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AbstractSuper critical fluid extraction (SC-CO2) of essential oil from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds was performed. The effects of various parameters such as pressure (200-350 bar), temperature (30-45°C) and SC-CO2flow rate (10-16 g/min) were investigated. The optimum condition was observed at pressure of 350 bar, temperature of 35°C and SC-CO2flow rate of 14 g/min. The maximum extraction yield 4.55% was obtained under optimized conditions. ANOVA analysis showed that extraction pressure was the most significant factor on the essential oil yield. The morphology of coriander seeds was examined by SEM technique. The functional groups and chemical composition of coriander oil was analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS. Petroselinic acid, myristic acid, linalool, 4-bromo-2-adamantanol, cis-isoapiole and (-)-carvone were the major components in the essential oil of coriander seed.

Benzene biodegradation was studied in batch and continuous packed bed bioreactors using polyurethane foam (PUF) as packing media by isolated Bacillussp. M1. The values of optimized process parameters were found to be 800 × 106 CFU⋅mL−1, 400 mg⋅L−1, 7.0 and 37 °C for inoculum size, substrate concentration, pH and temperature respectively. Continuous packed bed bioreactor (CPBBR) was operated and monitored for 69 days on laboratory scale at various flow rates (10–60 mL⋅h−1). The steady state removal efficiency was observed more than 90% up to the inlet load of 288 mg⋅L−1.d−1and elimination capacity was found to be 91.2–266.4 mg⋅L−1⋅day−1. Monod growth model was applied for the removal of benzene and values were found to be (Ks: 215.07 mg⋅L−1; µmax: 0.314 day−1).

This study is focuses on understanding bioremediation strategies for biodegrdadation of Malathion by isolating potential microbes, enhancing rate in batch packed bed bioreactor, confirming metabolites, and then proteomics. The bacterial species were isolated and identified from agricultural fields. Biodegradation of Malathion was studied by isolated species, and it was observed that Bacillus sp.S4 is more effective than Bacillussp. S1 and Bacillussp. S2 for Malathion bioremediation. The maximum removal efficiency of Malathion (72%) was achieved at 200 mg/L in a free cell and it was further improved to 84% in batch packed bed bioreactor at optimum pH (7.5) and temperature (32 °C). The leachate was analyzed, and two metabolites, namely, Malathion monocarboxylic acid and Succinic acid, were identified. In Monod growth kinetics, the maximum specific growth rate (0.254 per day), rate constant (119.5 mg/day) and in Andrew-Haldane inhibition kinetics, the maximum specific growth rate (0.228/day), rate constant (114.8 mg/L), and inhibition constant (348.43 mg/L) were evaluated. Identified proteins were characterized by sequential, functional, and structural analysis. The best quality hypothetical protein (NP_390682.1) from treated Malathion was used for docking calculation. The residues of major active binding sites ILE151, GLY152, ASN155, SER156, SER157, VAL159, HIS160, PRO161, GLU192, GLU195, VAL196, and ARG199 involved in interaction with binding energy 4.318 kcal/mol and dissociation constant 683697536.0 PM, were investigated. The results obtained are expected to be helpful in the practical application of Bacillussp. S4 for the removal of Malathion from the contaminated environment under in situ conditions.