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Purpose: Globally, Colombia is recognized as a coffee-growing country par excellence, which entails generating a large amount of coffee waste. This narrative study aims to review the possible use of such coffee waste to obtain nutrient-rich compost following key composting processes. The final is to investigate the importance and suitability of this compost type. Method: The data collected for this study were from reviewing the scientific literature and research reports available in many reputable academic databases, i.e., Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. Reputable academic search engines like Google Scholar and ResearchGate were used to access relevant research and high-quality scientific documents. Results: The result revealed that using combinations of agro-industrial coffee waste when composted can be applied in agriculture because it provides wide-ranging nutrients, which can fertilize soil, accelerate plant growth, and even improve the nutrient content of vegetables. The SCGs used in agriculture prevent improper waste disposal by decreasing the pollution caused by the degradation of SCGs’ toxic components. Here we explore and review composting processes containing coffee waste. Conclusion: Employing coffee waste for compost implies benefits compared to landfills. The conversion of this coffee biomass waste into compost, and using it as a soil amendment, can reduce the waste volume, improve soil physico-chemical properties, enhance the nutrient use efficiency of crops, and correct the typical soil acidity of Colombian soils used for coffee production. Highlights · Colombia is recognized as the coffee-growing country par excellence. · The coffee agro-industry generates large quantities of solid waste. · Composting coffee biomass waste can act as soil amendment and enhances physico-chemical properties. · Composting is a highly effective remedy for environmental issues.

In the global context of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss, the integration of agriculture with ecological restoration is crucial. This study presents the biodiversity value (Bv) index for the first time as a tool for decision-making and securing funding for future restoration projects. The Bv index was used to assess biodiversity values in both restored natural habitats and agricultural areas in the saline lagoon of El Hito, a natural reserve located within an agricultural landscape in central Spain. Additionally, we estimated biodiversity gains from habitat transitions and explored the relationship between biodiversity, soil pH, and salinity. Sustainable agricultural practices, combined with ecological restoration methods, can lead to synergistic actions that reduce the potential detrimental effects of agriculture. Our results show that transitioning from agricultural to natural habitats consistently increases biodiversity. Among agricultural practices, multiannual vegetated fallows had the highest Bv values. Restoration led to a continuous biodiversity improvement, with the exception of the final transition from permanent pastures to Elymus 1410, which showed a slight decline in biodiversity. We also found that higher soil salinity and pH were associated with greater biodiversity values, likely due to historical agricultural practices that favored areas with lower salinity and pH for higher productivity. Salinity and pH act as limiting factors for biodiversity; therefore, agricultural plots with lower salinity and pH, particularly those adjacent to natural habitats, are expected to yield greater biodiversity gains if restored.

Soils play a crucial role in the protection, management, and ecological understanding of the La Moraña region, located in Ávila province, Central Spain, which has a moderate population, traditional agriculture, livestock farming, and low industrial activity, resulting in relatively low environmental degradation. The region’s soils often experience prolonged water stagnation, influencing its agronomy, ecology, and economy. This study aimed to estimate and understand the soil’s role in the C sequestration of an agrosilvopastoral system under conditions of temporary water stagnation and different land uses. The results showed that ryegrass-magaza and Pinus pinaster show more content in soil carbon sequestration storage (98.7 and 92.4 Mg per hectare) compared to the adjacent degraded rangeland (75.8 and 63.9 Mg ha−1). Arenosols exhibited a higher total amount of SOC stocks. The soil profile with ryegrass sequestered more nitrogen (9.7 Mg ha−1) than other land uses; moreover, Arenosols have a lower nitrogen sequestration capacity even in low-forest conditions. The study highlights significant differences in carbon accumulation due to the management practices, temporary water layers, and parent material.

This article examines the clay mineralogy of twelve representative soils developed from gypsum-rich parent materials on several geomorphic positions. These soils were classified as Haploxerept, plus one profile as Humixerept and another as Xerorthent. The clay mineralogy, determined by X-ray diffraction, showed quite a similar clay composition in all profiles, with mica, chlorite, and smectite, from most to less abundant. Mica and chlorite are deemed inherited, while smectite—appearing in minor proportions—could result from both transformation and/or neoformation, because the leaching of bases by free drainage does not favor the transformation of mica to smectite. Therefore, the differences in clay mineralogy appeared to be lithogenic rather than pedogenic. These compositional data are an advance in the basic knowledge of the studied soils.

Gadani is internationally renowned for its extensive ship-breaking operations, positioning it as one of the globe's primary ship-breaking hubs. A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the presence of organic contaminants in the air within Gadani, encompassing the areas surrounding ship-breaking facilities, proximate residential settlements, and adjacent roadways. Passive air samplers were employed to collect a total of 30 air samples. The analytical results unveiled a notably elevated concentration of specific organic compounds, with a pronounced prevalence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the ship-breaking yard. Notably, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and DDE were detected at substantially lower levels. In particular, sites in close proximity to ship-breaking activities exhibited elevated concentrations of PCBs (Σ7PCB 0.065429 to 7.345714 ng/sample), PAHs (Σ8PAH 2.44 to 134.23 ng/sample), and SCCPs (0.18 to 25.6 ng/sample). Conversely, DDTs and DDE demonstrated higher concentrations near residential settlements. The evaluation of Molecular Diagnostic Ratios for PAHs revealed anthracene/anthracene + phenanthrene ratios of 0.88, 0.69, and 0.5 for ship-breaking areas, roadside locations, and community surroundings, respectively. Furthermore, the benz[a]anthracene/benz-[a]anthracene + chrysene molecular ratios were measured at 0.77 (ship-breaking sites), 0.82 (roadside), and 0.83 (community), respectively. The molecular ratio of fluoranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene at ship-breaking sites was 0.23, while roadside and community ratios were 0.36 and 0.89, respectively. These findings underscore the significant contribution of ship-recycling activities to the atmospheric release of SCCPs, PCBs, and PAHs, emphasizing the global imperative for responsible ship recycling practices.

Arsenic (As), a widely distributed metalloid in the Earth’s crust, constitutes one of the most significant environmental contaminants today. This study was carried out to determine As concentrations in the soils of a Castilla La Mancha (CLM; Spain) benchmark collection that represents all the soil orders (soil taxonomy) in this territory. It also examined vine plant tolerance to As in relation to soil concentration. For this purpose, soils and leaves from vineyards were collected from 10 locations in the CLM community. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of As in vineyards was assessed. The results of the present study show that As content in soils is widely variable, and is fundamentally related to soil type and parent material. The most surprising point is that, although some vineyards have been treated with As derivatives, the vast majority of them do not accumulate any amount of As. This important finding must be used to enhance the quality of the final obtained product: wine. In other words, CLM wines are not at risk of As contamination and must, therefore, be clean wines. Our results suggest that CLM vineyards are clean of contamination by As because this element in leaves reveals null vine capacity to accumulate As, a process that derives from scarce As in soils and the traditional practices carried out by winegrowers.

The chemo-morphological properties of soils on ancient landforms (quarzitic pliocene alluvial fans, pleistocene terraces), namely “rañizos”, on middle-high mountains (Eastern-Central System, Iberian Peninsula, Rio Negro, Cogolludo) were investigated. Several properties were analyzed by standard procedures. A detailed soil diagnostics and classification on “rañizos” were done, unlike those widely studied on “rañas” (similar landform), by identifying parallel pedogenetic processes in both formations. The genetic and geographic features of Alfisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols are closely related to the nature of their parent materials, based on quartzite and quartz conglomerates, sometimes with an arkosic matrix, red shale, polygenic gravels and pebbles. Soil features were determined by genuine soil-forming inherent lithological rock properties. Other driving factors were flat topography and enough soil formation time to allow intense pedogenesis. The main soil-forming processes were intense weathering, clay enrichment horizons with illuviation, red color caused by iron oxide dehydration and signs of pseudogleyzation processes. Such pedological formations can be considered endemisms; that is, “rare” soils and, up to a point, “relict”. The soil reaction is acid/slightly acid with low base saturation. Despite lying on mountains, soils are characterized by moderate-low organic matter content. Soil conditions and climate provide good vine production requirements despite acidity levels. A common feature of all Rio Negro soils is the presence of gravel (size up to 3–5 cm), which is evenly distributed on arable layers. The results can be used to assess vineyard soil use in a potential Pago (Protected Denomination of Origin) and to extend the database of vineyard soils from poorly studied Mediterranean continental mountain regions.

Cotton is an important cash crop in addition to being a fiber commodity, and it plays an essential part in the economies of numerous nations. High temperature is the most critical element affecting its yield from fertilization to harvest. The optimal temperature for root formation is 30 C -35 °C; however, root development ends around 40 °C. Increased temperature, in particular, influences different biochemical and physiological processes associated with cotton plant, resulting in low seed cotton production. Many studies in various agroecological zones used various agronomic strategies and contemporary breeding techniques to reduce heat stress and improve cotton productivity. To attain desired traits, cotton breeders should investigate all potential possibilities, such as generating superior cultivars by traditional breeding, employing molecular techniques and transgenic methods, such as using genome editing techniques. The main objective of this review is to provide the recent information on the environmental factors, such as temperature, heat and drought, influence the growth and development, morphology and physio-chemical alteration associated with cotton. Furthermore, recent advancement in cotton breeding to combat the serious threat of drought and heat stress.

AbstractA potting experiment was conducted was carried out during the two consecutive seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to investigate the impact of various bio-stimulant treatments, specifically salicylic acid (SA), ascorbic acid (AA), and Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE), as well as their combinations on plant growth, flowering and chemical composition of Dahlia pinnata plants cultivated in sandy soils. The study utilized an experimental design followed by a complete block design with three replications having eight treatments as follows: control, 300 mg/l SA, 300 mg/l AA, 10 mg/l MLE, SA+AA, SA+MLE, AA+MLE, and SA+AA+MLE. The results indicated that the application of various bio-stimulant treatments, either individually or in combination, resulted in enhanced vegetative growth characteristics, flowering attributes, and tuberous root production, as well as improved chemical constituents when compared to untreated plants. In addition, the most effective treatment combinations were found to be MLE + SA + AA, followed by SA + MLE, based on overall outcomes.

The La Mancha region is a primary food production area in central Spain, with extensive zones used as vineyards. This article aims to present information about rare earth elements’ (REEs) contents and deals with their distribution in two representative soil profiles (Alfisols) in this area. The presence of carbonates and a semiarid climate are its main characteristic environmental factors. Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Neodymium (Nd), Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y) concentrations were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The results revealed the following maximum REEs’ contents (mg·kg–1): Ce 93.3, La 46.8, Nd 38.6, Y 25.5 and Sc 13.0. The REEs’ concentrations in the two soil profiles were in the following order: Ce > La > Nd > Y > Sc. The application of fungicides and the addition of fertilisers in vineyards can increase the soil concentration of rare earths up to this region’s normal background levels. According to the Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo), soil samples were non-contaminated or slightly contaminated by REEs.

In an attempt to boost the potential ecological viability of wetlands, this study aimed to discover the relationship between soil salinity and vegetation composition in a quasi-pristine saline pond, “El Hito Lagoon”. This wetland is situated in the largest continuous natural semi-arid steppe land of western Europe (specifically in Castilla La Mancha, Central Spain). Several soil profiles and a series of surface samples (0–10 cm) extracted from a systematic network throughout the saline pond were described, sampled, and analyzed. The most significant results included the detection of elevated levels of soil salinity, with distinctive sub-areas of extreme elevated surface salinity where the pH reading peaked at 9.89 and the electrical conductivity was higher than 40 (dS/m). The very high content of total available P displayed quite an irregular scatter within the soil profile. Specifically, the range oscillated between 8.57 mg/kg and 388.1 mg/kg, several samples having values greater than 100 mg/kg. An aspect that the abundant presence of Salsola soda, a plant frequently found growing in nutrient-rich wetlands, was able to confirm.

Agricultural soils may become polluted by heavy metals as a result of receiving a significant amount of pollutants from different sources of land applications, such as fertilizers, animal manure, sewage sludge, pesticides, and wastewater irrigation. Given that information on the distribution of heavy metals (HMs) in the Piedemonte Llanero of Colombia is still quite limited, the main objectives of this work were to characterize the content of these elements and their potential pollution level in acidic soils under different agricultural systems. The hypothesis is to verify if the type of land use poses an environmental threat. To achieve these goals, the concentrations of seven metals were determined in the soils of three agricultural production systems: oil palm, pastures, and semi-annual crops. Soil contamination was evaluated based on the Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo), contamination factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Nemerov Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI). One outstanding result was that the average concentrations of HMs in the collected topsoil samples were as follows: Mn (110.5 mg kg-1), Zn (31.93 mg kg-1), Cr (8.85 mg kg-1), Ni (11.68 mg kg-1), Cu (11.28 mg kg-1), Pb (9.42 mg kg-1) and Cd (0.21 mg kg-1). The results obtained from this study provide an estimation of the pollution status of HMs. Agricultural activities, especially the overuse of phosphate fertilizer, were the main source of nutrients across the study area. This information can become a fundamental tool to establish monitoring and follow-up processes for sustainable soil management in the Piedemonte Llanero. In conclusion, the present study highlights and provides specific information in a hyperhumid environment.

Plastics, especially microplastics, are a diverse group of polymer-based particles, currently emerging as a global environmental threat—plastic pollution. An attempt was made to search for the presence of plastics in soils, particularly in a traditionally agricultural region such as Castilla y León (CYL). This study aimed to evaluate the use of plastics in agricultural soils in general, with an emphasis on CYL, by analyzing the present state and future perspectives on the addition of plastic waste to some agricultural soils in CYL. Surprisingly, many agricultural soils, including arable lands, irrigation, and especially greenhouse soils, receive plastic residues every day, which can lead to contaminants. By analyzing government data, we discovered that the volume of plastic waste from intensive agriculture is increasing (49,131 t in 2020) and that the current management system does not meet the needs of the sector. From this review, it can be inferred that plastics affect cultivated soils in CYL; this could affect both the economy and the soil itself and, by extension, the trophic food chain, food, and human health.

Purpose The main objective of the study was to evaluate the application of different doses of onion residue compost as mixtures with bovine manure as organic fertilizers for a round tomato crop planted in the field. Method The data were obtained experimentally in pilot fields. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 m2 plots with ten plants each as an experimental unit and with three replications per treatment (2 years). Five treatments were tested, namely one unfertilized control, three with organic fertilization and one mineral treatment. The variables measured were plant height (cm), stem base diameter (cm), fresh plant weight (g) and total dry matter (%). The parameters measured for the fruit were fresh fruit weight (g), fruit length (mm), fruit width (mm) and total soluble solids. Results The application of compost from the degradation of onion residues as mixtures with cow manure had positive effects on the growth of the plant and on the development of tomato fruit. Compost doses of 60 Mg ha–1 and 80 Mg ha–1 gave similar values ​​to chemical treatment and the control without fertilization was significantly lower than those with doses of organic and chemical fertilizer. These results indicate that this compost contains the nutrients required by the tomato crop for growth and development. Conclusion It was concluded that the agricultural use of quality compost is an effective strategy to obtain high quality products in an economically viable and environmentally sustainable way.

Wildfires can cause serious imbalances in ecosystems, primarily at the soil level, making it vulnerable to degradation processes such as erosion. During and after a fire, changes occur in soil properties, including pH, which affects the solubility and availability of nutrients. Currently, there is a great diversity of protocols, some involving normalized standards, to determine soil pH, but there is no consensual or universal analytical method for this parameter, especially in burned soils, in which mineral and organic fractions could have been modified. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect that variations in these analytical protocols may have on pH results. For this, five methods commonly found in the international bibliography for the analysis of pH of soil in water (pHH2O) were selected and compared to propose the most precise procedure. The analytical methods were applied to 43 soil samples, collected in a plot subjected to prescribed burning in the Parque Natural de Montesinho (Northern Portugal). The studied methods differ in the following protocol items: water suspension ratio (1:2.5 or 1:5), mechanical stirring time in the suspension (10 min or 1 h), and in the resting time for the solid particles to settle (15 min or 8 h). The obtained results point to the suitability of the five methods used for soil pH analysis, indicating that there are no statistically significant differences. However, results also allow suggesting a more appropriate method concerning practical reasons, such as labor in a lab. Thus, to make the analysis process more profitable, M2 is a good option because it uses a small amount of sample (5 g), short agitation (10 min) and settling time (15 min). In turn, M1 and M5, which use a lower proportion of soil (1:2.5) show lower pH variation in the measurements. This fact may be explained by a smaller dilution effect. Considering that these two methods differ in the settling time, it is suggested to apply M1, because only 15 min are required. Therefore, the main conclusion reached with this work is that the measurement of soil pH using M1, i.e., a soil:water ratio of 1:2.5, with agitation of 10 min and settling time of 15 min, is a robust and more expeditious protocol to be applied to soil samples after a fire.

Appropriate phosphorus (P) management techniques increase yield and nutritional properties while minimizing environmental concerns. The widespread use of nano-fertilizers (NFs) in agriculture endangers soil and plants. It is vital to research the behavior of nano-phosphors (nano-P) on plant growth and quality, as well as their technique of interaction with soil properties in order to obtain key ecosystem benefits. With this in mind, a field experiment was conducted using wheat as a test crop to explore the impact of nano phosphorus (nano-P) on soil. The study’s goal was to examine how the foliar application of nano-P to wheat affects its growth, yield and nutrient concentration. Treatments consisted of: T1: 100% NPK (120:137:72 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha−1) by RDF (recommended dose of fertilizer); T2: 100% NPK by RDF + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T3: 100% NK + 0% P (no foliar); T4: 100% NK + 75% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T5: 100% NK + 50% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1;T6: 100% NK + 0% P + 2 foliar sprays of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T7: 100% NPK by RDF + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T8: 100% NK + 75% P + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T9: 100% NPK + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1; T10-100% NK + 75% P + 1 foliar spray of nano-P @ 494.21 mL ha−1. According to the findings, applying 100% NK + 75% P + 2 foliar applications of nano-P at the tillering and panicle initiation stages increased yield over 100% RDF by 37.1%. Additionally, the highest micronutrient concentration (Zn (36.4 mg kg−1), Cu (21.2 mg kg−1), Mn (22.9 mg kg−1) and Fe (61.1 mg kg−1)) in grain were noticed in T3 (100% NK + 0% P no foliar spray of nano-P) treatment, which was superior to T1 (100% NPK). Furthermore, foliar application of nano-P fertilizer in combination with different levels of diammonium phosphate (DAP) slightly increased the amount of N, P and K, as well as micronutrients in post-harvest soil. In summary, the use of 100% NK + 75% + 2 foliar applications of nano-P saved 25% recommendation dose P if supplied as nano-P as a form of phosphorus, and can be a suitable substitute for DAP, especially in smart agriculture, as it possibly reduces P leaching into groundwater, while maintaining or increasing wheat crop yield over the 100% RDF.

This article examines the presence of urban soil buried under anthropogenic debris in an air-museum park in the Madrid city center (Spain), and highlights the particularities of this singular urbanized setting to indicate ecological evaluation options for soils. The study of a soil profile (with a thickness of about 2.30 m), classified as Urbic Technosols, allowed us to devise that it is formed by a series of filled-in amounts of artifacts (construction debris and other anthropogenic waste) of about 10–30%, plus organic and mineral materials. These soils’ composition and morphology depend on the natural conditions of the territory and also on anthropogenic activities. The soil properties (analyzed by conventional techniques) are moderate in acidity reaction and have relatively higher organic matter content. The Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in anthropogenic horizons do not exceed the approximate permissible concentrations by 1.5–10-fold. Over the course of time, the soil profile has been transformed as a result of the impact of pedogenetic processes developing under the Mediterranean climate and man’s hand. Although urban environments present a certain complexity, at least the role of soil should be recognized regarding flood mitigation, recycling of wastes and toxins, filtering of nutrients or carbon storage and GHG regulation. The analysis of our results concludes the need to better perceive this soil profile and its green space to improve the urban ecosystem and to ensure better citizen well-being.

Wind erosion is a major natural disaster worldwide, and it is a key problem in western Rajasthan in India. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Geographic Information System (GIS), and remote sensing satellite images are effective tools for modeling and risk assessment of land degradation. The present study aimed to assess and model the land degradation vulnerable (LDV) zones based on the AHP and geospatial techniques in the Luni River basin in Rajasthan, India. This study was carried out by examining important thematic layers, such as vegetation parameters (normalized difference vegetation index and land use/land cover), a terrain parameter (slope), climatic parameters (mean annual rainfall and land surface temperature), and soil parameters (soil organic carbon, soil erosion, soil texture, and soil depth), using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and geospatial techniques in the Luni River basin in Rajasthan, India. The weights derived for the thematic layers using AHP were as follows: NDVI (0.27) > MAR (0.22) > LST (0.15) > soil erosion (0.12) > slope (0.08) > LULC (0.06) > SOC (0.04) > soil texture (0.03) > soil depth (0.02). The result indicates that nearly 21.4 % of the total area is prone to very high degradation risks; 12.3% is prone to high risks; and 16%, 24.3%, and 26% are prone to moderate, low, and very low risks, respectively. The validation of LDV was carried out using high-resolution Google Earth images and field photographs. Additionally, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve found an area under the curve (AUC) value of 82%, approving the prediction accuracy of the AHP technique in the study area. This study contributes by providing a better understanding of land degradation neutrality and sustainable soil and water management practices in the river basin.

Soil management is recognized to have an impact on soil quality attributes. Depending on the management approach, this impact can either degrade or improve soil quality. There is a severe shortage of information on the impacts of cultivation on sandy soil properties in arid desert regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the short-term cultivation effects (5 years) on the properties’ changes of coarse-textured soil in an arid desert region in western Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The current study was conducted on soils sampled at four depth intervals, namely 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, from both cultivated and uncultivated soils, using a systematic sampling grid (10 × 10 m), to investigate the potential impacts of the cultivation process on six soil attributes. Each land use was represented by an area of 0.5 ha (50 × 100 m). A total of 160 composite soil samples (at all depths) were collected from both soils and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties, employing standard laboratory procedures. The data were statistically and geostatistically analyzed to compare the results and map the spatial distributions of the selected soil properties. The results revealed that cultivation had a considerable positive impact on most of the properties of cultivated soil compared to those of uncultivated soil (virgin land). The findings also showed that the available phosphorus levels in cultivated soil were higher than in virgin soil by 16, 9, 8.5, and 6 folds, with increases in organic matter content of 16.8, 12.4, 11.9, and 7.9 times at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, respectively. Furthermore, compared to virgin soil, cultivated soil exhibited a salinity reduction of −8.9%, −56.4%, −66.3%, and −71.8%, at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm, respectively. Moreover, some other properties of the cultivated soil improved, particularly in the surface soil layers, such as pH reduction, CaCO3 decline, and CEC increase, while the soil texture grade did not change. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the effects of diverse soil management strategies in the short term assists in the understanding of the ongoing changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics, which is critical for maintaining satisfactory soil quality and sustainable soil productivity in arid lands.

Over the past decade, scientific studies have increasingly concentrated on the effects of global phosphorus (P) scarcity on food security. A comprehensive strategy that considers demand reduction and recycling possibilities is needed to address the global P scarcity. Reduced tillage along with crop residue retention could decrease fixation of P in soil, improve labile P content and enhance organic-P (Po) buildup and its mineralization by phosphatases; this could be an extra benefit of conservation agriculture (CA) in soils. To study the impact of long-term CA on soil organic and inorganic P fractions and their distribution, a long-term field trial was conducted under a maize-based cropping system with different tillage (zero tillage (ZT), permanent bed (PB) and conventional till (CT) and cropping system (maize–wheat–mungbean (MWMb), maize–chickpea–sesbania (MCS), maize–mustard–mungbean (MMuMb) and maize–maize–sesbania (MMS)). Phosphorus dynamics were studied through sequential fractionation (organic and inorganic P) at 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. The findings showed that a higher amount of soluble and loosely bound P (SL-P) was detected in ZT among the inorganic P fractions, whereas iron-bound P (Fe-P), aluminum-bound P (Al-P), reductant soluble P (RES-P) and calcium-bound P (Ca-P) were found higher in CT in both soil depths. Among Organic-P fractions, moderately labile and non-labile Po was found higher in PB and ZT but, in the case of labile Po, it was found insignificant with respect to tillage operations. Significant synergistic effects of winter legume (chickpea) with summer legumes (sesbania and mungbean) in crop rotation were observed on SL-P, Labile Po, Humic acid-Po, Alkaline phosphatase and MBP at 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depths. Given the potential relevance of understanding P dynamics for efficient P management in long-term conservation agriculture practices, our findings offers critical new insight for the P management for sustainable development.

Following a copious and famous snowfall in Madrid city (Spain) and its surrounding area, the tree masses were analysed to assess the impact of this snowfall. In this way, this paper proposes an approach towards urban forest impact inventory mapping as a consequence of the snowfall of January 2021, and the subsequent atmospheric stability, which kept surface temperatures in Madrid close to −10 °C. The study has been carried out using snowfall data from 1920 to 2020 and images from the Sentinel, Landsat and MODIS satellites. The results obtained by means of image changes in the NDVI reveal a clear impact on the trees, with 11% of the winter vegetation cover of the municipality being affected. Especially significant has been the damage detected both in the forest areas in the city and in the parks, gardens or urban roads.

Owing to data scarcity, the soil properties of the Colombian “Piedemonte Llanero” are poorly quantified. To provide basic information about how pedogenic properties along a steeply sloped and perhumid landscape are related to its use (which can help lead toward better management and establishment of a sustainable crop production system), this work addresses the characterization of the morphogenetic and chemical features of selected Piedemonte Llanero soils. Research was conducted in a sequence of soils composed of four profiles located in a transect of 200–1800 m of altitude. After macromorphologically identifying, describing, and analyzing soils based on these data, soil weathering and general fertility were interpreted. Ultisols, Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols were fundamentally identified according to Soil Taxonomy; that is, Lixisols, Cambisols, Umbrisols, and Ferralsols, according to IUSS Working Group WRB (2015). The dominant effect of humidity attributes in soil formation, with slope and slope gradients, was the major controlling factor for the contrasting soil genesis and properties along the watershed sequence. The acid character, low cation exchange capacity, and degree of saturation stood out, and, including the inherent increase in Al3+ of change, were the most outstanding characters. The data obtained by this study present a substantial basis for good land use planning and will facilitate technology to be transferred from one area to another with a similar environmental picture.

Conventional agricultural in the Venezuelan Llanos has generated gradual soil degradation. Therefore, conservationist agriculture has been proposed. According to several works, this type of management favors soil macrofauna. To test this hypothesis, the response of soil macrofauna to the establishment of conservationist maize crops, associated with Brachiaria dictyoneura (Bd) and Centrosema macrocarpum (Cm), was evaluated. The samples of soil and soil macrofauna were taken per vegetation cover at different climatic season over 2 years and 10 months. For this period and under the conditions studied, the results partially refute the hypothesis; on the one hand, they showed that the soil macrofauna of a natural savanna (NS) is the most diverse and equitable (N1 = 4.5 ± 2.8), followed by the cultivation of maize associated with Cm (N1 = 3.2 ± 1.9) and the least diverse with Bd (N1 = 2.6 ± 2.1). Additionally, some taxonomic groups apparently did not tolerate soil intervention, while Termitidae was favored. On the other hand, the temporal variation of the soil macrofauna did not differ between vegetation covers (F: 1.18; p = 0.37). This variation could be due to the decrease in TP (r = −0.55) and increased BD (r = 0.56).

Agriculture practices developed since the middle of the last century have led to the degradation of different resources and made it necessary to promote agricultural models that are less aggressive towards nature. Sustainable agricultural growth requires a more efficient use of land. An experimental model was designed with four treatments in the Campo de Cartagena area (SE Spain): biosolarization with manure (BSM), biosolarization with brassicas (BB), solarization (S), and a pilot test (PT). The general objective was to determine by means of rapid response indicators the changes occurring in soil properties as a consequence of the implementation of these solarization or biosolarization practices and their influence on the quality and yield of a lettuce crop. The results show that there was no significant response in the physical and biological properties of the soil. Physicochemical properties such as pHw, and electrical conductivity (ECe), as well as chemicals such as total nitrogen (TN) and the content of some macro and micronutrients, can be considered as rapid response indicators. The highest yields (Yc) and highest commercial quality (Mc) of lettuce were obtained in the BB and BSM treatments (Yc > 23,000 kg ha−1; Mc > 413 g). These treatments resulted in biological NO3− sequestration and, in the case of BB, salt immobilization (ECe: 6 dS m−1). According to these results, BSM and BB can be recommended for sustainable agriculture and even as valid methods for the recovery of soils affected by salts and NO3−. Our results should increase the feasibility of these techniques in semiarid areas.

Soil erosion modeling is becoming more significant in the development and implementation of soil management and conservation policies. For a better understanding of the geographical distribution of soil erosion, spatial-based models of soil erosion are required. The current study proposed a spatial-based model that integrated geographic information systems (GIS) techniques with both the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model and the Index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE). The proposed Spatial Soil Loss Model (SSLM) was designed to generate the potential soil erosion maps based on water erosion and wind erosion by integrating factors of the USLE and ILSWE models into the GIS environment. Hence, the main objective of this study is to predict, quantify, and assess the soil erosion hazards using the SSLM in the Dakhla Oasis as a case study. The water soil loss values were computed by overlaying the values of five factors: the rainfall factor (R-Factor), soil erodibility (K-Factor), topography (LS-Factor), crop types (C-Factor), and conservation practice (P-Factor). The severity of wind-driven soil loss was calculated by overlaying the values of five factors: climatic erosivity (CE-Factor), soil erodibility (E-Factor), soil crust (SC-Factor), vegetation cover (VC-Factor), and surface roughness (SR-Factor). The proposed model was statistically validated by comparing its outputs to the results of USLE and ILSWE models. Soil loss values based on USLE and SSLM varied from 0.26 to 3.51 t ha−1 yr−1 with an average of 1.30 t ha−1 yr−1 and from 0.26 to 3.09 t ha−1 yr−1 with a mean of 1.33 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively. As a result, and according to the assessment of both the USLE and the SSLM, one soil erosion class, the very low class (−1 yr−1), has been reported to be the prevalent erosion class in the study area. These findings indicate that the Dakhla Oasis is slightly eroded and more tolerable against water erosion factors under current management conditions. Furthermore, the study area was classified into four classes of wind erosion severity: very slight, slight, moderate, and high, representing 1.0%, 25.2%, 41.5%, and 32.3% of the total study area, respectively, based on the ILSWE model and 0.9%, 25.4%, 43.9%, and 29.9%, respectively, according to the SSLM. Consequently, the Dakhla Oasis is qualified as a promising area for sustainable agriculture when appropriate management is applied. The USLE and ILSWE model rates had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.97 and 0.98, respectively), with the SSLM rates, as well as a strong relationship based on the average linear regression (R2 = 0.94 and 0.97, respectively). The present study is an attempt to adopt a spatial-based model to compute and map the potential soil erosion. It also pointed out that designing soil erosion spatial models using available data sources and the integration of USLE and ILSWE with GIS techniques is a viable option for calculating soil loss rates. Therefore, the proposed soil erosion spatial model is fit for calculating and assessing soil loss rates under this study and is valid for use in other studies under arid regions with the same conditions.

A precise evaluation of soil quality (SQ) is important for sustainable land use planning. This study was conducted to assess soil quality using multivariate approaches. An assessment of SQ was carried out in an area of Dakhla Oasis using two methods of indicator selection, i.e., total data set (TDS) and minimum data set (MDS), and three soil quality indices (SQIs), i.e., additive quality index (AQI), weighted quality index (WQI), and Nemoro quality index (NQI). Fifty-five soil profiles were dug and samples were collected and analyzed. A total of 16 soil physicochemical parameters were selected for their sensitivity in SQ appraising to represent the TDS. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to establish the MDS. Statistical analyses were performed to test the accuracy and validation of each model, as well as to understand the relationship between the used methods and indices. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that soil depth, gravel content, sand fraction, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were included in the MDS. High positive correlations (r ≥ 0.9) occurred between SQIs calculated using TDS and/or MDS under the three models. Moreover, the findings showed highly significant differences (p < 0.001) among SQIs within and between TDS and MDS. Approximately 80 to 85% of the total study area based on TDS, as well as 70 to 75%, according to MDS, were identified as suitable soils with slight limitations on soil quality grade (Q3, Q2, and Q1), while the remaining 20 to 30% had high to severe limitations (Q4 and Q5). The highest sensitivity (SI = 2.9) occurred by applying WQI using MDS and indicator weights based on the variance of PCA. Furthermore, the highest linear regression value (R2 = 0.88) between TDS and MDS was recorded using the same model. Because of its high sensitivity, such a model could be used for monitoring SQ changes caused by agricultural practices and environmental factors. The findings of this study have significant guiding implications and practical value in assessing the soil quality using TDS and MDS in arid areas critically and accurately.

Of all the abiotic stress types to which plants grown in fields are exposed, the most influential is water stress. It is well accepted that adopting controlled deficit irrigation strategies during the growing season has beneficial effects on the chemical compositions of grapes and red wines. However, there is a discrepancy in the timing, intensity and duration of deficit. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in phenolic composition of ‘merlot’ cultivar grapes when subjected to different levels of water stress in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Four treatments with different water stress levels were applied within two phenological intervals (flowering-veraison, veraison-maturity) to 128 grapevines for two consecutive years. The water stress levels for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were: no-light, light-moderate, moderate-intense and intense for the flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity intervals, respectively. Water stress distinctly affected the phenolic compounds in skin and seeds. The concentrations of flavan-3-ols and total polyphenols were much higher in seeds than in skin, and in both fractions, tannins are the major compounds.

The aim of the work described here was to understand the pedogeochemical signature of five rare earth elements (REEs; Ce, Nd, La, Y, and Sc) in vineyard soils in Campo de Calatrava (a unique territory with calcareous, volcanic and metamorphic rocks). The mean contents in surface horizons of Ce, Nd, La, Y, and Sc were 65.7, 32.0, 35.5, 18.8, and 13.9 mg·kg–1, respectively. In subsurface horizons the contents were Ce 62.8, Nd 31.1, La 35.7, Y 17.9, and Sc 14.4 mg·kg–1. The results show that mean contents of REEs in the area under investigation are in the order Ce > Nd > La > Y > Sc. Ce has a very high range, with a value close to 150 mg·kg–1. On the other hand, concentrations of Ce, Nd, Y, and Sc are higher in soils on volcanic material than in soils on nonvolcanic material, while only La values are lower in soils on volcanic rocks. The distributional maps of REEs in surface and subsurface horizons suggest that parent material and pedogenesis such as argillization and calcium carbonate accumulation are more important factors than the use of REE-based fertilizers, except in certain exceptional cases (consistent with a possible specific human impact after continuous fertilization).

Water stress is considered to be the most influential type of abiotic stress to which plants may be exposed. In grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), it is a common practice to keep plants under water stress at different stages of the season with the aim of reducing yield and improving the composition of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate foliar development and yield of ‘Merlot’ grapevines grown in the field when they are subjected to different levels of water stress in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Four treatments with different levels of water stress were applied during two phenological intervals (flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity) to 128 grapevines for a period of two consecutive years. The levels of water stress were none-light, light-moderate, moderate-intense, and intense-intense for the flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity intervals, respectively. The results revealed that the total leaf area, the exposed leaf area, and the yield all decreased as the degree of water stress increased. The weight of the berry was a decisive factor in determining yield. The least restrictive water regime treatment gave the heaviest berries and bunches and, as a result, the highest yields.

The essential features of the soils of a pilot zone in La Mancha (Central Spain), namely the Alcubillas municipability, have been characterized. The soil properties that may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of soil on grape production have also, been evaluated. For this, several soil profiles have been described and analyzed and the profiles have been mapped. The soils are mainly Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, with their evolution controlled by the action of a xerophytic Mediterranean climate. Most of these soils have a loamy clay texture, with medium clay contents and sufficient nutrient contents (despite the low content in organic matter 1.39% and 1.04%, and the high concentrations of calcium carbonate 23.7% and 26.9% in the surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). Drainage problems were not observed and it can therefore be stated that the Alcubillas vineyards are based on a ‘terroir’ term for the production of high quality grapes. In general, the soils are not subjected to treatments to control possible diseases or pests and we have therefore postulated that the soils represent the ideal scenario to establish a distinctive zone and for the increasingly valued ecological and natural viticulture.

Globally, it is estimated that 20 million hectares of arable land are irrigated with water that contains residual contributions from domestic liquids. This potentially poses risks to public health and ecosystems, especially due to heavy metals, which are considered dangerous because of their potential toxicity and persistence in the environment. The Villavicencio region (Colombia) is an equatorial area where rainfall (near 3000 mm/year) and temperature (average 25.6 °C) are high. Soil processes in tropical conditions are fast and react quickly to changing conditions. Soil properties from agricultural fields irrigated with river water polluted by a variety of sources were analysed and compared to non-irrigated control soils. In this study, no physico-chemical alterations were found that gave evidence of a change due to the constant use of river water that contained wastes. This fact may be associated with the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), which contribute to fast degradation of organic matter and nutrient and contaminants (such as heavy metals) leaching, or to dilution of wastes by the river.

Estimating the spatial variability of soil properties is significant for evaluating environmental impacts. For example, many soil properties are directly used in the modelling of environmental processes such as global climate change. These aspects have not previously been studied at this level in La Rioja (a region of Spain with a humid Mediterranean environment). The intention of this study was to provide quantitative information on soil assessment and mapping methods for natural soils in a humid Mediterranean environment. The properties considered included: pH and organic matter, calcium carbonate and clay contents. For testing, samples were selected from several different soil types which, in theory, were only affected by pedogenetic processes and had developed on different parent materials. More than half of the samples did not contain any CaCO3, while the rest of the samples presented a variety of CaCO3, forms, with high percentages being present in certain cases (up to 65% on the surface). It was possible to establish two different areas: one predominantly acidic and the other principally basic. The predominately basic samples were due to the high percentage of carbonate in the parent materials. The clay content on the surface was similar to that in the subsurface layers. Finally, the organic matter contents in the uppermost layers presented average values of 3.9%,with a range of from 0.3 to 17.5%. The major variations in soils were determined by soil type (therefore by soil forming processes), parent material composition, and vegetation type. This study reveals that these methods are useful to determine the spatial distribution of some soil properties in undisturbed soils. The contour maps of soil property variability could be used to improve future sampling designs and management decisions. La estimación de la variabilidad espacial de las propiedades del suelo es importante para evaluar los impactos ambientales o en el modelado de procesos ambientales. En este trabajo se aborda la cuantificación y evaluación de algunas propiedades de suelos (pH, carbonato cálcico, materia orgánica y el contenido en arcilla) de ambiente mediterráneo húmedo en La Rioja (España), un estudio que no había sido previamente abordado a este nivel en esta región. Para este propósito se seleccionaron muestras de suelos teóricamente afectados solamente por procesos edafogenéticos y desarrollados sobre varios materiales de partida. Más de la mitad de las muestras no tienen carbonatos y las que tienen muestran contenidos variables, alcanzando hasta el 65%. En función del pH se pueden establecer dos áreas: una ácida y otra básica. El contenido en arcilla en superficie es similar al de profundidad. Finalmente, el contenido en material orgánica presenta un valor medio de 3,9% en superficie, con un rango que oscila entre 0,3 y 17,5%. Las mayores variaciones se interpretan en función del tipo de suelo (y por tanto de los procesos de formación), composición del material originario y tipo de vegetación. El estudio revela que este método es útil para determinar la distribución espacial de algunas propiedades de suelos naturales y de este modo caracterizar el estatus de estas propiedades a la escala estudiada. Los mapas elaborados pueden ser utilizados en futuros muestreos de suelos y en la toma de decisiones sobre manejo de los mismos. A estimativa da variabilidade espacial das propriedades do solo é importante para avaliar impactos ambientais ou na modelação de processos ambientais. Este artigo aborda a quantificação e avaliação de algumas propriedades do solo (pH, teor em carbonato de cálcio, matéria orgânica e teor em argila) em ambiente mediterrânico húmido: La Rioja (Espanha). Para este efeito, foram selecionadas amostras de solo teoricamente afetadas apenas por processos edafogeneticos e desenvolvidas a partir de diferentes materiais de origem. Mais de metade das amostras não têm carbonatos e as que têm apresentam um conteúdo variável, podendo chegar até 65%. Em função do pH podem estabelecer-se duas áreas: uma ácida e uma básica. O teor de argila à superfície é idêntico ao teor em profundidade. Finalmente, o teor em matéria orgânica apresenta um valor médio de 3,9% à superfície, variando numa gama entre 0,3 e 17,5%. As maiores variações são atribuídas ao tipo de solo, composicão do material de origem e vegetacão. Este estudo revela que este método é útil para determinar a distribuição espacial de algumas propriedades dos solos naturais e, deste modo, caracterizar o estado dessas propriedades para a escala estudada. Os mapas produzidos podem ser utilizados em futuras amostragens de solo e na tomada de decisões sobre a gestão das mesmas.