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It is well known that in 1812 Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Three Equali for Four Trombones (WoO 30) for the Linz Cathedral Kapellmeister Franz Xaver Glöggl. A letter from Glöggl to Robert Schumann, however, suggests that the composer originally composed four pieces. An examination of the autograph score of WoO 30 (D-B, Mus.ms.autogr.Beethoven, L.v., Grasnick 9), held by the Staatsbibliothek Berlin, seems to confirm this: one page of the manuscript most likely became detached. In 2018, an anonymous example of an equale turned up in the Diocesan Archives in Linz. Although the newly found manuscript (A-Lld-49) is not in Beethoven’s hand, comparison with additions written on the autograph of WoO 30 identifies it to be that of Glöggl. The Linz source is a working sketch of an arrangement for three vocal parts made from a four-part trombone movement. One possible scenario is that Glöggl, who is not otherwise known as a composer, used Beethoven’s presumed fourth equale for this purpose. This is indicated by aspects such as key relationships and the identical, unusual key designation of all the compositions in question. It is more likely, however, that the rediscovered piece—a simple chorale—belongs to an older class of repertoire.

Die Sicherheitsbewertung von Lebensmittelverpackungsmaterialien ist eine Herausforderung für die Verpackungs- und Lebensmittelindustrie. Insbesondere die nicht absichtlich zugefügten Stoffe stellen ein Problem dar, weil ihre chemischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften unbekannt sind und sie für die Gesundheit der Verbraucher bedenklich sein könnten. Genotoxische Substanzen sind am problematischsten, da sie bei chronischer Aufnahme bereits in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen gesundheitsschädliche Auswirkungen haben können. Der derzeitige Stand der Technik für die Sicherheitsbewertung von Verpackungsmaterialien sind Migrationsstudien in Kombination mit chemischer Analytik.Diese Techniken sind jedoch nicht geeignet, um Spuren von mutagenen Stoffen nachzuweisen, so dass ein dringender Forschungsbedarf besteht, einen neuen und empfindlicheren Ansatz zu entwickeln.Zu diesem Zweck befasst sich die vorliegende Doktorarbeit mit der Anwendung von in vitro Bioassays für die Sicherheitsbewertung von Migratproben aus Materialien, die mitLebensmitteln in Berührung kommen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem bakteriellen Rückmutationsassay oder Ames-Test. Die Dissertation besteht aus drei, in wissenschaftlichen Journalen publizierten, Arbeiten, die sich mit mehreren wichtigen Fragen zur Anwendung dieser Art von Test befassen. Im ersten Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage einer Literaturrecherche der Schluss gezogen, dass der Ames-Test ein äußerst wertvolles Instrument für die Sicherheitsbewertung von Materialien, die mit Lebensmitteln in Berührung kommen, sein kann, auch wenn die Nachweisgrenzen nicht niedrig genug sind, um die derzeitigen gesetzlichen Anforderungen vollständig zu erfüllen. Im zweiten Beitrag wird eine Kombination aus einem standardisierten Probenvorbereitungsansatz und einem speziell optimierten Ames MPF Protokoll mit mehreren Verpackungsproben angewandt und die Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Der dritte Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Art von Ames Testformat für die Sicherheitsbewertung von Proben angewendet werden sollte, die sehr geringe Konzentrationen genotoxischer Substanzen enthalten.Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, dass die Anwendung des Ames-Tests, insbesondere des Ames MPF Protokolls, eine wesentliche Verbesserung gegenüber dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik darstellt. Auch wenn chemische Analysen auf der Grundlage von Chromatographie und Massenspektrometrie kaum genotoxische Verunreinigungen nachweisen können, bietet die Anwendung von in vitro Tests die Möglichkeit, die Auswirkungen niedriger Konzentrationen von Genotoxinen in Lebensmittelkontaktmaterialien durchgängig nachzuweisen. Um jedoch die aktuellen gesetzlichen Anforderungen, die auf dem sog. Threshold of Toxicological Concern-Konzept beruhen, vollständig zu erfüllen, müssen weitere Forschungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden, um noch niedrigere Nachweisgrenzen zu ermöglichen., The safety assessment of food packaging materials presents an ongoing challenge for the packaging and food industry. In particular, non-intentional added substances are a majorissue, because their chemical and oxicological properties are unknown and they might be of concern for the health of consumers. Substances with genotoxic properties are the most problematic, since they can cause adverse health effects in extremely low concentration, whenchronically ingested. The current state of the art for the safety ssessment of packagingmaterials is to conduct migration experiments, followed up by analytical chemistry. These techniques are however not suitable to detect trace amounts of mutagenic substances, so thereis an urgent research need to find a new and more sensitive approach.For this purpose, the present doctoral thesis focuses on the application of in vitro bioassays for the safety assessment of food contact material migrate samples, with a particular focus onthe bacterial reverse mutation assay, or Ames test. The thesis consists of three peer-reviewedpapers that tackle several important questions, on how this type of assay should be applied. Inpaper number one it is concluded, based on a literature review, that the Ames test can be ahighly valuable tool for food contact material safety assessment, even though the limits ofdetection are not low enough to fully cover current regulatory requirements. In paper numbertwo, a combination of a standardized sample preparation approach with a specifically optimized Ames MPF protocol is applied for several real-world packaging samples and the results are presented and discussed. The third paper tackles the question what type of Amestest format should be applied for the safety assessment of samples that contain very low concentrations of genotoxic substances.Overall, it is concluded that the application of the Ames test, in particular the Ames MPFprotocol, offers a major improvement over the current state of the art. Even though chemical analysis based on chromatography and mass spectrometry can hardly detect any genotoxic contaminations, the application of in vitro assays offers the possibility to consistently detect the effects of low concentrations of genotoxins in food contact material migrates. However, to fully comply with current regulatory requirements, based on the threshold of toxicological concern, further research has to be conducted to allow for even lower limits of detection.

In this work, we propose an interaction-driven approach streamlined to support and improve a wide range of real-time 2D interaction metaphors for arbitrarily large pointclouds based on detected primitive shapes. Rather than performing shape detection as a costly pre-processing step on the entire point cloud at once, a user-controlled interaction determines the region that is to be segmented next. By keeping the size of the region and the number of points small, the algorithm produces meaningful results and therefore feedback on the local geometry within a fraction of a second. We can apply these finding for improved picking and selection metaphors in large point clouds, and propose further novel shape-assisted interactions that utilize this local semantic information to improve the user's workflow.

En el campo de las investigaciones sociales sobre las organizaciones del Tercer Sector Social disponemos de muchos datos cuantitativos sobre la extensión y estructura de este sector emer- gente. Existe todavía un déficit en el análisis de los tipos específicos de organizaciones dentro del sec- tor que, para el caso de España, figuran como entidades singulares como Cáritas Española. Hacen falta más estudios cualitativos del complejo mosaico de organizaciones híbridas y sus procesos adaptativos a los cambios en los ámbitos religioso, económico y social. En este artículo centramos el análisis en un aspecto que refleja un nudo organizativo importante sobre la identidad organizativa y la identifica- ción de los trabajadores con ella: las motivaciones de permanencia y de desvinculación. In the field of social research on Social Third Sector Organisations, one count with a lot of quantitative data on the extent and structure of this emerging sector. There is still a deficit in the analy- sis of the specific types of organisations within the sector that are listed in the case of Spain as singu- lar entities such as Cáritas Española. We need more qualitative studies of the complex mosaic of hybrid organisations and their processes of adapting to the changes in the religious, economic and social spheres. In this article we focus the analysis on one aspect, which reflects an important organi- sational joint on the organisational identity and the identifications of the workers with it: the motiva- tions of permanence and work turnover.

This thesis presents a semi-automated method for shape detection in out-of-core point clouds. Rather than performing shape detection on the entire point cloud at once, a user-controlled interaction determines the region that is to be segmented next. By keeping the size of the region and the number of points small, the algorithm produces meaningful results within a fraction of a second. Thus, the user is presented immediately with feedback on the local geometry. As modern point clouds can contain billions of points and the memory capacity of consumer PCs is usually insufficient to hold all points in memory at the same time, a level-of-detail data structure is used to store the point cloud on the hard disc, and data is loaded into memory only on use. This data structure partitions the point cloud into small regions, each containing around 5000 points, that are used for rendering and shape detection. Interacting with point clouds is a particularly demanding task. A precise selection of a region of interest, using the two-dimensional lasso interaction, often needs multiple view changes and subsequent improvements. This thesis proposes improvements to the lasso interaction, by performing selection only on the set of points that are approximated by a detected shape. Thus, the selection of undesired points in the fore- and background is reduced. Point picking is improved as well by the use of a detected shape, such that only points that are approximated by this shape are pick-able. The result of this thesis is an application that allows the user to view point clouds with millions of points. It also provides a novel interaction technique for quick local shape detection as well as shape-assisted interactions that utilize this local semantic information to improve the user's workflow.