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We study the interplay between counterfactual explanations and model multiplicity in the context of neural network clas- sifiers. We show that current explanation methods often pro- duce counterfactuals whose validity is not preserved under model multiplicity. We then study the problem of generating counterfactuals that are guaranteed to be robust to model multiplicity, characterise its complexity and propose an approach to solve this problem using ideas from relational verification.

The quality of water is an important criterion for evaluating its suitability for drinking, irrigation and plankton diversity and fish culture. The influence of monthly and seasonal changes on the physic-chemical parameters of water body. Therefore a study has been conducted on the Mankondur fresh water lake in Karimnagar District, Telangana State, India. The study was conducted during June 2020 to May 2021.The water quality parameters considered in the present study water temperature, Transparency, Total Dissolved Solids, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Carbon di Oxide, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, Phosphate, Nitrate and Biological Oxygen Demand. The present observations revealed that Chlorophyceae species were dominant followed by Cyanophyceae, followed by Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were observed during the study period. There were percentage of Chlorophyceae (45%), Cyanophyceae(25%), Euglenophyceae(17%) and Bacillariophyceae (13%). The study helps in better understanding for the management of the manakondur fresh water lake for intensive fish culture. Key words - Physico-Chemical Parameters, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Fish Fauna of Manakondur Fresh Water Lake. References APHA (1985): Standard methods for the examination of water and Waste water 17th ed. Altaff K; “Zooplankton: A manual of zooplankton unit of reproductive biology and live feed culture” Department of zoology, the new college. Chennai, Sponsored by UGC. New Delhi, 1- 53; 2004. Ahmad, V., Praveen, S., Khan, A.A., Kabir, H.A., Mola, H.R.A .and Ganai, A. H.(2011): Zooplankton population in relation to physicochemical factors of the sewage fed pond of Aligarh (U.P) India. Biol. Medic. 3:336-341. Abdar.M.R.,(2013),Physico-Chemical characteristics and Phytoplankton of Morna Lake, Shirala (M.S) India. An International quarterly of biology and life sciences.1(2):1-7. Ahirrao K.D.Fish diversity of the Bori dam at Tamaswadi, Parola, district Jalgaon, Maharastra State 312.Golden Research Thoughts 2014;3(12):s1-8. Azmi N., Anwar M.R. and Kumari M., (2015). Water quality analysis of fish pond of Araria district, Bihar, Indian Journal of applied research, 5, 587-589. Bobdey, A. D. Ichthyodiversity and Conservation Aspects in a Lake and River ecosystem in Bhandara District of Maharastra, India: A Comprehensive study of surface water bodies. Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 4(2): 103-112 (2014). Bhattacharya M, Chini DS, Kar A, Patra BC, Malik RC, Das BK. Assessment and modeling of fish diversity related to water bodies of Bankura district, West Bengal, India, for sustainable management of cultural practices. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2018; 20:114. Chauhan R., Seasonal fluctuation of zooplanktons in Renuka lake Himachala Pradesh, Utter Pradesh J. Zool., 113 (1),17-20 (1993). Chisty. N., (2002), Studies on Biodiversity of Freshwater Zooplankton in Relation to Toxicity of selected Heavy Metals. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to M.L Sukhadia Univeristy Udaipur. Deshmukh, B.S. and Gunale, V.R. (2007): A systematic account of Chlorococcales from Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. Indian Hydrobiology. 10 (2), 359-369. David, Hanson and David, Austin (2012). Multiyear desertification study of an urban, temperate climate, eutrophic lake. Lake & Reservoir Mgmt., 28: 107–119. Edmondson, W.T. (1946): Factors in the dymanics of rotifer population. Ecol. Monogr., (16): 357-372. Edmondson, W.T. “Freshwater Biology”, , John Willey and Sons. London , 2nd Edition, pp, 657-734, 1992. Gossler, O. (1950): Funktion sanalysen am Raderorgan von Rotatorien durch optische Verlangsamung. Oesterr. Zool. Zschr.: 2. Gannon, J. E. and Stemberger, R. S..Zooplankton especially Rotifers and crustaceans as indicators of water quality”. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. Vol. 971,pp 16–35, 1978. Gawas, A.D., Lokhande, P.B and Meijwas ,H.A (2006):Study of physic-chemical parameters of surface water in the Manad Industrial area .Poll.Ress., 25(1): 109-114. Hutchinson GE.A Treatise on Limnology: Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton, Wiley, New York; Vol.2: pp 1-1015, 1967. Hujare, M.S., (2008), Seasonal variation of physico-chemical parameters in the perennial tank of Talsande, Maharashtra, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 18(3), pp 233-242. Hosmani, P. (2008): Ecology of Euglenaceae from Dharwad, Karnataka. Indian Hydobiology. 11(2) : 303-312. Kataria HC, Iqbal SA and Chandilya CB (1996) Limnochemical studies of Tawa reservoir. Indian J. Enviro.Prot. 16 (11): 841-846. Khedkar G D and Gynanth G (2005), Biodiversity and Distribution of the Fishes from the Back Waters of Issapur Reservoir District Yeotmal, Maharashtra State India. Trends in Life Science (India), Vol. 20, No.2,p.117. Krishna, M and Piska, R.S. Ichthyofaunal diversity in secret lake Durgamcheruvu, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Aqua.Biol., Vol. 22(1):77-79(2006). Kumar, M. P., Mamidala, E., Al-Ghanim, K., Al-Misned, F., Ahmed, Z., & Mahboob, S. (2020). Effects of D-Limonene on aldose reductase and protein glycation in diabetic rats. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(3), 1953-1958. Nygaard, G. (1949): Hydrobiological studies on some Danish ponds and lakes. Part II. The quotient hypothesis and some new or little knows phytoplankton organisms. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selskab. Biol. Skrift, (1): 293.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is bacteria that populates roots and enhance the growth by a variety of mechanisms. Generally, PGPR promote plant growth directly by either increasing nutrient acquisition for example nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and essential minerals, or modulating plant hormone levels, or by indirectly decreasing the inhibitory effects of pathogens on plant growth and development as biocontrol agents. In this study, an attempt was made to collect rhizospheric soil samples with native Pseudomonas population from different locations of Kerala state and to identify the native Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, a potent biocontrol agent in controlling pest, insects, nematodes and various pathogenic microbes as well as PGPR in the rhizosphere under UV light and further characterize them morphologically and culturally. Utmost P. fluorescens strains showed positive PGPR exertion. The study showed that Pseudomonas is an effective factory growth promoting bacterium. In the present study, soil samples were collected from different locales in Kerala (Trivandrum, Kollam and Kottayam) in order to insulate the soil microbes and also checking its negative parcels with other microbes. The observed colonies were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens by checking the green fluorescence emitted by the colonies when exposed to UV light. These fluorescent colonies were selected and confirmed as Pseudomonas fluorescens using biochemical tests like MR test, Citrate utilisation test and Catalase test. The Methyl red (MR) test was used to identify the glucose utilizing property of Pseudomonas fluorescens. A change from yellow to cherry red colour indicates positive result. The Citrate Utilisation test was used to identify the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to utilize citrate as its sole carbon and energy source thereby confirming that the isolated colony is of the particular species. Catalase test was used to identify the ability of catalase containing Pseudomonas fluorescens to convert Hydrogen peroxide into Water and Oxygen. Presence of thick effervescence was noted confirming the catalase utilising ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Coagulase test is used in order to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus that is positive which produce the enzyme coagulase, from S. epidermis and S. saprophyticus negative one which do not produce coagulase.

Concrete is an essential material in all constructions throughout the world. It has lot of uses in our daily routine life. Every material has to deteriorate and damage due to many factors in the same way the concrete also deteriorates. The carbonation process is identified as a main reason for the corrosion in reinforcement concrete structure. The mechanism of carbonation which includes the entrance of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the solid permeable framework of concrete to shape a situation by decreasing the pH around the fortification and inception of the corrosion procedure. This paper investigates the impact of the carbonation on the characteristics of the concrete like strength in compression, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength and durability. The addition of supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, GGBFS, rice husk ash, metakaolin is known to enhance the strength and durability of concrete in construction. In this paper an accelerated carbonation test has been done to assess concrete carbonation on specimens made with cement and with the partial replacement of cement by fly ash GGBFS, rice husk ash, metakaolin. An accelerated carbonation chamber has been constructed for creating an environment of carbonation process to occur and also the passage of carbon dioxide gas is kept constant for all the cubes, cylinders and beams. Concrete cubes, cylinders and beams are prepared for M30 grade subjected to different percentages of carbonation.

Present work illustrates the stress degradation behaviour of rivaroxaban under hydrolytic, oxidative, thermal and photolytic conditions as per ICH guidelines. Under thermal and photolytic conditions drug had a fair stability where as in other stress conditions degradation products were observed. Initial identification of the degradation products was performed by hyphenated mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) and mass directed auto purification (MDAP) was used for isolation. Various 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed to characterize the degradation products which were assisted by FT-IR and HRMS data. Two novel degradant products were observed in hydrolytic conditions, isolated and characterized by spectroscopic techniques as (R)-2-(2-((4-((3-(5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxamido)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)phenyl)- amino)ethoxy)acetic acid (DP-2) (m.w. of 427.90 g/mol and m.f. C18H22N3O5SCl), and 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (DP-3) (m.w. 161.95 g/mol and m.f. C5H3O2SCl). Additionally, two more degradation products were observed in basic and acidic conditions, viz. (R)-5-chloro-N-(2- hydroxy-3-((4-(3-oxomorpholino)-phenyl)amino)propyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (DP-1) (m.w. 409.09 g/mol and m.f. C18H20N3O4SCl) and (S)-2-(2-((4-(5-((5-chlorothio-phene-2- carboxamido)methyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl)phenyl)amino)ethoxy)acetic acid (DP-4) (m.w. 453.08g /mol and m.f. C19H20N3O6SCl) are already reported.

This tutorial provides a complete and homogeneous account of the latestadvances in fine- and coarse-grained dynamic information-flow control (IFC)security. Since the 70s, the programming language and the operating systemcommunities have proposed different IFC approaches. IFC operating systems trackinformation flows in a coarse-grained fashion, at the granularity of a process.In contrast, traditional language-based approaches to IFC are fine-grained:they track information flows at the granularity of program variables. Fordecades, researchers believed coarse-grained IFC to be strictly less permissivethan fine-grained IFC -- coarse-grained IFC systems seem inherently lessprecise because they track less information -- and so granularity appeared tobe a fundamental feature of IFC systems. We show that the granularity of thetracking system does not fundamentally restrict how precise or permissivedynamic IFC systems can be. To this end, we mechanize two mostly standardlanguages, one with a fine-grained dynamic IFC system and the other with acoarse-grained dynamic IFC system, and prove a semantics-preserving translationfrom each language to the other. In addition, we derive the standard securityproperty of non-interference of each language from that of the other via ourverified translation. These translations stand to have important implicationson the usability of IFC approaches. The coarse- to fine-grained direction canbe used to remove the label annotation burden that fine-grained systems imposeon developers, while the fine- to coarse-grained translation shows thatcoarse-grained systems -- which are easier to design and implement -- can trackinformation as precisely as fine-grained systems and provides an algorithm forautomatically retrofitting legacy applications to run on existingcoarse-grained systems.

Leaf vegetables are also called leafy greens, vegetable green or simply greens are plant leaves eaten as vegetables, although they come from a very wide variety of plants. Leaf vegetables contain many typical plant nutrients, low in calories and fat, and high in protein dietary fiber, vitamin c and vitamin k. In this study, an attempt was made to estimate nutritional factors in selected leafy vegetables- Allium chinense, Amaranthuscruentus, Amaranthusviridis, Apiumgraveolens, Brassica oleracea, Colocasiaesculenta, Coriandrumsativum, Lactuca sativa, Moringaoleifera and Murrayakoenigii. Among the ten selected leafy vegetables, the highest amount of carbohydrate was found in Brassica oleracea(2.97mg/g) and lowest amount of carbohydrate was found in Allium chinense(2.54mg/g). Among the selected leafy vegetables, the highest amount of protein was found in Moringaoleifera(38.93mg/g) and lowest amount of protein was found in Lactuca sativa (38.93 mg/g).It was determined that among the selected leafy vegetables Amaranthuscruentus showed the highest value (0.063mg/g) for ascorbic acid and Colocasiaesculenta(0.012 mg/g) showed the least value. It was found that Brassica oleraceahad the highest amount of amino acid content (0.74mg/g) and Lactuca sativa had the least amount of amino acid (0.12 mg/g). It was determined that the highest amount of fat was found in Colocasiaesculenta(0.070mg/g) andthe least in Brassica oleracea(0.023mg/g). From this preliminary study, it was clear that leafy vegetables are rich sources of many nutrients and form a major category of vegetable groups that have been designated as ?nature?s anti-aging wonders?.

Radiotherapy is an integral form of treatment for cancer and is the most widely administered treatment form in India. Following irradiation, slow healing and necrosis are the clinical manifestations of permanent vascular insufficiency. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR-C) and low-intensity laser therapy (LILT; LED Cluster) were studied for their efficacy in the healing of wounds in irradiated tissue because they are known to accelerate the healing process of wounds in non-irradiated tissues. Fourteen female albino rats were the subjects of this study. All 14 animals were irradiated individually with a Cobalt source. Post-radiotherapy, all 14 animals were observed for a period of 3 months to allow subcutaneous fibrosis to develop. At the end of 3 months, an excisional, full thickness circular wound of approximately 2 cm 2 was made to the irradiated tissue. In part 1 of the study, the animals belonging to the study group were treated with UVR, whereas in part 2, they were exposed to LILT until the wounds healed completely. In both study parts, the wounds of the animals belonging to the control and study groups were cleaned regularly with saline and betadine. The wounds were traced at each treatment session and the wound area was calculated in mm 2 using a Hipad Digitiser. In part 1 of the study, statistical analysis implied that UVR-C did not accelerate the healing process of irradiated tissue. Rather, the lesser average healing rate of the group treated with UVR-C pointed to a delay in the healing of irradiated tissues caused by UVR-C. In part 2, the study showed no difference in the rate of healing of wounds exposed to LILT compared to the wounds that did not receive laser treatment. In conclusion, this study suggests that while use of UVR-C and LILT may not benefit post-irradiation non-healing ulcers, use of UVR-C may actually retard the healing process.

Fasciola hepatica (FH) infection is endemic in South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia. The population of southern Florida, with proximity to the Caribbean and South America, may be at risk. FH infection has acute and chronic stages. In the acute stage, the patient presents with fever, hepatomegaly, and abdominal pain. In the chronic stage, the trematode can invade the bile ducts resulting in biliary obstruction, hemobilia, and liver abscesses.1,2 A high index of suspicion must be maintained to make the diagnosis of FH infection. This is a case of FH infection in a patient from southern Florida who ingested watercress. The diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion, positive serology, laparoscopic appearance, and histologic features.

mRNA from rat mammary glands 13-15 days post partum was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system either in the absence or in the presence of ribosome-denuded membranes prepared from isolated rough microsomes of dog pancreas. Newly synthesized α-lactalbumin was identified by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific rabbit antiserum against rat α-lactalbumin and was characterized by partial amino-terminal sequence determination and by lectin affinity chromatography. In the absence of membranes a presumably unglycosylated form of α-lactalbumin was synthesized that bound neither to concanavalin A-Sepharose nor to Ricinus communis lectin-agarose and that contained an amino-terminal signal peptide region comprising 19 amino acid residues. In the presence of membranes a processed form was synthesized that lacked the signal peptide portion and that had an amino-terminal sequence identical to that of mature α-lactalbumin. Furthermore, this processed form was found to be segregated, presumably within the microsomal vesicles, because it was resistant to post-translational proteolysis. It was also found to be glycosylated, and because it bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose, from which it could be eluted specifically by α-methyl mannoside, but not to R. communis lectin-agarose, it was presumably core-glycosylated. Processing, segregation, and core glycosylation were observed to proceed only when membranes were present during translation and not when they were added after translation.

The amino acid sequence of rat alpha-lactalbumin has been determined. Unlike other alpha-lactalbumins which contain 122 or 123 amino acids, rat alpha-lactalbumin is unique in that it contains 140 amino acids. The extra amino acids are a 17 amino acid extension at the carboxyl terminus. The amino acid sequence of this extension is Gly124-Ala-Pro-Ala-Leu-Val-Val130-Pro-Ala-Leu-Asp-Gly135-Glu-Thr-Pro-Val-Pro140 . The extension is proline rich, which may contribute to the anomalous structural properties of rat alpha-lactalbumin. The amino acid sequence from residues 1 to 123 is similar to that of other alpha-lactalbumins. One possible explanation for the 17 amino acid extension is a mutation at the termination codon.

This study was designed to investigate the nature of the course of functional outcome across the four patient groups with diabetic neuropathy at consequent stages of foot complications namely: diabetic neuropathy without history of plantar ulceration (DMPN), active plantar ulceration (DFU), healed unilateral partial foot amputations (PFA) and healed unilateral trans-tibial amputations (TTA). The secondary objective was to compare the functional outcome between patients with DFU and PFA and patients with PFA and TTA. Methods: In this cross-sectional case control study, 4 matched groups of patients with DMPN were studied: DMPN (n=23); DFU (n=23); PFA (n=16) and TTA (n=22). Appropriate outcome measures were used to evaluate function in 3 domains, namely Mobility and its impact on weight-bearing (sit-to-stand, standing balance, gait and plantar pressures during walking), Level of Activity (capacity and performance of walking) and H-RQOL. One-way ANOVA was used to compare 4 groups and linear polynomial contrast detected the trend across groups. In cases of significant difference between the 4 groups, an Independent sample t-test was used for specific group comparison. Results: There was a significant difference in functional outcome between the four groups demonstrating an overall decline in the level of function with the progression of impairment (standing balance: p=0.002, gait velocity: p