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An online training activity was carried out regarding the assistance of parents in maintaining the dental and oral health of pre-school age children living in the Serpong area, South Tangerang, Banten. This training was designed considering the high caries rate of Indonesian children over the last 10 years. Given the importance of developing good health behavior from an early age, the intake of non-cariogenic foods and oral hygiene maintenance habits should also be carried out as early as possible. The role of parents is vital in teaching and supervising pre-school age children’s behavior. Therefore, this training was conducted to increase parental participation in supervising children's eating patterns and cleaning the oral cavity. This should be followed by correction of diet and better oral hygiene habits to reduce children’s caries rate. Early assessments show most parents still have a wrong understanding of caries prevention in children, especially in children who still receive breast milk. The final assessment demonstrates an improved understanding in the etiology of oral diseases and parental assistance in dental and oral health maintenance in children.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiofilm effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) ethanol extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. Material and Methods Phytochemical tests were done to identify the cinnamon extract active substances. Furthermore, a crystal violet biofilm assay was used to analyze biofilm detachment after treatment with different concentrations (15, 10, 7.5, 5, and 2.5%) of cinnamon. Biofilm turbidity was measured at 595-nm wavelength using a microplate reader. Additionally, MTT assay was done to analyze the toxicity level of cinnamon extract on fibroblast cells. Statistical Analysis The obtained data were analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The differences between each group were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance statistical test, with a significance level of p Results The results showed that the ethanol extract of cinnamon contains active compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones, and terpenoids. MTT result showed the cinnamon extract to be nontoxic. The biofilm assay results showed that all cinnamon concentrations exhibited an antibiofilm effect against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans in all incubation time compared with a negative control (p Conclusions Cinnamon extracts were effective in inhibiting biofilm of periodontal pathogens. Cinnamon extract might be useful as an alternative therapy for periodontal diseases. Future studies are still needed to confirm this result in vivo to analyze the efficacy of this extract as mouthwash.

Kanker mulut merupakan salah satu keganasan dengan morbiditas yang tinggi dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang buruk. Jumlahnya masih meningkat di semua negara termasuk Indonesia. Kanker mulut merupakan keganasan yang dapat dicegah dengan melihat gejala klinis yang dikenal sebagai pra-kanker. Deteksi dini adalah salah satu solusinya. Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan secara daring dilakukan pada komunitas penyintas kanker Love and Healthy Tangerang untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang kanker mulut. Informasi tentang pengenalan gejala klinis dini kanker mulut, faktor risiko, pemeriksa mulut sendiri (SAMURI), dan cara menjaga kesehatan rongga mulut diberikan kepada 50 peserta selama 3 jam. Semua peserta adalah perempuan dengan rentang usia 32-64 tahun. Pelatihan dievaluasi dengan melakukan pre-test dan post-test. Terdapat peningkatan nilai rata-rata pre-test 66,38 + 1,73 dan post-test 80,43 + 1,77, dan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada tingkat pengetahuan pada responden sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan (p=0,000). Antusiasme peserta sangat baik, terlihat dari 70 pertanyaan yang diajukan selama pelatihan. Dengan diadakannya pelatihan deteksi dini kanker mulut dengan SAMURI, diharapkan informasi tersebut dapat bermanfaat sehingga angka kejadian kanker mulut dapat ditekan.

Indonesia merupakan negara yang amat kaya akan bahan alam yang penuh manfaat bagi kesehatan. Salah satu tanaman yang diketahui memiliki banyak manfaat adalah daun serai karena kandungan minyak atsiri di dalamnya. Diketahui bahwa salah satu bagiannya, yaitu bagian atas (daun) sering tidak terpakai dan menjadi limbah, padahal hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bagian tersebut tidak bersifat toksik dan mengandung anti oksidan tinggi, memiliki daya hambat berbagai mikroba dan jamur. Pelatihan pemanfaat limbah serai sebagai obat kumur dan hand sanitizer dilakukan pada 25 orang di Yayasan Adz Zikra Jakarta Timur yang terdiri dari anak yatim dan ibu-ibu janda untuk dapat meningkatkan perekonomian komunitas tersebut. Pelatihan secara langsung diberikan oleh 5 pemateri yang mencakup latar belakang pemilihan limbah serai, manfaat, teknis pembuatan obat kumur dan hand sanitizer, pengemasan, monitoring dan evaluasi produk serta tinjauan pemberdayaan ekonomi. Antusiasme peserta tampak sangat baik dan evaluasi hasil produk dari segi rasa,warna dan bau seluruhnya dapat diterima dengan baik. Rekomendasi tim untuk dapat meneruskan kegiatan pelatihan ini pada anggota lainnya agar dapat mewujudkan peluang usaha lokal mandiri dari komunitas.

Dandang gendis is a herbal plant that is widely found in Asia. The plant has many benefits, in some South Asia country they used as antidote for snake venom or bug bites. In dentistry, the plant has been developed to help the healing process of the mucosa in the oral cavity. The background of this Community Service (PkM) activity is the lack of knowledge of housewives regarding the importance of maintaining their family’s oral health and herbal plants that can be used to maintain the health of the oral cavity. The purposes of this activity were to give information about oral health maintenance and introduce the utilization of dandang gendis leaves as a mouthwash solution for the family’s oral health, especially in the Ancol area. This PkM activity is expected to help housewives in maintaining the health of their family's oral cavity by using dandang gendis plants. The implementation was carried out offline on 26th March 2022 by giving lectures regarding the maintenance of oral health, introduction to dandang gendis and the use of dandang gendis leaves as a mouthwash solution, then the activity continued with discussion. The results showed that there is knowledge improvement based on the differences results of pre and post tests carried out.

Background: Maintaining the anatomy of the root canal is crucial in root canal treatment. The super-elastic property of the nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) file system provides advantages in preparation of curved root canals, as it can reduce the force on the root canal wall, increase centering ability, and reduce iatrogenic errors. Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the differences in preparation results of two reciprocal Ni-Ti files with and without glide path to the changes of root canal curvature. Materials and Methods: Twenty pieces of endodontic blocks (ISO# 15, 16 mm, 2% tapered) were divided into four randomly assigned groups. Group 1 (without glide path) and Group 2 (with glide path) were prepared with Wave One Gold (WOG). Group 3 (without glide path) and Group 4 (with glide path) were prepared with Reciproc Blue (RB). Each subject was explored using K-file #10. Glide path was prepared with ProGlider (PG) #16. Digital images of before and after the root canal preparations were taken using a digital camera with the same angle and distance settings. The before and after photos were superimposed on each other, and the transportation at the inner and outer root canal walls in the coronal curvature, apical curvature, and apical end points was measured with software. Results: No significant difference was found between changes in the coronal curvature using WOG and RB, with and without glide path (P > 0.05). The same result was observed between WOG and RB groups with glide path at each measurement point. Significant differences were found between changes in apical curvature and apical point in the inner wall using WOG and RB without glide path (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There were differences in root canal curvature prepared using WOG and RB on the apical region when prepared without glide path, but no differences were found when prepared with glide path at each point measurement.

To describe the development of a platform for image collection and annotation that resulted in a multi-sourced international image dataset of oral lesions to facilitate the development of automated lesion classification algorithms.We developed a web-interface, hosted on a web server to collect oral lesions images from international partners. Further, we developed a customised annotation tool, also a web-interface for systematic annotation of images to build a rich clinically labelled dataset. We evaluated the sensitivities comparing referral decisions through the annotation process with the clinical diagnosis of the lesions.The image repository hosts 2474 images of oral lesions consisting of oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders and other oral lesions that were collected through MeMoSAThis is the first description of a database with clinically labelled oral lesions. This database could accelerate the improvement of AI algorithms that can promote the early detection of high-risk oral lesions.

Objective Oral cancer is amenable to early detection but remains a prominent cause of mortality in the Asia Pacific region. This study aimed to identify barriers to early detection and management of oral cancer in the Asia Pacific region. Methods A mixed-methods approach was employed triangulating findings from a survey and focus groups. The survey was conducted among seven representative members of the Asia Pacific Oral Cancer Network (APOCNET) across six countries. Focus groups were conducted to gain deeper insights into the findings of the survey. Results The identified barriers were a lack of national cancer control strategies and cancer registries and the limited availability of trained health care professionals. Overcoming these challenges in the Asia Pacific region where resources are scarce will require collaborative partnerships in data collection and novel approaches for continuous professional training including eLearning. Further, to overcome the lack of trained health care professionals, innovative approaches to the management of oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer including telemedicine were suggested. Conclusion The findings of this study should be taken into account when charting national cancer control plans for oral cancer and will form the basis for future collaborative studies in evaluating effective measures to improve oral cancer detection and management in low- and middle-income countries.

Many types of mouthwash are widely sold on the market. These often include essential oils, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and chlorine dioxide as ingredients. This study aims to determine the differences in vitro capacity of commercial mouthwashes containing essential oils, chlorhexidine, povidoneiodine, or chlorine dioxide against multispecies biofilms Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The experiment was carried out using a crystal violet biofilm assay method. Multispecies biofilms were tested against the four commercial types of mouthwash. The results showed that four commercial mouthwashes were effective in inhibiting multispecies biofilms with reduction percentage of 54% - 91%. The one-way ANOVA results showed that all mouthwashes have a significant effect on reducing the number of biofilms compared to the control. (p

Purpose To establish an oral lesion image database that could accelerate the development of artificial intelligence systems for lesion recognition and referral decision. Materials and Methods We describe the establishment of a multi-sourced image dataset through the development of a platform for the collection and annotation of images. Further, we developed a used-friendly tool (MeMoSA® ANNOTATE) for systematic annotation to collect a rich dataset associated with the images. We evaluated the sensitivities comparing referral decisions through the annotation process with the clinical diagnosis of the lesions to identify lesions that are challenging to identify through images alone. Results The image repository hosts 2474 images of oral lesions consisting of oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders, benign lesions, normal anatomical variants and normal mucosa that were collected through our platform, MeMoSA® UPLOAD. Over 800 images were annotated by seven oral medicine specialists on MeMoSA®ANNOTATE, to mark the lesion and to collect clinical labels. The sensitivity in referral decision for all lesions that required a referral for cancer management/surveillance was moderate to high depending on the type of lesion (64.3–100%). Conclusion This is the first description of a database with well-annotated oral lesions. This database has already been used for the development of AI algorithm for classifying oral lesions. Further expansion of this database could accelerate the improvement in AI algorithms that can facilitate the early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer.

Objectives: The aim of this article is to describe oral medicine patients’ satisfaction level with teledentistry services during COVID-19 pandemic by a factor analysis. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oral Medicine Clinic in 31 patients who used teledentistry services at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic under informed consent. Questionnaire modification was validated with the Rasch model analysis and components that contribute to satisfaction were analyzed by the factor analysis. A total of satisfaction scores were then categorized into five levels (very dissatisfied; not satisfied; moderate; satisfied and very satisfied). Results: The questionnaire shows Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83 and a reliability item of 0.95 with a separation of 4.49. The factor analysis shows two components that contribute to satisfaction, namely, components convenience and communication. One hundred percent of the subjects were in the satisfied and very satisfied categories. Discussion: The Rasch model can determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used more accurately. The components of convenience and communication are the main things that are considered when patients choose teledentistry services. Conclusion: Oral medicine patients’ satisfaction level with teledentistry services during the COVID-19 pandemic was 100% in the satisfied and very satisfied categories, with contributing factors being convenience and communication.

Oral cancer disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where a lack of access to appropriate medical care contributes towards late disease presentation. Using artificial intelligence to facilitate the automated identification of high-risk oral lesions can improve patient survival rates. With image classification using oral cavity images and other forms of medical images, the information to be classified can often be extremely localized. To address this problem, we propose the use of convolutional neural networks with trainable soft attention. Further to this, we incorporate the use of localization loss to penalize the difference between attention maps and clinically annotated mask. This effectively allows clinicians to help guide soft attention. Improvements to the baseline were made, with an accuracy of 0.8333 and a ROC AUC of 0.8632, which equates to increases of 0.0245 and 0.0394, respectively. This accuracy corresponds to a sensitivity of 0.8469 and a specificity of 0.8208. Perhaps of more importance, is a model that demonstrates better capability at paying attention to the lesions in its decision making. Furthermore, visualizing resulting attention maps can help to strengthen clinical confidence in AI decision making.

Oral cancer is a major global health issue accounting for 177,384 deaths in 2018 and it is most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Enabling automation in the identification of potentially malignant and malignant lesions in the oral cavity would potentially lead to low-cost and early diagnosis of the disease. Building a large library of well-annotated oral lesions is key. As part of the MeMoSA®(Mobile Mouth Screening Anywhere) project, images are currently in the process of being gathered from clinical experts from across the world, who have been provided with an annotation tool to produce rich labels. A novel strategy to combine bounding box annotations from multiple clinicians is provided in this paper. Further to this, deep neural networks were used to build automated systems, in which complex patterns were derived for tackling this difficult task. Using the initial data gathered in this study, two deep learning based computer vision approaches were assessed for the automated detection and classification of oral lesions for the early detection of oral cancer, these were image classification with ResNet-101 and object detection with the Faster R-CNN. Image classification achieved an F1 score of 87.07% for identification of images that contained lesions and 78.30% for the identification of images that required referral. Object detection achieved an F1 score of 41.18% for the detection of lesions that required referral. Further performances are reported with respect to classifying according to the type of referral decision. Our initial results demonstrate deep learning has the potential to tackle this challenging task.

Dentists' knowledge and attitudes are two main components that may have a role in reducing and preventing the severity of HIV infection. No recent data on this are available in Jakarta.To evaluate the dental profession's experience based on knowledge and attitude toward HIV patients in West Jakarta.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 218 private dentists. The knowledge and attitude were assessed by validated questionnaire under informed consent. Data were analyzed by the Rasch model to assess reliability and multiple logistic regression.Rasch test found person reliability was poor (0.60; 1.23) and item reliability was excellent (0.97; 5.32). Good knowledge was shown in 58.3% of respondents, and a good attitude was practiced in 56.9%. Only the duration of dental practice (p .005)1 year served as an independent risk factor for good knowledge and attitude (p .05; p .05), respectively. Age, gender, having a social history of interacting with HIV patients, or a history of having treated HIV patients were not associated (p .05). The results suggest that newly graduated dentists (1 year) have retained the knowledge which could impact on their attitude toward HIV patients in dental practice.Newly qualified dentists had the best knowledge and attitude toward treating HIV patients in West Jakarta.

Background: Indonesia has the third largest population of smokers in the world, however, little is known about the use of chewing tobacco/betel quid in Indonesia. This paper describes the characteristics of chewing tobacco/betel quid users in Indonesia, to understand the user population and inform future research. Methods: The 2011 Indonesia GATS included 8,176 adults ages 15 and older. These data are weighted to be nationally representative. Weighted descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were run using SAS 9.4. Results: Estimated national prevalence for exclusive chewing tobacco/betel quid use was 0.9%, for exclusive smoked tobacco use was 33.9% and for dual use was 0.8%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that exclusive chewing tobacco/betel quid users were significantly more likely to be female, and to be older adults (45-64); while smokers are more likely to be male and younger (25-44). Conclusions/Importance: These results provide information on the different characteristics of users by product type, and show that users' demographics vary by their product of choice. This study helps to inform researchers and practitioners of the burden of chewing tobacco/betel quid use in Indonesia. These data, especially specific data on chewing tobacco/betel quid use patterns, are limited in this context, and this knowledge can help to identify populations who need quit tobacco interventions.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care systems around the world. Dentistry is one of the most closely related to the production of aerosols or droplets. Minimal visits to a dental clinic or hospital are highly recommended except in emergency cases. The government's recommendation is the use of teledentistry to conduct diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. The oral medicine field is fully in charge of this activity and until now it has never been studied how the characteristics of oral medicine patients who use teledentistry services including their level of satisfaction. Method: To describe the characteristic including the level of satisfaction of Oral Medicine patients using teledentistry in Dental Hospital Usakti during pandemic COVID-19. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oral Medicine Clinic in 31 patients who used teledentistry services at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic under informed consent. Validated modified questionnaire and sociodemographic data were collected and satisfaction scores were categorized. Results: The validity of the questionnaire showed Cronbach-alpha 0.83 with a reliability of 0.95 and a separation of 4.49. Most of the subject used teledentistry was female (54.83%), 31-60 years old (51.61%), no history of contact with COVID-19 patient, and prior history of teledentistry (100%, 77.41%, respectively). 93.6% of subjects showed a high satisfaction level in using teledentistry services. Conclusion: The characteristic of oral medicine patients using teledentistry described a high satisfaction level, thus the teledentistry method could be a solution in/after the pandemic era.

KATA PENGANTAR PENGURUS BESAR PERSATUAN DOKTER GIGI INDONESIA Dimulai akhir Desember 2019 terjadi wabah virus baru di dataran china terkhusus di daerah Wuhan, yang secara cepat menyebar diluar China bahkan dalam waktu 2 bulan hampir seluruh dunia terinfeksi COVID-19, sehingga WHO menyatakan Outbreak COVID-19 Global Pandemic. Pada tanggal 2 maret 2020 Indonesia mengumumkan dimulainya kejadian wabah di wilayah Jakarta, Jawa Barat, dan Bali, dalam waktu singkat kurang 1 bulan, 34 provinsi terdeteksi COVID-19. Oleh karena Presiden RI menyatakan bencana nasional non alam, maka dibentuklah Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19 yang diawali oleh BNBP dari tingkat pusat hingga wilayah provinsi. Dengan adanya beberapa korban dokter gigi yang meninggal dunia akibat COVID-19, maka Kepala BNPB dan Kementerian Kesehatan menghimbau agar dokter gigi yang berisiko tinggi tertular COVID-19 saat memberikan pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, untuk sementara menghentikan pemberian pelayanan kecuali untuk kasus-kasus emergensi. Hampir 4 bulan para dokter gigi tidak praktik, tidak memberikan pelayanan langsung ke pasien, dan tidak dapat mengamalkan ilmu dan kompetensi dalam bentuk pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Banyak permintaan dan keluhan dari masyarakat, klinik, rumah sakit dan institusi pelayanan kesehatan agar para dokter gigi segera dapat berpraktik kembali, karena masyarakat kesulitan mendapatkan perawatan. Seiring dengan wacana Pemerintah menerapkan Kehidupan Normal Baru, atau Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru yang dikenal dengan sebutan era New Normal, PB-PDGI memberikan kesempatan kepada dokter gigi seluruh Indonesia untuk memulai praktik kembali dengan berbagai ketentuan yang harus ditaati. Ketentuan-ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk melindungi dokter gigi dan tenaga kesehatan pendukung agar tidak tertular COVID-19, serta menghindari adanya infeksi silang di ruang tempat praktik. Dengan diterbitkan dan diberlakukannya Buku Panduan Dokter Gigi Dalam Era New Normal, maka dimulailah para dokter gigi Indonesia untuk berpraktik kembali. Buku ini memuat panduan secara lengkap, selain ketentuan berpraktik kembali di era new normal, tetapi juga tentang manajemen pembiayaan dan upaya promotif Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut, yang didukung oleh literatur ilmiah yang kuat, sehingga dapat menjadi referensi bagi siapapun untuk penulisan ilmiah maupun penelitian. Ketua umum PB-PDGI memberikan apresiasi yang setinggi-tingginya kepada tim penulis buku Panduan Dokter Gigi Di Era New Normal, dengan dedikasi yang tinggi pula dan jerih payahnya mencari literatur, siang dan malam menyusun kata demi kata yang dirangkai menjadi kalimat-kalimat hingga terwujudnya buku ini yang menjadi pedoman bagi dokter gigi se-Indonesia untuk berpraktik di era new normal. Dengan penuh harapan, agar dokter gigi Indonesia dapat menggunakan buku ini secara bijak dan tidak menjadi keterpaksaan. Semoga Allah SWT selalu melindungi kita semua dan memberikan yang terbaik.. Aamiin...Aamiin... Ya Robbal ‘alamin. Demikian terima kasih. Jakarta, 30 Juni 2020 Dr. RM Sri Hananto Seno, drg., SpBM(K),MM Ketua Umum PB-PDGI Editor: 1. Indrayadi Gunardi, drg., Sp.PM 2. Dr. Armelia Sari Widyarman, drg., M.Kes. PBO 3. Prof. Rahmi Amtha, drg., MDS., Sp.PM, Ph.D. 4. Iwan Dewanto, drg., MMR., Ph.D

Aim: Proper oral care is an important contributor to overall health, and various antiseptic options are available for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) oral formulations remain popular for their broad spectrum of effect and favorable tolerability profile. Our aim was to provide a narrative review looking at the past and current studies evaluating PVP-I usage for the maintenance of oral health. Materials and Methods: Querying the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the terms “PVP-I,” “Oral Health,” and “Dental Care,” we identified and systematically reviewed articles for a literature review of PVP-I applications in the area. In addition to potent antimicrobial action against common viruses, fungi, and bacteria, the absence of reported resistance to PVP-I makes it an increasingly attractive option in today’s settings. Results: The applications for PVP-I range from routine oral care and gingivitis through to the management of oral mucositis and surgical site disinfection following dental surgeries. Evidence also suggests that PVP-I confers additional benefits that complement its antiseptic properties. These include anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, and hemostyptic effects, which can improve clinical outcomes. Conclusion: The clinical benefits of PVP-I warrant its ongoing consideration as a reliable antiseptic for broad oral care needs.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the association between tobacco consumption (kretek) and betel quid chewing with oral cancer risk. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 cases of oral cancers were matched with 162 controls in this hospital-based study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and details of risk habits (duration, frequency and type of tobacco consumption and betel quid chewing) were collected. Association between smoking and betel quid chewing with oral cancer were analysed using conditional logistic regression. Results: Slightly more than half of the cases (55.6%) were smokers where 88.9% of them smoked kretek. After adjusting for confounders, smokers have two fold increased risk, while the risk for kretek consumers and those smoking for more than 10 years was increased to almost three-fold. Prevalence of betel quid chewing among cases and controls was low (7.4% and 1.9% respectively). Chewing of at least one quid per day, and quid combination of betel leaf, areca nut, lime and tobacco conferred a 5-6 fold increased risk. Conclusions: Smoking is positively associated with oral cancer risk. A similar direct association was also seen among betel quid chewers.

Introduction: Academic potential test (APT) is the terminology used for requirement in student recruitment process at Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University. According to literature, APT score is believed to predict the academic achievement in graduate school. Objectives: This study assessed the impact of APT score on GPA score at Bachelor Dental Program year 2015-2018. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive analysis were done on 486 students, divided into 4 groups based on credit semester (CS); group A 144 CS, B 100 CS, C 60 CS, and D 20 CS. Result: mean APT score were 598 + 95.46 and GPA score were 2.63 + 0.72. Linear regression test showed significant correlation between APT and GPA scores (p=0.007; r2=1.5%). It shows that APT contributed as only a little aspect for the success of students in their study. In dentistry, there are other factors that may influence GPA score beside APT such as intellectual quality, talent, behavior, psychomotor and capability in social, science and communication. Conclusion: Academic potential test could be used to predict the GPA score in Bachelor Dental Program.

Background: Oral cancer is one of the sixth most common cancers in human, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. The clinical appearance of OSCC may resemble other types of oral cancer such as rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The definitive diagnosis is crucial as the management and prognosis of both lesions are quite different. Case Report: A 42-year-old male presented with a unhealed painful ulcer of the posterior right lateral border of the tongue for about 4 months. Restricted mobility of the tongue and positive submandibular lymph nodes were detected. Wide excision with regional neck dissection was performed. Discussion: Pleomorphic RMS (PRMS) was identifed by immunohistochemistry of positive desmin and smooth muscle actin. The clinical presentation of the lesion is exactly similar to OSCC. PRMS is a rare type of high-grade sarcoma of the oral cavity. It usually occurs in the deep of lower extremities of adult on the six decade. Conclusion: Although the management of OSCC and RMS is almost alike, the ability of metastasis is salient compared to OSCC. Therefore, the definitive diagnosis should be careful due to its characteristic.

Reaksi hipersensitivitas obat adalah kondisi patologis yang sering terjadi pada manusia dengan insidensi yang meningkat setiap tahunnya. Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SSJ) adalah salah satu istilah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh reaksi hipersensitivitas tubuh terhadap obat, bakteri, virus, dan bahan kimia. Salah satu obat yang secara luas dilaporkan memicu terjadinya SSJ adalah karbamazepin, obat sintetis yang umumnya digunakan oleh pasien gangguan saraf dan kejiwaan. Dua kasus SSJ karena penggunaan karbamazepin dilaporkan dengan manifestasi klinis yang hampir sama, hanya berbeda dalam derajat keparahan dan patogenesis munculnya manifestasi akibat reaksi hipersensitivitas obat yang dikonsumsi. Perawatan komprehensif bersifat multi-disiplin melibatkan Bagian Kulit Kelamin, Saraf, Penyakit Dalam, Penyakit Mulut dan Ahli Jiwa memberikan kemajuan penyembuhan pada penderita. Menjaga kebersihan mulut, penggunaan obat kumur prednison dan krim topikal acetonid floucinolon untuk bibir memberikan kemajuan pesat penyembuhan intra-oral dari pasien, mendampingi obat sistemik dari disiplin ilmu yang relevan. Sebagai kesimpulan, SSJ dapat disebabkan oleh penggunaan karbamazepin dan menunjukkan manifestasi yang parah. SSJ perlu dikelola secara akurat dengan pendekatan multidisiplin terapi.

Shisha is a water pipe that tobacco extract and fruit scented burnt using coal. It produces the smoke through the vessel and inhaled using a hose with good taste. The culture of shisha smoking is popular in Midle East country that curently has been also entering Indonesia. The side effect of shisha smoking habit is still very rare reported. The aim of this study is to describe the oral mucosa condition of shisha user. A preliminary observasional study was conducted at several sisha cafe at South of Jakarta. Under informed consent, subject with habit of tobacco and shisha smoker were included. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, duration, frequency of smoking), salivary flow rate and oral mucosa changes were documented. Eighteen subjects were recruited into this study. Most of shisha smoker was also tobacco smoker. Shisha was more practiced by maleat age (15-24 year old). The oral mucosa changes such as keratosis, melanosis, leukoedema, coated tongue, gingivitis and xerostomia were found on subject with habit of tobacco smoking habit only or both shisha and tobacco smoking. The oral mucosa changes were mainly because of the tobacco content in shisha. However, singly shisha smoking habit seems making a lesser efect to the oral mucosa rather than if the subject also practice tobacco smoking habit. It may be trigered by the temperature of smoke and carcinogenic effect of tobacco. Apparently the shisha smoking habit may caused oral mucosa changes almost the same with tobacco smoking habit.

Objectives: The objective of the study are to determine BPA release and genotoxicity differences between three adhesives, and to determine the relationship between BPA release and genotoxicity. Methods: Three branded adhesives materials were polimerized in mold and immersed in pH 7 and 4 artificial saliva from 24 to 720 hours. The artificial saliva was tested with spectrofotometry test to see BPA release at 24, 240, 480, and 720 hours, then freeze dried to get solid extract. Combination of the extract and lymphocite culture (male and female) then tested with in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay to see genotoxicity level of three adhesives at 24, 240, 480, and 720 hours as well. Results: The highest BPA release occured at 720 hours by Tetric N-Flow: 0,013μg/L; Filtek Z350XT: 0,11μg/L; Flowtain LV: 0,036μg/L respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between BPA release with time (F = 505,98; p=0,00) and brands (F = 147,65; p = 0,00). Time and BPA release interaction also showed a statistically significant difference (F=13,35; p=0,00). Genotoxicity can be seen at 720 hours on Flowtain LV sample (MN frequency: male: 0,044; female: 0,053). Conclusions: The number of BPA release of all brand was increasing from 24 to 720 hours and did not influenced by brands. Genotoxicity can be seen from one of the adhesive brand at 720 hours.There was correlation between BPA leaching and micronucleus frequency.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v22i3.402

Mouth ulcer plaster is effective in accelerating the healing of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and traumatic ulcers. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most commonly occurring oral diseases. The prevalence of oral ulceration worldwide is 4%, with RAS having the largest proportion (25%). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is oral ulceration which has a self-limiting disease, but the specific medication to reduce pain caused by lesion is still less varied nowadays. This study aimed to examine the differences in the effectiveness between topical application of hyaluronic acid (HA), mouth ulcer plaster (MUP) and 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as a positive control in the healing of RAS and traumatic ulcers (TU). This was a quasi-experimental study by measuring the lesion diameter as well as visual analogue scale (VAS) pre- and post-administration of three types of medication. Kruskal-walis test results show that there are differences in effectiveness (p=0.000) of the three types of medication to cure RAS and TU. There are signicant differences in the reduction of RAS and TU lesion diameter (p = 0.015) and VAS (p = 0.038) with the use of HA and MUP on the 4th day. There is no signicant difference in effectiveness (diameter and VAS) of MUP and TA medication on the fourth day (p = 0.880 and p = 1.000 respectively). There is no signicant difference among HA, MUP and TA on the healing of the lesions on the seventh day (p>0.05). It can be concluded that the effectiveness of MUP is similar to that of topical medications containing corticosteroids in the healing of RAS and traumatic ulcers.ABSTRAKStomatitis aftosa rekuren (SAR) merupakan salah satu penyakit mulut yang paling umum terjadi. Prevalensi ulserasi mulut di seluruh dunia adalah 4%, dengan SAR menempati urutan terbesar yaitu 25%. Stomatitis aftosa rekuren merupakan ulserasi mulut yang memiliki self-limiting disease, namun sediaan obat yang spesifik untuk mengurangi rasa sakit yang ditimbulkan lesi sampai saat ini masih kurang bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas antara aplikasi topikal asam hialuronat (AH), plester sariawan (PS) serta triamcinolone acetonide 0,1% (TA) sebagai kontrol positif dalam menyembuhkan SAR dan ulkus traumatikus (UT). Jenis penelitian eksperimental klinis kuasi dengan mengukur diameter lesi serta skala visual analog (VAS) pra dan paska pemberian tiga jenis obat. Hasil uji Kruskal-walis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan efektivitas (p=0,000) ketiga jenis obat terhadap penyembuhan SA dan UT. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna penurunan diameter lesi (p = 0,015) dan VAS (p = 0,038) SAR dan UT dengan penggunaan AH dan PS pada hari ke-4. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna efektivitas (diameter dan VAS) obat PS dan TA pada hari ke-4 (p = 0,880 dan p = 1,000 secara berurutan). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara masing-masing obat AH, PS dan TA terhadap penyembuhan lesi pada hari ke-7 (p >0,05). Kesimpulan efektivitas PS sama dengan obat topikal yang mengandung kortikosteroid dalam menyembuhkan stomatitis aftosa dan ulkus traumatikus.

Background: In Jakarta, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) usually detected in late stage with very low survival rate ofabout 1.1 years. OSCC may be preceded by premalignant lesion, so that early detection of the lesion may decrease the mortality rate due to oral malignancy. CD133 is a hematopoietic stem cell that play role in tissue regeneration, inflammation and tumor. Upregulated of CD133 was reported on tumor progression. Purpose: The aim of study is to determine circulating CD133 expression on premalignant (PML) and proliferative (PL) lesion. Method: Observational research was carried out on patients who seek treatment of PML and PL at Oral Medicine clinic. CD133 was taken from peripheral blood serum, examined using PCR. Data was analyzed by Chi square test. Result: 15 subjects (each of five subjects for PML, PL and control) consist of 40% male and 60% female. Age group of above 41 years old was most affected PML and PL (66.7%). Tongue is common site for oral lesion (40%). There is a significant different of circulating CD133 rate among all groups lesion (p=0.039). Conclusion: CD133 express differently in premalignant and proliferative lesions.

Background: Estrogens are sex hormon that play an important role in bone metabolism, including in bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment. Women has a monthly cycle which is affected by fluctuations of estrogen that is menstruation and ovulation. Purpose: The study was aimed to determine the differences of orthodontic tooth movement during menstrual an ovulation cycle. Methods: Five women were given ± 100 g orthodontic force using fixed orthodontic appliance with straight wire technique at the time of menstruation and ovulation with an interval of 1.5 months. Orthodontic tooth movement and levels of estrogen were measured during menstruation and ovulation. Results: Statistical results showed a significant differences between estrogen levels and orthodontic tooth movement (p < 0.05). When estrogen levels decline as in menstruation, tooth movement as results of orthodontic force would increase, whereas when estrogen levels increase as the time of ovulation, tooth movement would decrease. Conclusion: The estrogen level in menstruation and ovulation cycle may affect the tooth movement on ortodontic treatment.Latar belakang: Estrogen merupakan hormon seks yang mempunyai peran penting dalam metabolisme tulang termasuk dalam remodeling tulang selama perawatan ortodonti. Wanita memiliki siklus bulanan yang dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi estrogen yaitu menstruasi dan ovulasi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pergerakan gigi akibat gaya ortodonti pada siklus menstruasi dan ovulasi. Metode: Lima orang wanita diberikan gaya ortodonti ±100 gr menggunakan alat orthodontik cekat dengan teknik straight wire pada saat menstruasi dan ovulasi dengan selang waktu 1,5 bulan. Selain itu subyek juga diukur kadar estrogennya saat menstruasi dan ovulasi. Hasil: Hasil statistik menunjukan kadar estrogen berbanding terbalik dengan pergerakan gigi ortodonti (p < 0,05). Saat kadar estrogen menurun seperti pada menstruasi, maka pergerakan gigi akan meningkat, sedangkan pada saat kadar estrogen meningkat seperti saat ovulasi, maka pergerakan gigi akan menurun. Simpulan: Kadar estrogen pada siklus menstruasi dan ovulasi dapat mempengaruhi pergerakan gigi pada perawatan ortodonti.

Background: There are many instances in oral cancer cases in which a lack of patient cooperation was found to be a hampering factor in the overall case management. A good relationship between dentists and patients should therefore be built in conjunction with other treatment modalities. Case Report: Three complete oral cancer cases with dentist–patient relationship problems are presented. One of the common basic ways to build a good relationship is through communication and empathy. A relationship is also influenced by psychological distress, experience from previous treatments, socioeconomic factors, the healthcare system, time constraints, and belief. Conclusion: No single intervention strategy can improve the compliance of an oral cancer patient. An assessment of patient knowledge and understanding of the regimen along with clear and effective communication and trust in the therapeutic relationship are important in the overall patient management.

Radiotherapy has impact in oral health especially on the secretion capacity of the salivary glands. Another impact is the increase of Candida albicans colony. Objectives: To evaluate salivary flow in relation with Candida albicans colony in head and neck cancer patients during and after radiotherapy. Methods: Twenty-four head and neck cancer patients in Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta who were undergoing radiotherapy or had undergone radiotherapy and 24 match healthy volunteers were included in the study. Clinical observation carried out by collecting unstimulated salivary flow rate and followed by culture of Candida in Saboraud agar medium. Data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square. Results: Nasopharynx cancer was the most frequent type of head and neck cancers (87.5%) followed by tongue cancer (12.5%) and and found in 41-50 years old patients and 51-60 years old patients respectively, with male predilection compare to female (17:7). Approxiamtely 87.5% of subjects showed decreased salivary flow rate (1.01-1.50mL/10min) during and after radiotherapy. However, 91.7% of cancer patients had increased C.albicans colony during and after radiotherapy compared to control (p=0.00). Conclusion: This study showed that radiotherapy induced hyposalivation and might increase the C.albicans colony.

Background: Recurrent ulcer on angular area is usually called stomatitis angularis. It is caused by many factors such as vertical dimension reduce, vitamin B12, and immune system deficiency, C. albicans and staphylococcus involvement. Clinically is characterized by painful fissure with erythematous base without fever. Purpose: to describe an unidentified angular ulcer proceeded by recurrent ulcers with no response of topical therapy. Case: An 18-years old male came to Oral Medicine clinic in RSCM who complained of angular recurrent ulcers since 3 years ago which developed on skin and bleed easily on mouth opening. Patient had fever before the onset of ulcers. Large, painful, irregular ulcers covered by red crustae on angular area bilaterally. Patient has been treated with various drugs without improvement and lead to mouth opening limitation. Intra oral shows herpetiformtype of ulcer and swollen of gingival. Case management: Provisional diagnosis was established as viral infection thus acyclovir 200 mg five times daily for two weeks and topical anti inflammation gel were administered. Blood test for IgG/IgM of HSV1 and HSV2 were non reactive, however ulceration showed a remarkable improvement. The ulcers healed completely after next 2 weeks with acyclovir. Conclusion: The angular ulceration on above patient failed to fulfill the criteria of stomatitis angularis or herpes labialis lesion. However it showed a good response to antiviral. Therefore, unidentified angular ulceration was appointed, as the lesion might be triggered by other type of human herpes virus or types of virus that response to acyclovir.Latar belakang: ulser rekuren pada sudut mulut biasanya disebut stomatitis angularis. Kelainan ini disebabkan oleh banyak faktor seperti berkurangnya dimensi vertikal, defisiensi vitamin B12 dan sistem kekebalan tubuh, infeksi C. albicans serta staphylococcus. Secara klinis kelainan ini ditandai dengan fisur sakit pada sudut mulut dengan dasar eritematus tanpa disertai demam. Tujuan: Melaporkan kasus ulser sudut mulut rekuren yang tidak biasa, tanpa respon terhadap terapi topikal yang biasa diberikan. Kasus: Seorang lakilaki berusia 18 tahun datang ke klinik Penyakit Mulut RSCM dengan keluhan ulser rekuren pada sudut mulut yang meluas ke kulit sekitarnya sejak 3 tahun yang lalu. Ulser mudah berdarah saat pasien membuka mulut dan demam sebelum lesi timbul. Ulser membesar, bilateral, sakit, tepi tidak teratur, ditutupi oleh krusta merah. Pasien telah diobati dengan berbagai obat, namun tidak menunjukkan perbaikan. Intra oral tampak ulser jenis herpetiformis pada gingiva disertai dengan pembengkakan. Tatalaksana kasus: Diagnosis awal ditegakkan sebagai infeksi virus, oleh karena itu pasien diberikan acyclovir 200 mg lima kali sehari selama dua minggu dan gel anti radang topikal. Walaupun hasil darah IgG/IgM HSV1 dan HSV2 non reaktif, namun ulserasi menunjukkan penyembuhan yang luar biasa dengan anti virus yang diberikan. Ulser sembuh sempurna setelah pemakaian acyclovir 2 minggu berikutnya. Kesimpulan: ulserasi sudut mulut pada pasien di atas gagal memenuhi kriteria stomatitis angularis atau herpes labialis. Namun ulser menunjukkan respon yang amat baik terhadap antivirus. Diagnosis ditetapkan sebagai ulserasi sudut mulut yang tidak teridentifikasi. Kemungkinan lesi dipicu oleh virus herpes manusia jenis lain atau jenis virus yang memberikan respon terhadap asiklovir.