solve the phishing problem, a browser based add-on system may be one of the best solution to aware the user about the website type. In this paper, a novel browser based add-on system is proposed and compared its performance with the existing antiphishing tools. The proposed anti-phishing tool ‘ePhish’ is compared with the existing browser based antiphishing toolbars. All the anti-phishing tools have been installed in computer systems at an autonomous college to check their performance. The obtained result shows that if the task is divided into a group of systems, it can give better results. For different phishing features, the add-on system tool show around 97 percentage successful results at different case conditions. The current study would be very helpful to countermeasure the phishing attach and the proposed system is able to protect the user by phishing attacks. Since the system tool is capable of handling and managing the phishing website details, so it would be helpful to identify the category of the websites.

Components of the cholinergic system—acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine receptors—are the principal components of the nerve transmission in animals. Plants, though nerveless, have long been known to possess most of the components of the cholinergic system. Plants also have a repertoire of chemicals that inhibit various components of the acetylcholine system. A hitherto overlooked fact is that many of these anticholinergic chemicals present in some plants act as allelochemicals and help the plants to dominate their habitat by affecting the growth of other plants in their vicinity. Since the target sites of most of the allelochemicals in victim plants are unknown, the possibility of cholinergic chemicals as allelochemicals opens new areas of research in plant biology. We have shown earlier that the extract of Cyperus rotundus inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in electric eel, wheat, and tomato and that it also inhibits germination and growth of root and shoot in tomato and wheat. Now, we present evidence that the methanolic extracts of 45 weeds, including invasive weeds like Lantana camara, Ageratum conyzoides, Argemonemexicana, Ranunculus sceleratus, and Prosopis juliflora contain very high levels of anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases block the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, resulting in an increase in the levels of acetylcholine in the system. We propose that cholinergic chemicals act as allelochemicals in plants.

In VANET environment multipath routing protocols enhance reliability and fault tolerance. However major drawback of the existing multipath protocols is that all the computed paths are not utilized for communication at any given time. Hence this work proposes Bezier Curve based Multipath Routing (BCMR) in VANET. The proposed work computes multiple paths from source to given destination using cubic Bezier curves and more notably engage all or more than one path during the actual communication. Proposed work performs better w.r.t. parameters like packet delivery ratio, transmission time and path discovery time.

The term Phishing is a kind of spoofing website which is used for stealing sensitive and important information of the web user such as online banking passwords, credit card information and user’s password etc. In the phishing attack, the attacker generates the warning message to the user about the security issues, ask for confidential information through phishing emails, ask to update the user’s account information etc. Several experimental design considerations have been proposed earlier to countermeasure the phishing attack. The earlier systems are not giving more than 90 percentage successful results. In some cases, the system tool gives only 50-60 percentage successful result. In this paper, a novel algorithm is developed to check the performance of the anti-phishing system and compared the received data set with the data set of existing anti-phishing tools. The performance evaluation of novel anti-phishing system is studied with four different classification data mining algorithms which are Class Imbalance Problem (CIP), Rule based Classifier (Sequential Covering Algorithm (SCA)), Nearest Neighbour Classification (NNC), Bayesian Classifier (BC) on the data set of phishing and legitimate websites. The proposed system shows less error rate and better performance as compared to other existing system tools.

The phishing is a kind of e-commerce lure which is intended to steal the confidential information of the internet user by making identical website of legitimate one in which the contents and images most likely remains similar to the legitimate website. The other way of phishing website is to do minor changes in the URL or in the domain of the website. In this paper, an anti-phishing system is proposed which is based on the development of the Add-on tool for the web browser. The performance of the proposed system is studied with four different data mining classification algorithms which are Class Imbalance Problem (CIP), Rule based Classifier (Sequential Covering Algorithm (SCA)), Nearest Neighbour Classification (NNC), Bayesian Classifier (BC). To evaluate the performance of the proposed anti-phishing system for the detection of phishing websites, we have collected 7690 legitimate websites and 2280 phishing websites from the authorised sources like APWG database and PhishTank. After the analysis of the anti-phishing system, more than 90 percentage successful results achieved at different time periods.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an integrated approach being developed to exchange relevant information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a variant of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), is a core component of ITS. Performance of this smart ITS mainly owes to the design of efficient routing protocols in VANETs. Distinct features of VANETs like unsteady connectivity, high mobility and partitioning of the network have made routing of the information in VANETs difficult and challenging, hence dictating the development of efficient routing protocols. The computation of the best route measures the performance of communication whereas routing protocols takes care of communication & routing of the data. Provision of smart communication, necessitates the analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Accordingly in this paper we have reviewed various types of existing routing protocols in VANET, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Lastly possible inclinations of forthcoming research linked to VANET routing are discussed.

Safe web browsing and feeding confidential information into websites require the use of protected and secured websites. For the web security, a number of anti-phishing tools have been proposed which provide web user with a dynamic system of warning and protection against potential phishing attacks. Earlier study shows that there is no anti-phishing tool gives satisfactory result in identifying the phishing web pages. For the solution of this problem, in this paper a Bayesian classification approach is proposed to identify the phishing websites. Bayesian filter require two datasets in their approach; one is legitimate website details and second thing is phishing website parameters. A large set of legitimate transactional websites are needed in the study because the set of websites mostly resembles just like phishing websites and the filter must have numerous examples of legitimate transactional websites to achieve a low false positive rate. With the use of Bayesian Classification, some prominent results obtained by selecting phishing indicators.

Sodic soils of sandy loam, silt loam and clay loam textures having exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) classes of 20, 40, 60 and 80 were reclaimed with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % solutions of distillery effluent (DE) and gypsum in columns. Soil texture, types of amendment and initial ESP had a larger impact on chemical properties, aggregate stability and size distribution. With increase in concentration of DE, a significant reduction in ESP, pH and insignificant increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of soil was observed for all three textures. Organic carbon (OC) content was also increased significantly in soils amended with DE. Size distribution of water-stable aggregates (WSA) of soils reclaimed using 40 % solution of DE and gypsum were found at par. Depending upon initial ESP and type of amendments used, mean weight diameter (MWD) of WSA varied from 0.51 to 1.14, 0.61 to 1.37 and 0.54 to 1.63 mm for sandy loam, silt loam and clay loam soils respectively. The percentage of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSMA) (>2 mm diameter) ranged from 2.2 to 18.2 in sandy loam, from 2.2 to 19.5 in silt loam and from 4.6 to 28.5 in clay loam soils. Combined as well as individual effects of initial ESP, EC, pH, and OC were found highly significant on WSMA and MWD of WSA in distillery effluent amended soils.

Target based association rules extract the correlation between targets in and around strategically specified regions. These rules can be used to predict and estimate the future results and find the faulty targets, etc. To extract these rules efficiently and effectively data preparation is required. The existing mechanisms of data preparation have the problem of redundancy in the data. As a consequence, extra energy is required for the sensors which used to monitor the targets. In this paper, authors propose a novel data preparation approach for target based association rule mining from the point of coverage wireless sensor networks, which reduces the redundancy in the data and thus enhances the performance of the network.