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The purpose of the study was to develop a transdermal tolterodine tartrate (TT) patch and to analyse its efficacy for overactive bladder (OAB) treatment. Patches were prepared using various polymers and plasticizers via the solvent casting method. The patches were characterized for tensile strength, thickness, moisture content, modulus of elasticity and water absorption capacity. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analyses were also performed. To determine patch effectiveness, in vitro release, permeation and animal studies were performed. The patches showed satisfactory percentage of release, up to 89.9 %, and their mechanical properties included thickness (0.10–0.15 mm), tensile strength (4.62–9.98 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (20–29 MPa). There were no significant interactions between TT and other excipients. Animal studies indicated that the TT patch reduced the incidence of side effects; however, studies of longer duration are required to determine the effectiveness in treating OAB.

This study reports experiments that aims to combine silver and activated charcoal in a gel formulation to potentially create a gel that is suitable for use in treating infected wounds and prevent wounds from being infected; Method: Gels that were created were characterised via pH, moisture content, and spreadability analysis. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to check for the functional groups present in the formulation to ensure that the components of the gels were properly incorporated. Stability testing was tested by storing gels in different temperatures and rechecking the physical characteristics. Finally, for its antibacterial activity assessment, staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain was used to perform antibacterial studies via well diffusion assay and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) measurement described by a previous paper. Results: Stability studies showed that all physical properties of the gel generally maintained, while antibacterial effect in disc diffusion testing and minimum bactericidal concentration testing was inconclusive, with one formulation showing a significantly smaller zone of inhibition; Conclusions: The gels made in this experiment seemed to not show antibacterial effect that was consistent, future studies should replace silver nitrate with silver sulfadiazine in formulation and in vivo testing should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scurrula ferruginea (SF), a tropical obligate hemiparasitic shrub found on branches of dicotyledonous trees in Southeast Asia, has been used by indigenous people as a medicinal herb. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and lymphocyte proliferation of SF extracts and characterize their bioactive compounds.Leaves of Scurrula ferruginea were pulverized into powder followed by extraction method. Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activities were measured. Disc diffusion and well diffusion assays to investigate the antibacterial properties of the extracts against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The crude extract was shown to contain phenolic compounds and possessed antioxidant abilities. Preliminary investigations revealed the presence of long-chain alcohols, phytol (diterpene alcohol and a constituent of chlorophyll); squalene, (a triterpene and precursor to steroids); and lupeol (a triterpene) which may contribute to the biological activities of this plant. Aqueous extracts of SF (2.5 mg/disc) showed the highest inhibition for Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disk diffusion. The extracts (particularly organic solvents) were cytotoxic to primary human lymphocytes above 100 µg/ml. There were no effects on lymphocyte proliferation at lower concentrations. This study evaluates the leaves of ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction of SF showed the properties of potential antibacterial and antioxidative properties against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]