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Background: Hyperglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels increase excessively due to a variety of factors, one of which is the body's inability to regulate insulin properly. Diabetes closely relates to this condition, which significantly contributes to premature death and disability. Long-term diabetes treatment accompanied by a strict diet provides real results in controlling blood glucose levels but can cause side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the potential for new drug sources with minimal side effects. Traditional medicine empirically uses the plant Petiveria alliacea. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of P. alliacea on hyperglycemic model rat and to further determine the mechanism of its active compounds in silico. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups: 1 normal group, 1 group induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kgBW to treat hyperglycemia, and 3 other groups induced with STZ 50 mg/kgBW and given 70% ethanol extract of P. alliacea leaves (EEPa) in different doses. Each group was measured for B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression and apoptosis. We also carried out in silico identification of the isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds contained in EEPa against alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3. Results: It was found that giving STZ to rat can cause hyperglycemia. This was shown by measuring fasting blood glucose in rat and then measuring Bcl2 as an antiapoptotic agent. Bcl2 levels rose compared to the hyperglycemic control group and can lower apoptosis expression in heart cells of hyperglycemic model rat with an optimal dose of 90 mg/kgBW. In addition, the results showed that isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds have inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3. Conclusion: It can be concluded that EEPa is one of the alternative choices to overcome hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) belongs to the group of cancer-testis antigens that are exclusively expressed in germ cells but may be re-expressed in cancer cells. The highly expressed MAGE-A subfamily in lung cancer may potentially be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. This study aimed to identify MAGE-A11 and MAGE-A12 expressions in lung tumors obtained from core biopsy, forceps biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 90 patients clinically diagnosed with lung tumors. These patients received core biopsy, forceps biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage interventions after ethical approval was obtained. The complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) quality was assessed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The assessment was performed to ascertain if all specimens exhibited positive PCR amplification of the GAPDH gene. MAGE-A11 and MAGE-A12 were identified through a semi-nested reverse transcription PCR. The positive results were detected by measuring the PCR products, with MAGE-A11 and MAGE-A12 at base pairs (bp) of 858 and 496 in the first and second rounds, respectively. The expressions of MAGE-A11 and MAGE-A12 were observed in 3 (3.33%) and 40 (44.44%) out of 90 specimens, respectively. The prevalence rate of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was 31.11% (28/90). Among these cases, 3.57% (1/28) showed the expression of MAGE-A11, while 32.14% (9/28) exhibited the expression of MAGE-A12. Sixty-two (68.89%) out of 90 patients were diagnosed with no tumor cell malignancy. Out of 62 cases, 2 (3.23%) exhibited the expression of MAGE-A11, while 31 (50%) demonstrated the expression of MAGE-A12. MAGE-A11 and MAGE-A12 were detected in NSCLC and certain specimens with a pathological diagnosis that indicated the absence of malignant cells. In conclusion, MAGE A11 and MAGE A12 have potential markers to improve the pathological diagnosis of lung cancer. Further investigation is necessary to explore the expression of MAGE-A in correlation with lung cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to increase understanding about early detection of cervical cancer and pap smear evaluation among residents, as well as to increase the pap smear sampling skills by health workers in Pilangkenceng District, Madiun Regency. This study was a descriptive observational study using a cross-sectional approach which was conducted on 100 women, from the Pilangkenceng Primary Health Center in Madiun Regency, aged 20 to 70 years. Pretest and post-test assessments were carried out before and after the education of cervical cancer. Specimen adequacy assessment was carried out on 100 Pap smear samples taken by the health workers based on the Papaniculaou classification and the Bethesda system. Pap smear results were also compared with the results of the visual inspection of acetic acid (IVA) which was done before. Education of cervical cancer to the community can increase people's understanding of cervical cancer by 8.05% to 82.26%, while training for health workers on the technique of pap smear sampling shows an increase in knowledge of 51.62% to 100%. Adequacy of pap smear samples by health workers in Pilangkenceng District, Madiun Regency showed that 99% were adequate and satisfactory. Ten percent of IVA examinations showed positive results and those cases showed signs of inflammation and infection on pap smear examination. Community service activities of early detection of cervical cancer through the pap smear method can increase the understanding of early detection of cervical cancer in the community and the knowledge and sampling skills of health workers, hence the health workers at the Pilangkenceng Primary Health Center are ready to provide pap smear services for the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective to compare the inflammatory response between platelet rich plasma 20% and autologous serum 20% on cornea after sodium hydroxide exposure. Methods a true experimental study with two groups post-test design. A total of 18 rabbits were used in this study and allocated into two groups. After collecting intravenous blood samples from both group, platelet rich plasma 20% and autologous serum 20%, respectively, were obtained by centrifugation and dilution. Alkali burns were inflicted on the central cornea of each rabbit's right eye by applying a round filter paper, 7.0 mm in diameter, soaked in 1N NaOH for 60 s. Clinical outcome of the inflammation were observed everyday for seven days. On the seventh day, corneal tissue was collected for histopathological examination to evaluate amount of PMN neutrophils that infiltrate the central cornea. All data were statistically analyzed for difference between the study groups. Resuls statistical analysis shows statistically difference in clinical inflammatory feature of conjunctival hyperemia at day 3 until day 7, in which the group that received PRP 20% got lower conjunctival hyperemia grading compared to the group that received AS 20%. Other clinical features, corneal opacity and epithelial defect, shows no statistically difference between two groups. Histopathological examination shows lower amount of PMN neutrophil infiltration to the central cornea on PRP group, compared to AS group. Conclusio Platelet-rich plasma 20% eyedrop can be used as one of adjuvant therapies and has better control of inflammatory response towards alkaline injury of the cornea during acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is known for the most confirmed harmful variant (80%) of all renal cell carcinoma incidence. The prognosis of CCRCC is worse than the ones with the papillary or chromophobe subtypes. EGFR and CD133 have major contribution in both physiologically and pathologically proliferation of the cell. Additionally, EGFR and CD133 expression can be associated with the development of CCRCC, in which these two markers have a direct relationship and can influence each other. This investigation aimed to analyzed the correlation between those two markers at T stage CCRCC. Considered as an analytic observational study, this investigation applied a cross-sectional method carrying out with 45 tissues embedded in paraffin blocks as the diagnosis result of nephrectomy with clear cell renal cell carcinoma at the Laboratory of Anatomical Pathology, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The tissues were examined with Immunohistochemistry, using EGFR and CD133 antibodies. A Spearman trial was employed to investigate the correlation between EGFR and CD133 expression at various CCRCC stages. A significant positive relationship between EGFR and CD133 was revealed in this study with CCRCC stage status (r=0.36; P=0.02). In renal carcinoma, a demonstration of the significant correlation between EGFR and CD133 expression can exhibit a synergistic role between the two antibodies at a CCRCC stage, thus, the basis of therapy can be formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection caused a morphological change known as Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Certain type of HPV infection could become persistent and progress to High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), which are high risk of becoming invasive cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Immunohistochemical staining with p16 known as the marker on cervical lesion caused by HPV infection, p16 strongly expressed on HSIL and SCC, but very weak to none on LSIL or HPV negative. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PDL-1) pathway has an important role in decreasing T cell response and promoting T cell tolerance on chronic viral infection. Analyzing correlation between PDL-1 and p16 expressions with LSIL, HSIL and SCC of the cervix. Analytical observational conducted on paraffin block samples of the LSIL, HSIL and SCC of the cervix, at the Anatomical Pathology laboratory, Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya. Immunohistochemical staining is performed to detect expression of PDL-1 and p16. The result was statistically analyzed using Chi-Square correlation test. There are marked positive correlation between P16 and PDL-1 with LSIL, HSIL, SCC (p<0.05) with positive correlative coefficient of 0.647. There is a marked positive correlation between P16 and PDL-1 with LSIL, HSIL, SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laryngeal carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the upper respiratory tract, more than 98% are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). New method is necessary for identifying and predicting nodal metastasis in laryngeal SCC. Overproliferating tumor cells will induce hypoxia and release HIF-1α, which in turn will upregulate CXCR4. CXCR4 then will induce MMP13, a protein that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM), thus promoting metastatic process. Methods: A cross sectional study, using 30 samples of laryngeal SCC, divided into two groups: based on cervical lymph node status. All samples were stained immunohistochemically against HIF-1α, CXCR4 and MMP13 antibody. The expressions were evaluated using immunoreactive score (IRS). Result: There were significant difference among HIF1α, CXCR4, and MMP13 in laryngeal SCC with positive nodal metastasis group compared to negative nodal metastasis group (p<0,05). There was no significant correlation between HIF-1α expression and CXCR4 expression (p = 0,403) (p>0,05). There were significant correlation between HIF-1α and MMP13 expression (rs = 0,499), and between CXCR4 and MMP13 expression (rs = 0,409). Conclusion: There were significant differences in HIF-1α, CXCR4 and MMP13 immunoexpression in laryngeal SCC with cervical nodal metastasis compared to laryngeal SCC without cervical nodal metastasis. There was a positive correlation between HIF-1α and MMP13 expression, positive correlation between CXCR4 and MMP13 expression, but there was no correlation between HIF-1α and CXCR4 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]