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Purpose: There is a rising demand for highly qualified workers in today’s ever-changing healthcare job environment. Recognizing higher education’s critical role in closing the healthcare skill gap is critical for the long-term growth and prosperity of individuals, healthcare organizations, and the larger economy. Design/Methodology: Within the healthcare sector, education emerges as a pivotal mechanism to address the prevailing skill gap. Universities and colleges offer a wide range of academic programs meticulously designed to cultivate critical thinking, problem-solving capabilities, effective communication, and collaborative teamwork among students. Furthermore, higher education institutions actively collaborate with healthcare employers to tailor specialized programs that precisely align with the requirements of various healthcare roles. Originality/Value: This paper delves into the multi-faceted ways in which universities and colleges can significantly contribute to mitigating the healthcare skills gap. The author emphasizes the critical role played by education in bridging this gap, ensuring that the healthcare workforce is suitably equipped to navigate the swiftly changing job market. Future Scope: By promoting partnerships with industry stakeholders, developing pertinent academic curricula, and offering continuous professional development opportunities, educational institutions empower individuals and healthcare organizations to excel within the dynamic landscape of healthcare delivery.

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the long-term results of orthodontic treatment with traditional braces and Invisalign, with a particular emphasis on treatment length, patient satisfaction, correction of malocclusion, and long-term stability. Methods: Between 2020 and 2022, individuals who had orthodontic treatment at a tertiary care center had their data analysed. Patients with mild to severe malocclusions treated with conventional braces or Invisalign between the ages of 12 and 18 met the inclusion criteria. Assessments were done on results, length of treatment, degree of malocclusion, and long-term stability. With significance set at P < 0.05, statistical analyses comprised t-tests for treatment duration and Chi-square testing for malocclusion correction. Findings: The mean treatment time for Invisalign was much shorter (18 months) than for conventional braces (24 months) (P < 0.001). With 88–90% success rates, both techniques demonstrated remarkable success rates in malocclusion treatment. Even though Invisalign was associated with a somewhat greater percentage of relapse instances, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Invisalign showed a much shorter treatment period than conventional braces, yet both showed excellent malocclusion correction. The choice of modality should be based on patient satisfaction, treatment objectives, and case complexity, taking into account the trade-offs between treatment length and potential variations in long-term stability.

Context: Pediatric inguinal surgeries sometimes cause considerable post-operative pain that requires effective analgesics. Caudal and abdominal nerve blocks may help this population with pain. It is uncertain how successful they are compared. Methods: A randomized controlled trial included 70 pediatric inguinal surgery patients. An abdominal (ANB) or caudal nerve block (CNB) was randomly assigned to participants in addition to usual analgesic treatment. Post-operative pain was measured at various times using a standardized scale. The initial rescue analgesia time and dose were recorded. Statistics were used to compare CNB and ANB results. Results: The CNB and ANB groups were demographically similar. At every time point, the two groups’ analgesic usage and post-operative pain were similar. No serious adverse events occurred in either group. Conclusion: CNB and ANB provide equivalent analgesia for pediatric inguinal surgeries. Both approaches alleviate pain well and have similar post-operative effects. Individual nerve block approaches must be chosen based on patient features and clinical considerations. More research is needed to determine each procedure’s long-term safety and results.

Objective: This retrospective review aimed to analyze the outcomes of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T and A) procedures in pediatric patients, focusing on complications and recurrence rates. Methods: Medical records of pediatric patients who underwent T and A were retrospectively reviewed. Data on patient demographics, preoperative indications, surgical techniques, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, and recurrence rates were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 240 pediatric patients were included in the study. Postoperative complications occurred with postoperative bleeding being the most common (5.2%). Other complications included infection (3.1%), respiratory compromise (1.7%), and velopharyngeal insufficiency (0.6%). Recurrence of tonsillitis and adenoiditis was observed in 6.7% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: This retrospective review provides valuable insights into the outcomes of T and A procedures in pediatric patients. Postoperative complications, including bleeding and infection, underscore the importance of meticulous surgical technique and postoperative care. Recurrence rates of tonsillitis and adenoiditis highlight the need for long-term follow-up and surveillance in pediatric patients undergoing T and A.

Objective: This retrospective analysis aimed to estimate the efficiency of laser therapy in the management of acne scarring, assessing changes in scar severity, patient satisfaction, and adverse events. Methods: A cohort of 150 subjects with clinically diagnosed acne scarring who underwent laser therapy. Data were extracted from electronic medical records, and baseline characteristics, scar types, and management parameters were analyzed. Outcome measures included changes in scar severity scores, patient-reported satisfaction, and documentation of adverse events. Statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate methods, with sub-group analyses based on scar type and laser modality. Results: Following laser therapy, a statistically significant decrease in scar severity scores was seen across all scar types (P < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was high, with 75% reporting significant improvement. Adverse events were mild and transient, including erythema and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Sub-group analyses did not reveal significant differences in management outcomes based on scar type or laser modality. Conclusion: Laser therapy demonstrates effectiveness in reducing acne scarring with a favorable safety profile. The research supports its role as a versatile management modality for diverse scar presentations, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize protocols and explore combination therapies.

Aim: Pharmaceutical promotion is the principal aspect of the healthcare system. In this study, we aimed to portray the opinion of doctors and medical representatives (MRs) on conventional pharmaceutical ways (usage of promotional or educational paper materials and physician drug samples) for pharmaceutical promotion. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from doctors and MRs across India using self-administered Google forms. Data were analyzed, and results were drawn. Results: A total of 314 doctors and 272 MRs participated in the study. As per 95.5% of doctors, continuing medical education (CME)/books/online information is the most common and convenient method to update medical knowledge, whereas 67.9% of MRs also think the same. Only 5.5% of doctors prefer paper material provided by pharmaceutical companies to update their knowledge. Most doctors say paper materials provided by pharmaceutical companies contribute less than 25% to product information, rather CME, books, and online information contribute significantly. MRs also think similarly. 66.2% of MRs agree that more than 25% of paper material gets wasted due to non-distribution. 73.2% of doctors and 75.4% of MRs agree that the use of paper materials for product promotion is not cost-effective, even if it contributes to deforestation. Only 51% of doctors use more than 50% of medical samples in patient care and only half of doctors and MRs think expired medical samples are disposed of correctly. 56.1% of doctors and 71.4% of MRs think a significant amount of medical samples are wasted and are hazardous to the environment. Conclusions: Both doctors and MRs are of the opinion that the conventional method of paper promotion, that is, paper material and drug samples, is not cost-effective and also not eco-friendly. Hence, need to rethink – is there a need to change with time?

Background: Anesthesia administration in elderly surgical patients presents unique challenges due to age-related physiological changes and comorbidities. Knowing anesthesia-related complications is crucial for optimizing perioperative care in this vulnerable population. Methods: A retrospective review of electronic medical records was conducted to identify anesthesia-related complications in elderly subjects aged 65 and above undergoing surgery between January 2018 and December 2020. Data collection included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, anesthesia techniques, and postoperative outcomes. Results: There were a total of 100 elderly patients. Cardiovascular events (35%) were the most common complication, followed by respiratory issues (20%) and adverse drug reactions (15%). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between cardiovascular events, respiratory issues, adverse drug reactions, and anesthesia. Conclusion: Anesthesia-related complications pose significant risks in elderly surgical patients. Tailored anesthesia management strategies, including comprehensive preoperative assessment and vigilant intraoperative monitoring, are essential for mitigating perioperative risks and improving outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Background: Wisdom tooth extraction often requires various surgical techniques due to differences in tooth position, root morphology, and patient characteristics. This research aims to compare traditional surgical extraction with minimally invasive techniques such as piezo surgery and laser-assisted extraction, as well as extraction with the aid of 3D imaging and navigation systems. Methods: Patients requiring wisdom tooth extraction were randomly assigned to one of the surgical technique groups. Preoperative imaging assessed tooth position and root morphology. Intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were recorded, including pain levels, swelling, and healing time. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Results: Piezo surgery, 3D imaging, and navigation-guided extraction techniques demonstrated a shorter mean duration of surgery and lower incidence of intraoperative complications compared to traditional extraction and laser-assisted extraction. Postoperative outcomes were superior in the 3D imaging and navigation-guided extraction group, with lower pain scores, reduced swelling, and faster healing time. Conclusion: Advanced imaging-guided techniques, particularly 3D imaging and navigation-guided extraction, offer significant benefits for patients undergoing wisdom tooth extraction by improving surgical precision, minimizing complications, and enhancing postoperative outcomes. Incorporating these technologies into routine practice can optimize patient care and outcomes in oral surgery.

Objective: This retrospective research was directed to investigate the longevity and maintenance requirements of implant-supported prostheses in subjects treated at a tertiary care center. Methods: Patient records of individuals who received implant-supported prostheses between January 2018 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic information, implant type, prosthetic design, and follow-up data were collected. The primary outcomes assessed were prosthetic survival rates and the incidence of complications requiring maintenance interventions. Statistical analysis was performed to identify associations between demographic and clinical variables and the observed outcomes. Results: The research included 150 subjects with an average follow-up duration of 3 years. The overall survival rate of implant-supported prostheses was 90%, with 20% requiring maintenance interventions. Common complications included peri-implantitis (10%), prosthetic fracture (6%), and screw loosening (4%). Significant associations were found between smoking status and peri-implantitis (P < 0.05) and between prosthetic design and prosthetic fracture (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Implant-supported prostheses demonstrated a high overall longevity rate, with a subset of subjects requiring maintenance interventions due to complications. Peri-implantitis, prosthetic fracture, and screw loosening were the most prevalent complications, emphasizing the importance of tailored patient care and risk stratification.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the implant placement using surgical stents versus conventional implant placement. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients who reported to Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital were selected and they were randomly divided into two groups. In both the groups, the selection of the implant size was based on the ridge mapping. In Group I, tooth and tissue-supported surgical stent was fabricated and was used to place the implant. In Group II conventional technique was used for implant placement. Results: In Group I the implant placement was parallel to the adjacent tooth with less variation in the angulation and the mesiodistal orientation of the implant was statistically significant compared to Group II. Conclusion: This technique of stent fabrication is easy, reliable, and cost-effective which also aids in the ideal placement of the implant in terms of orientation and angulation.

Background: Because of its ease and visual attractiveness, clear aligner therapy has grown in popularity as an orthodontic treatment option. On the other hand, the results of therapy may be impacted by attachment wear. Comparing attachment wear in three distinct clear aligner systems—System A, System B, and System C—was the goal of this investigation. Methods: The research comprised 60 individuals receiving clear aligners as part of their orthodontic treatment. Depending on whatever clear aligner system was being utilised, the patients were split into three groups. Attachment wear was evaluated using a standardised scoring method regularly. The various systems’ attachment wear was compared using statistical analysis. Results: Compared to Systems B and C, System A showed less attachment wear. There were notable variations in attachment wear ratings between the systems. System C’s attachments had the most wear, whereas System A’s attachments had the least. Conclusion: Different clear aligner systems showed varying degrees of attachment wear, with System A exhibiting the least amount of wear. To maximise treatment procedures and guarantee treatment efficacy and longevity in clear aligner therapy, it is vital to comprehend attachment wear patterns.

Introduction: Although PCOS affects reproductive health, its consequences on the outcome of pregnancies are still up for discussion. Comparing the pregnancy outcomes of women with PCOS to a control group was the goal of this retrospective research. Methods: Analysis of data from tertiary care centers between 2017 and 2022 was done in retrospective. While the controls (n = 300) matched for age, BMI, and parity, the PCOS group (n = 300) satisfied Rotterdam criteria. Maternal-fetal health, birth outcomes, and gestational problems were evaluated. Results: Compared to controls, women with PCOS had a greater incidence of preeclampsia (12.3% vs. 8.1%, P = 0.023) and gestational diabetes (18.7% vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001). On the other hand, there were no notable variations in low birth weight (P = 0.589) or preterm delivery (P = 0.321). Conclusion: In summary, the correlation between PCOS and increased risks of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia emphasizes the necessity of customized therapies. The intricacy of PCOS’s influence on birth outcomes is shown by the inconclusive results regarding preterm delivery and low birth weight, which call for more research to enhance mother and newborn health in this group.

Objective: This study assessed Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and risk variables to inform treatment and prevention. Methodology: In a PubMed systematic search, 929 citations were found. After screening and eligibility, 22 studies were included. This study obtained age, gender, geographic regions, diagnostic methods, data collection methods, and bias risk. The case fatality rate (CFR) and NiV infection risk variables were evaluated by meta-analysis. Results: Southeast Asia, especially Bangladesh and Malaysia, had the most NiV cases. The major diagnostic method was blood and cerebrospinal fluid IgM and IgG antibody tests, and males predominated. Proxy respondents and matched controls were utilized for risk factor analyses when patients could not answer. The pooled CFR for NiV encephalitis was 61.0%, indicating severity. Risk factors included pigs, nighttime bats near homes, tree climbing, and male gender. Conclusion: Southeast Asian public health is plagued by NiV encephalitis. The high CFR calls for better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. NiV's multiple risk factors must be understood for targeted therapy. Future research should fill knowledge gaps and improve NiV infection prevention.

Objective: Simvastatin was used as an adjuvant medication in this clinico-radiographic investigation to assess the impact on crestal bone levels around immediate implantation. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial with 50 patients who needed an implant placed right away was done. Simvastatin was used as an adjuvant in groups ((Group A), whereas group (Group B)) served as the control group for the participants. At baseline and during follow-up visits, clinical measures such as probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. At baseline and 12 weeks, radiographic measurements of crestal bone levels were taken. Results: At 12 weeks, Group A demonstrated a significantly lower PD and BOP than did Group B. Furthermore, at 12 weeks, Group A showed greater crestal bone preservation than did Group B. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the two groups were significantly different. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that simvastatin use as an adjuvant medication after immediate implant insertion contributes to better clinical outcomes and greater crestal bone preservation. Simvastatin may be helpful in increasing bone regeneration, decreasing inflammation, and soft tissue healing. These findings demonstrate how simvastatin may be used as an additional therapy to enhance the effectiveness of rapid implant implantation operations.

COVID-19, the Ecumenical Pandemic that hit Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in 2019 has instigated an emergency situation all over the globe. Current scientific corroborations highlighted the role of zoonotic cross-over species transmission for the spread of the deadly virus SARSCoV2. The proposition of ABO blood grouping to susceptibility for various infectious diseases has been documented in the past since blood group antigens constitute polymorphic traits that are inherited among humans, therefore are frequent targets in epidemiological studies. Aim: To correlate the ABO blood group susceptibility to disease severity in COVID-19-positive cases among Indian populations. Objectives: Association of ABO blood group patterns to disease severity in COVID-19-positive cases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study design was conducted among 700 confirmed COVID-19-positive cases admitted to the tertiary health care center in Maharashtra, India. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Blood group 'A' positive was frequent (40%) in severe COVID-19 (E group) disease, and 'O' positive blood group was frequent in moderate COVID-19 disease (34.62%). Conclusion: ABO Blood grouping can be used as one of the efficient biomarker for COVID-19, thereby providing a new platform for therapeutic applications in the field of research.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess how oral and maxillofacial surgeons used various diagnostic tools for oral cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional methodology was used, and a standardized questionnaire was given to oral and maxillofacial surgeons randomly chosen sample. The questionnaire gathered information on demographics and the use of diagnostic tools. Data analysis methods included Chi-square testing and descriptive statistics. Results: The study included 200 oral and maxillofacial surgeons in total. The most often used diagnostic tool (95%) was visual inspection, followed by toluidine blue staining (48%) and brush biopsy (32%). Less frequently used were newer methods like optical coherence tomography (12.5%) and autofluorescence imaging (15%). No significant correlations between demographic factors and patterns of use of diagnostic tools were found by Chi-square tests. Conclusion: The results show that oral and maxillofacial surgeons frequently use brush biopsy, toluidine blue staining, and ocular evaluation. However, there is a need for more widespread adoption of cutting-edge technologies. By removing obstacles and offering training opportunities, one can increase the use of diagnostic tools, improving patient outcomes and the diagnosis of oral cancer.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sterilization on the nanostructural alteration of nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary file systems in endodontics using the atomic force microscopy (AFM). Materials and Methods: The study was performed on four commercially available rotary Ni-Ti files: group I—Vortex Blue (Dentsply), group II—ProTaper Next (Dentsply), group III—Mtwo (VDW), and group IV—iRaCe (FKG). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 4), that is, subgroup A—control (new rotary file), subgroup B—subjected for five cycles of autoclave, subgroup C—immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 5 minutes, and subgroup D—immersed in 17% EDTA solutions for 5 minutes. All the specimens were evaluated with AFM using roughness average (RA) and root-mean-square (RMS) values for surface roughness. Results: Among control groups, Vortex Blue showed the least RA and RMS values; the highest surface roughness was seen with Mtwo files. All the Ni-Ti rotary files showed a statistically significant (P

Introduction: Using three-dimensional printed duplicates of the donor teeth, three-dimensional auto-transplantation is a medical procedure that moves a tooth from one location inside a patient to another. The intraoperative practicability during 3D auto-transplantation of teeth was evaluated in the present study. Material and Methods: A prospective multicenter clinical study was done among the subjects. ”Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography imaging,” “computer-assisted design (CAD),” and “computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)” were used in all operations to make a 3D duplicate of the donor teeth. The clinical parameters that were evaluated were the time required for the fit, number of attempts to fit, and intra-operative experience. Results: Canines, premolars, molars, and one extra tooth were all transplanted during the 200 auto-transplantation surgeries among 152 subjects. An initial satisfactory fit of the donor tooth and an extra-alveolar time of less than one minute were achieved in 80% of the surgeries. The extra-alveolar time exceeded 3 minutes in ten teeth. Difficulties that were faced were related to the imaging, patient cooperation, and the bone quality. Conclusions: The application of the duplicate teeth by 3D printing of a donor tooth all through auto-transplantation techniques reduced the time the tooth stays extra-alveolar as well as the efforts at transplant fitting during implantation. This allowed for more challenging surgeries as well as a speedy and reliable therapy.

Aim: This study was intended to assess and relate the clinical anesthetic effectiveness of tramadol hydrochloride and lidocaine. Methodology: A clinical randomized split-mouth study was piloted among 40 patients who were otherwise healthy but needed to have their maxillary first premolars extracted bilaterally for orthodontic reasons were considered in the research. In each subject on one side (quadrant) of the arch 1.8 milliliters of lidocaine was given and on other side of the arch 1.8 milliliters of tramadol was given. On the basis of a list that was prepared by a computer, the randomization was done and the sides (quadrant) of the arches were decided for all the subjects, and the injections were given as local infiltration. Results: Lidocaine was found to be statistically more effective for overall anesthesia duration, despite the fact that there was no significant variance between the two drugs at the time when anesthetic effect began to take effect. Tramadol was found to be statistically more efficient than lidocaine when compared to the anesthetic activity at the 5th minute before extraction. Tramadol was found to be statistically more successful than lidocaine for both the patient's degree of satisfaction and the rate at which wounds healed. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it appears that tramadol and epinephrine could be used as a substitute to conventional local anesthetics during extractions of maxillary first premolar teeth during oral-maxillofacial surgery.

Background: To replace missing periodontal tissues in vertical defects during periodontal surgery, bone graft materials are frequently used. A frequent occurrence that can affect healing outcomes is postoperative edema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative edema in various vertical bone graft defects following periodontal surgery. Materials and Methods: 50 participants were split into two groups for a prospective study: Group A received xenografts, whereas Group B received synthetic grafts. Up to 14 days after surgery, baseline and routine postoperative edema measurements were made. Edema levels in each group were compared using statistical analysis. Results: At all postoperative time points, Group A showed substantially more edema than Group B (P < 0.05). Furthermore, edema persisted longer in Group A than it did in Group B. Conclusion: In conclusion, the substance of the bone graft used in vertical defects during periodontal surgery affects postoperative edema. Compared to synthetic grafts, xenografts caused swelling to last longer and at higher levels. To maximize healing results, clinicians should take these findings into account when choosing graft materials.

Introduction: Extragenital warts, often known as EGWs, affect between 7% and 10% of the population. Despite the plethora of research on the impact of genital warts (GWs) on “Quality Of Life”, EGWs have received little attention. The purpose of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional investigation with the objective of contrasting the effects of GWs and EGWs on the health-related quality of life and other characteristics. Participants and Procedures: A cross-sectional clinical study was piloted at a tertiary care center. Participants in the study included two groups of healthy adults, each group consisting of 100 adult subjects. Those diagnosed with EGWs were included in group A, while patients diagnosed with GWs made up group B. The “Dermatology Life Quality Index” questionnaire was used to evaluate various parameters. Observations were compared for significance. Results: The majority of the subjects in both the groups were observed to have less than 10 warts. The Dermatology Life Quality Index score for the EGWs had an average of 8.66 ± 2.31 score; GWs had an average of 5.12 ± 3.25. This mean variance was statistically significant. The level of the dissatisfaction was highly significantly different among the groups and the subjects being more in the EGW group dissatisfied. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation indicate that EGWs have a significant and detrimental effect on the Quality Of Life. Medical experts must teach people how to prevent the disease's spread and recurrence due to its persistence. They must also consider the psychological and societal repercussions of the disease while discussing therapy choices.

Aim: This study was performed with the idea of assessing age and gender utilizing differences in osseous microanatomy in human jawbones. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively among human jawbone samples. Various morphometric assessments such as trabecular width, marrow space, and their corelation were studied. In the samples, variations among osteon numbers, differences in the shapes of the osteocytes of jawbones, and amount of inflammation in the bony areas were recorded. Results: It was noted in this study that mean values of the diameter of the Haversian canal and vessel density had a noteworthy increase in female jawbone samples. The amount of osteocytes in both female and male bone samples was also statistically significant in terms of the correlation coefficient. Conclusion: We concluded that more sensitive identification of human remains, that is, age and gender analysis, can be performed by histomorphometric evaluation of bone remains.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and often fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian sub-continent. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a late cutaneous manifestation of VL, typically occurring after apparent cure of VL, but sometimes even without a prior history of VL in India. PKDL serves as a significant yet neglected reservoir of infection and plays a crucial role in the transmission of the disease, posing a serious threat to the VL elimination program in the Indian sub-continent. Therefore, the eradication of PKDL should be a priority within the current VL elimination program aimed at achieving a goal of less than 1 case per 10,000 in the population at the district or sub-district levels of VL endemic areas. To accomplish this, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of PKDL is essential, as well as developing strategies for disease management. This review provides an overview of the current status of diagnosis and treatment options for PKDL, highlighting our current knowledge of the immune responses underlying disease development and progression. Additionally, the review discusses the impact of PKDL on elimination programs and propose strategies to overcome this challenge and achieve the goal of elimination. By addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, optimizing surveillance and control measures, and implementing effective intervention strategies, it is possible to mitigate the burden of PKDL and facilitate the successful elimination of VL in the Indian sub-continent.

The current research attempted to evaluate the concentrations of PM in size segregation by analysing metal content and its health effect on human beings at the traffic junction. Higher PM levels (PM2.5–1.0 and PM1.0–0.5) were observed (418.55 µg/m3, 442.65 µg/m3) during the winter season while during the monsoon season, it was recorded as (75.54 µg/m3, 65.64 µg/m3). Overall metal concentrations for PM2.5–1.0 and PM1.0–0.5 were reported to be (39.01 µg/m3) and (29.84 µg/m3) during the winter season. A morphological study was also evaluated with source identification. Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn were found crustal source elements, whereas Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb were observed to be highly enriched. The hazard Quotient for values was found higher in comparison with the safe limit which has adverse health effects on human health. 1.95 HQ values were observed for PM1.0–0.5 whereas 1.30 was found for PM2.5–1.0 respectively, which showed worry from smaller particles to humans. Adults' Lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was found to be greater (0.0007) than children's (0.0002). The metal trend for carcinogenicity in both segments (PM2.5–1.0 and PM1.0–0.5) was Cr(VI)>Pb>Ni. Higher values of HQ and ELCR were found as PM1.0–0.5 >PM2.5–1.0. The average carcinogenic risk factor value revealed concentrations to be two times more than the USEPA's authorized level (1 × 10−6) smaller particles, according to the data, are more harmful or have a higher value for HQ and ELCR values.

Objective: This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize available findings on the associations between dietary protein intake and prostate cancer risk as well as the dose-response associations of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake with prostate cancer risk. Methods: This study followed the 2020 PRISMA guideline. We conducted a systematic search in the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar to detect eligible prospective studies published to October 2021 that assessed total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake in relation to prostate cancer risk. Results: Overall, 12 articles containing prospective studies with a total sample size of 388,062 individuals and 30,165 cases of prostate cancer were included. The overall relative risks (RRs) of prostate cancer, comparing the highest and lowest intakes of total, animal, plant, and dairy protein intake, were 0.99 (95% CI: 92–1.07, I2 =12.8%), 0.99 (95% CI: 95–1.04, I2 =0), 1.01 (95% CI: 96–1.06, I2 =0), and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.00–1.16, I2 =38.1%), respectively, indicating a significant positive association for dairy protein intake (P = 0.04) and non-significant associations for other protein types. However, this positive association was seen among men who consumed ≥ 30 gr/day of dairy protein, such that a 20 g/d increase in dairy protein intake (equal to 2.5 cups milk or yogurt) was associated with a 10% higher risk of prostate cancer (Pooled RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20, I2 = 42.5%). Such dose-response association was not seen for total, animal, and plant protein intake. Conclusion: Overall, dairy protein intake may increase the risk of prostate cancer in men who consumed > 30 gr/day of dairy protein. Larger, well-designed studies are still required to further evaluation of this association.

Air quality at two traffic junctions representing GLA indicating pollution at highway and Iradatnagar indicating rural pollution was evaluated in Uttar Pradesh, India. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of size-segregated PM with the characterization of metals at different traffic junctions i.e. (Agra and Mathura). In the study, PM2.5–1.0 and PM1.0–0.5 were measured with the help of Cascade Sioutas Impactor during the study period December to January 2018. The size fraction of PM2.5–1.0 was found to be higher at GLA (350.92 µg/m3) followed by Iradatnagar (329.12 µg/m3), whereas the average value of size fraction of PM1.0–0.5 was found higher at Iradatnagar (341.01 µg/m3) in comparison with GLA (313.47 µg/m3) respectively. The average PM2.5 concentration in all the sampling sites was found to be 7–8 times higher when compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (60 µg/m3) (NAAQS, India). Twelve metals viz. (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were subsequently determined by ICP-OES. Al, Ba, Ca, and Mg, were found in higher concentrations in comparison with other metals. Source apportionment of metals was done by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) which shows that metal loading of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni was influenced by vehicular emission with 33.6% constitutes of the total variance. Higher bioavaiablity was observed for PM2.5–1.0 (5.12–6.46%) and least was found for PM1.0–0.5 (4.56–7.055%). For health risk estimation, the average value of HQs was found higher for PM1.0–0.5 size fraction. HQ values were recorded higher for GLA (7.95) for PM2.5–1.0 and (9.50) for PM1.0–0.5 fraction. Overall, the observed HQs values far exceeded the acceptable level. Average value (1 × 10–6) of carcinogenic risk factor was found higher for an adult and child respectively.

Introduction: Odisha has the third highest percentage of tribal population in India. This study was conducted to evaluate the oral health status and treatment needs of tribal population residing in northern Bhubaneswar. Material and Methods: A crosssectional household survey was conducted using the modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Form (2013). Cluster random sampling technique was employed. Type III clinical examination was done. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi square test, t test and ANOVA. Results: A total of 877 participants were examined out of which 589 were males and 288 females with age ranging from 2–74 years. The mean dmft score was 4.13 ± 0.73 in 2–5-year-old participants, and in the age groups of 35–44 years and 65–74 years, the scores were 5.32 ± 2.36 and 7.56 ± 4.29 respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in the presence of healthy gums, bleeding gums and presence of shallow pockets across the different age groups. Preventive treatment was required mostly by the participants in the age group 13-15 years. Conclusion: The present study showed a high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease among the study participants. Preventive treatment was required mostly by the participants in the age group 13-15 years.

The conjecture of stock exchange is the demonstration of attempting to decide the forecast estimation of a particular sector or the market, or the market as a whole. Every stock every investor needs to foresee the future evaluation of stocks, so a predicted forecast of a stock’s future cost could return enormous benefit. To increase the accuracy of the Conjecture of stock Exchange with daily changes in the market value is a bottleneck task. The existing stock market prediction focused on forecasting the regular stock market by using various machine learning algorithms and in-depth methodologies. The proposed work we have implemented describes the new NN model with the help of different learning techniques like hyperparameter tuning which includes batch normalization and fitting it with the help of random-search-cv. The prediction of the Stock exchange is an active area for research and completion in Numerai. The Numerai is the most robust data science competition for stock market prediction. Numerai provides weekly new datasets to mold the most exceptional prediction model. The dataset has 310 features, and the entries are more than 100000 per week. Our proposed new neural network model gives accuracy is closely 86%. The critical point, it isn’t easy with our proposed model with existing models because we are training and testing the proposed model with a new unlabeled dataset every week. Our ultimate aim for participating in Numerai competition is to suggest a neural network methodology to forecast the stock exchange independent of datasets with reasonable accuracy.

Background: Fractal analysis is, a noninvasive method, used to determine the intricate characteristics of the matter. Oral leukoplakia (OL), a potential malignant disorder, has definite propensity to turn in to malignancy. In such lesions, fractal dimension analysis (FDA) could be helpful in the early detection of malignant transformation. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of fractal dimension analysis in detecting malignancy potential of oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance, we enrolled 121 patients in our study. Lesions were photographed before and after toluidine staining. Image J software was used to analyze fractal dimensions (FDs) of digital image and results were compared with biopsy. Results: Fractal dimension value is significantly higher in leukoplakia with dysplastic changes. FD values increase as age of patients increases. FD value in leukoplakia with different tobacco products showed more positive correlation with surti/khaini abusers. Conclusion: Fractal dimension analysis is a useful method in determination of complication in OL cases and can be used as an effective, noninvasive screening tool at primary healthcare centers for early intervention.

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been spread in 213 countries and created an emergency situation around the world.A coronavirus is a group of single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses that causes severe respiratory infection in the infected individual. Nowadays, coronavirus has become a leading cause of death in the world. Efficient diagnosis is an essential step before starting the best possible treatment. For the diagnosis of coronavirus mainly 3 methods are reported such as RT-PCR method, RegularLAMP-based methods and Serology based tests. Based on the above methods, various diagnostic kits have been developed by different countries. This review contains the list of diagnostic kits approved by various countries, their working mechanism and time required to give result along with sampling procedure and major precautions which is most important during the diagnosis process. The worldwide R & D (research & development) will definitely lead to find an efficient and rapid diagnostic tool for the treatment of COVID-19.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are inseparable part of the building environment. As a result the health and well-being of the occupants is at risk because the concentration of these compounds is often times above the standard levels. As a result the occupants are unknowingly exposed to these harmful compounds. Recently, there have been developments on the ways of solving this problem. The existing heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) systems offer a solution but often times have some drawbacks in operation. Some techniques are effective but not very feasible for cleaning indoor air while others are very sophisticated. One of the smart ways to reduce the levels of VOCs in the buildings is to use air filters. VOCs are almost always present indoors; however, their concentration in the ambient air can be controlled by use of air purification process and can be brought down to acceptable levels. One of the major compounds found in buildings is formaldehyde, which is emitted by substances used daily to day life. In the long run, formaldehyde has adverse health effects on the occupants. The principal focus of this article is to determine and compare the efficiency of different filter materials like granulated carbon, carbon+ion-exchange and ion exchange in removing the major quantified compound i.e. formaldehyde. Also another important criteria in the selection of a filter material is pressure drop, hence the performance of each filter with respect to pressure drop has also been shown.

Introduction: Fracture penis is uncommon and often a result of sexual trauma. Diagnosis remains clinical and early surgical management is advocated. Herein, we share our experience of 20 such cases. Materials and Methods: Twenty fracture penis patients presented between August 2014 and April 2017 were included. Patients' data were retrieved retrospectively using case sheets and followed by outpatient department visits and telephonically. Eighteen patients had penile exploration while two patients were managed conservatively. Erectile and voiding functions were assessed by asking single question to the patient, which was limited to only two options in the form of normal and abnormal. All patients were followed up for a minimum of up to 6 months. Results: The patients were aged between 20 and 60 years (mean 37.7 years). Mean timing of presentation was 28.8 h (range 2 h to 7 days). Mean follow-up was 22.5 months (6–42 months). There were no long-term postoperative complications. Eighteen patients had coital trauma, one unmarried patient had a history of manipulation of erect penis, while one patient had a fall-on erect penis. Three patients had associated urethral injury. All patients had almost the same potency as preoperatively, but for one who had erectile dysfunction for a short period recovered spontaneously on tablet sildenafil. No patient had long-term voiding dysfunction, penile curvature, or sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: History and clinical examination clinch the diagnosis. Considering it as a urological emergency, radiological imaging is not required routinely. Early surgical repair preserves the potency and voiding functions.

Transcaval ureter is a rare condition caused by abnormality in the embryogenesis of the inferior vena cava (IVC). It results from a segmental duplication of the IVC which creates a venous ring that encircles the right ureter. Here, we report a case of a 42-year-old female who presented to us with a history of right flank pain for 2 years. Ultrasonography, intravenous urogram, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of the abdomen suggested it to be a retrocaval ureter. On exploration, contrary to the report of imaging, the ureter was found to transverse in between two segments of IVC and thus on table, a diagnosis of the right transcaval ureter as the cause of obstruction was made. The patient underwent segmental ureteral resection followed by ureteroureterostomy. Follow-up CECT scan was done to document two segments of IVC and thus confirm our intraoperative finding.