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Removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic wastewater was performed by employing vegetable-tanned buffing dust, a byproduct of tanneries. Different analysis techniques such as SEM, BET, and FTIR were used to characterize the vegetable-tanned buffing dust. The experiment on adsorption was carried out in a batch manner. Investigations were conducted into the various operating parameters, such as the dose of adsorbent, contact period, and initial Cr (VI) concentration. At a dose of 1g/100 mL and a contact period of 280 minutes, the maximum adsorption capacity was noted. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were examined at various concentrations. With a maximum adsorption efficiency of 14.14 mg/g, the Langmuir isotherm model was found to be the most well-fitting for the current investigation. Kinetic analysis was performed for pseudo first and second order; the pseudo-second-order model demonstrated the most optimal fit with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9936. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to look for diagnostic and prognostic role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in early diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes individuals. NGAL was measured in both urinary and serum sample of 144 type 2 diabetes individuals stratified into three categories based on urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and 54 control populations with estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73 m² and serum creatinine <1.2 mg/dl. The serum NGAL (sNGAL), urine NGAL (uNGAL), and uNGAL/urine creatinine were significantly higher in diabetic individuals than in the control populations with significant difference in between the groups (P < 0.05). Difference of above values between control value and normoalbuminuria was also statistically significant (P < 0.05). Again, sNGAL and uNGAL correlate positively with albuminuria (P < 0.05). Tubular injury may precede glomerular injury in diabetic individuals, and NGAL can be used as a biomarker to diagnose DN even earlier to incipient nephropathy. Both sNGAL and uNGAL can predict albuminuria and be used as a noninvasive tool for diagnosis, staging, and progression of DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast tumours are classified as benign, proliferative and invasive tumours. Estrogen hormone influences the proliferative activity and progression of the tumour. Estrogen Receptor (ER) status and proliferative index (Ki 67) are important histopathological factors in the development and prognosis of these tumours. Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate the variations in ER and Ki-67 expression in three broad categories of breast lesions namely benign breast disease, proliferative breast disease and malignant breast disease. Materials and Methods: ER% and Ki-67% was evaluated on the histopathological tissues of 15 patients each of benign, proliferative and invasive breast tumours. The ER+/ Ki-67± ratio was calculated and the variation of expression between the three categories was analyzed using student's t-test. Pearson's coefficient of correlation was used to correlate ER and Ki-67 positivity within each category. Results: The mean ER+/Ki-67+ in benign, proliferative and invasive tumours was 0.81, 0.87 and 1.42 respectively. A statistically significant difference in ER+/Ki-67+ proportions was observed between proliferative breast disease category and malignant breast disease category and also between benign breast disease category and malignant breast disease category (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in benign breast disease category and proliferative breast disease category (p>0.05). A significant correlation was observed in proliferative breast disease and malignant breast disease categories. However, no significant correlation was observed in benign breast disease category. Conclusion: ER+/Ki-67+ ratio is an important determinant of the invasive breast cancer and can be used to differentiate invasive cancers from benign and proliferative breast tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]