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Neptunia oleracea also known as water mimosa is widely consumed by people worldwide including Malaysia. This plant was claimed able to treat several diseases such as epileptic convulsion, syphilis, jaundice, and bloody diarrhea. Moreover, it has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-ulcer properties that benefit human health. Hence, this study investigates the content of macronutrients, micronutrients, phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant properties in the aqueous leaf extract of this plant. The study found that N. oleracea leaves were possessed with high fiber (52%), moisture (23.33%), fat (5.33%), protein (5.25%), carbohydrate (6.42%), ash (7.67%), and mineral content with a sequence of Potassium > Calcium > Sodium > Phosphorus. A positive result of tannins, steroids, phenols, and flavonoids were detected. High values of TPC and TFC which were 136.19 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g and 829.17 ± 19.09 mg GAE/g of dry weight respectively were obtained. Meanwhile, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the plant extract produced an IC50 of 70.09 µg/mL. The presence of a high content of polyphenolic compounds may reflect the antioxidant properties of this plant. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of N. oleracea leaves showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents and has a high content of TPC and TFC which may be derived from its nutritional content. Hence, consumption of N. oleracea leaves is useful for human health and disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Luteolin is a natural compound from plants with various medicinal benefits, including anti-cancer activities. However, luteolin has limited use clinically due to its low solubility and absorption into the body. Hence, the objective of this research work was to formulate and optimize a luteolin nanomicelle formulation with improved solubility. The nanomicelle was prepared using D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 100 succinate (TPGS) and poloxamer (Pol). The solubility of Lut-loaded micelles increased up to 459-fold compared to pure Lut in water. The release study showed that Lut-loaded micelles exhibited sustained release behavior. The effects of copolymers, hydration temperature and duration, and freezing temperature were studied to find out the optimum formulation of a luteolin–micelle complex. This study has demonstrated that several factors need to be considered when developing such nanoparticles in order to obtain a well-optimized micelle. The formulation has potential to be utilized in cancer therapy. Background: Luteolin is a flavonoid compound that has been widely studied for its various anti-cancer properties and sensitization to multidrug-resistant cells. However, the limited solubility and bioavailability of Lut hindered its potential clinical use. Theoretically, the combination of this compound with vitamin E TPGS and poloxamer 407 can produce a synergistic effect to enhance tumor apoptosis and P-glycoprotein inhibition. This study aimed to develop and optimize vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 micelles loaded with luteolin through investigating certain factors that can affect the encapsulation efficiency and particle size of the micelle. Methods: A micelle was prepared using the film hydration method, and the micellar solution was lyophilized. The cake formed was analyzed. The factors investigated include the concentrations of the surfactants, ratio of vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407, temperature of the hydrating solution, duration of hydration, and freezing temperature before lyophilization. The effects of these factors on the encapsulation efficiency and particle size of the micelle were also studied. The encapsulation efficiency was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while particle size was measured using dynamic light scattering. Results: The optimized micelle was found to have 90% encapsulation efficiency with a particle size of less than 40 nm, which was achieved using a 10% concentration of surfactants at a vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 ratio of 3:1. The optimized temperature for hydrating the micellar film was 40 °C, the optimized mixing time was 1 h, and the optimized freezing temperature was −80 °C. The solubility of the luteolin-loaded micelles increased 459-fold compared to pure Lut in water. The critical micelle concentration of the vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 micelle was 0.001 mg/mL, and the release study showed that luteolin-loaded micelles exhibited sustained release behavior. The release of luteolin from a micelle was found to be higher in pH 6.8 compared to pH 7.4, which signified that luteolin could be accumulated more in a tumor microenvironment compared to blood. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that several factors need to be considered when developing such nanoparticles in order to obtain a well-optimized micelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are defined as 3D crosslinked polymer networks that can absorb and hold large volumes of water when in contact with pus filled wounds. The addition of crosslinks between polymer strands offer a better physical characteristics and provide controlled release of active ingredients at the wound sites. The objective of this study is to develop and characterize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA) cross-linked with calcium chloride loaded with octenidine (OCT) based hydrogel as wound dressing material. Crosslinked (CL) SA based hydrogel shows better swelling degree indicating that it is suitable to use in moist wound healing. CL CMC based hydrogel shows better water retention capacity implying its suitability to preserve water and maintain moist wound environment. Both loaded CL SA and CMC hydrogels showed good water retention capacity but at the same time they showed rapid fluid uptake which may increase the rapid release of active ingredient and dryness that could adversely affect the healing of moist wound. Hence, they require some modificationsso that the use of OCT in hydrogel can open up a new, non-resistant medicated wound dressing application. This study showed that both CL SA and CMC hydrogels possess potential over the NCL hydrogels as enhanced wound dressing materials. Stability studies revealed that the shelf life of the hydrogel is 30 days when kept at 5 ± 2 ◦C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper sarmentosum, known as 'kaduk' has been traditionally used in different parts of the world to cure many diseases and ailments. It contains alkaloids and has been reported to possess many pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycaemic, antituberculosis, antioxidant, and antimalarial. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation of P. sarmentosum cream and exploring the antimicrobial properties in different types of cream formulation before in vivo study. The leaves extract of P. sarmentosum was obtained from the cold-soaked methanolic extraction method, evaporated, and dried to produce the powdered extract. Then, it was diluted into four different concentrations, 25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v, and 100% w/v for Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial screening. Based on the S. aureus antimicrobial screening, four types of creams were formulated (Cream A: cream base without Piper sarmentosum extract; Cream B: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) only; Cream C: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with parabens preservatives; Cream D: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with vitamin E) and evaluated for their physical appearance, pH, stability study, and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. As a result, 100% w/v concentration of the P. sarmentosum extract showed the highest result in the zone of inhibition (5.50 mm ± 0.03) towards S. aureus and was selected for cream formulation. In evaluating their physical appearance, all formulated creams showed high homogeneity and consistency with no phase separation and pH between 7.2 -- 8.0 ± 0.07. On stability study, all creams with three different temperatures of 4°C, 27°C, and 37°C for 30 days show no colour changes, high homogeneity, and consistency with any phase separation. The results of antimicrobial screening for all formulated creams, show that Cream D has the highest zone of inhibition towards S. aureus (5.53 mm ± 0.25), followed by Cream C (4.43 mm ± 0.13). In conclusion, P. sarmentosum cream formulation showed high stability properties and possessed anti-microbial properties suggesting its potentials for wound healing cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report investigates the phytochemical, cytotoxic and antidepressant property of the ethanolic extract of Pterospermum semisagittatum from South Asia region. Extracts subjected to pharmacological activity using in vitro and in vivo methods which are cytotoxic and antidepressants activity on animal model alongside its phytochemical profiling. The cytotoxic activity was investigated using brine shrimp lethality assay and antidepressant activity was determined by forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. The plant extract of ethanol extract of Pterospermum semisagittatum (EEPS) was found secondary metabolites, notably steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids etc. EEPS showed substantial cytotoxic effects lethal concentrations (LC50) value are 347.65 μg/mL. Besides, treatment with EEPS revealed a significant reduction of immobility time in a dose-dependent manner in Force Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). The dose of 400 mg/kg, body weight shows the best antidepressant effects in both FST and TST which are respectively immobile time 198.5± 3.81**** and 157.5 ± 4.01**** statistically significant (****P < 0.0001). Subsequently, the dose of 200 mg/kg, body weight shows the best antidepressant effects in both FST and TST which are respectively immobile time 180± 3.03**** and 33.75± 2.95**** (statistically significant).The investigation concludes that EEPS can be a potent source of antidepressant and cytotoxic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halal pharmaceuticals refer to drugs that are formulated with acceptable ingredients consistent with Islamic principles and conditions. In the pharmaceutical industry, the standard of halal pharmaceuticals is the crucial document that should be followed to standardize the quality and the safety of the products. Melicope ptelefolia (M. ptelefolia), known as tenggek burung was claimed to have many health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This study aims to formulate halal cream containing M. ptelefolia extract. All the ingredients used were evaluated for their halal and safety status based on four supporting documents: Halal Certificate, Certificate of Analysis (CoA), International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The leaves of M. ptelefolia was extracted using methanol solvent and diluted into four different concentrations, 25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v, and 100% w/v. The extract was then tested for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa antimicrobial screening using disk diffusion method. Based on the antimicrobial screening, four types of creams were formulated namely MP0, MP2, MP4 and MP6. It was then evaluated by its color, homogeneity, appearance, phase separation, effect on pH and temperature. The cream formulation was then evaluated for its antimicrobial activities against S. aureus. All the M. ptelefolia extract concentration demonstrates antimicrobial properties against S. Aureus but not P. aeruginosa.M. ptelefolia extract was then incorporated into the cream formulation with different concentration. Based on the evaluation, all the cream formulations are stable at various temperatures. The results showed that MP6 and storage temperature at 25°C has the highest inhibition zone. In conclusion, stable halal formulation of M. ptelefolia as antimicrobial cream was successfully formulated for treatment against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halal awareness among Muslim consumers has widened to a wide range of products including personal care and cosmetics. Shampoo is the most frequently prescribed treatment for hair and scalp conditions while Centella asiatica and Phyllanthus emblica have been found to have antioxidant properties that exhibit positive benefits on hair. The aim of this study is to develop halal hair growth promoting shampoo containing P. emblica and C. asiatica. Halal certificate, Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet were requested from the suppliers for halal evaluation of the ingredients. Seven shampoo formulations (F1-F7) were created with varying concentrations of P. emblica and C. asiatica extracts, while one formulation was left as a blank. Then, the shampoo formulations underwent an organoleptic evaluation along with other tests for dirt dispersion, pH, solid content, foaming capacity, and stability. The 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to measure the antioxidant activity. All of the ingredients used to formulate the shampoo are considered halal based on certificate, origin, and their composition. The evaluation of the shampoo demonstrated that all the formulations exhibited ideal physicochemical properties for hair cleansing and F3 with 4% of C. asiatica extracts and 2% of P. emblica extract produced the best antioxidant activity as it inhibited 92.5% of DPPH. Overall, this study provides the requirement on formulation of halal hair growth promoting shampoo containing P. emblica and C. asiatica. The results show that the formulated shampoo is halal based on document review, exhibited high antioxidant properties for hair growth promoting effect and possess good characteristics as cleansing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona Squamosa L. (Sugar Apple) belongs to the family of Annonaceae and it is a tropical and native species of Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil, Central America, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, South America, and West India. Different parts of Annona Squamosa L. have been studied throughout the years for its benefits in health, medicinal and traditional uses related to the composition of various chemical compounds present in the sugar apple. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona Squamosa L. have been researched in various research and studies for its effectiveness in treating ailments and illnesses through in vitro and in vivo assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of hemicellulose-based hydrogels have gained many interests from researchers in recent years because of their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, economically, and non-toxic. Hemicellulose-based hydrogels possessed exclusive properties such as tuneable swelling behaviour and stimuli-responsiveness which have advantages in the preparation of potential hydrogels for drug delivery applications. This study was conducted by a systematic review process guided by PRISMA protocol, involving 20 related studies retrieved from Science Direct and PubMed, and data extraction and analysis were done by thoroughly review all the included articles. Three main themes were raised and discussed mainly focusing on the hydrogel synthesis, properties and drug delivery applications. The findings of this study had shown that hemicellulose-based hydrogels have great performance, functionality, and proven to be a promising drug carrier for controlled and sustained-release drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most common variety of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 84% of new cases. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation are the primary treatment option. Metformin has recently been demonstrated to have an anti-tumour impact on various cancer cells. The goal of this investigation was to determine the growth inhibitory, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, apoptotic and cell cycle arrest properties of metformin HCl oral tablets on the A549 lung carcinoma cell line. Methods: The cells were treated with different dosages of an oral preparation of metformin, with untreated cells used as a control. The Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay was used to determine metformin's inhibitory and cytotoxic effects. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Results: In a dose-dependent manner, metformin HCl was able to reduce the viability of treated cells compared to the untreated control. Cell proliferation was considerably inhibited in the treated group with the IC50 dose than in the untreated control group and the IC50 dose showed no cytotoxic effect on L929 cells. Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest was observed in the IC50 dose-treated group by Flow cytometry analysis and data showed metformin oral drug causes early apoptosis and a considerable cell increase in the S phase of the cell cycle. Conclusion: Metformin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cell line. A comprehensive proteome examination is required to understand more about the mechanism of action of the oral metformin HCl on cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitragynine (MG) is the major active alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. In the present study, we investigated the enhancement of analgesic action of MG when combined with morphine and the effect of the combination on the development of tolerance towards morphine. Mice were administered intraperitoneally with a dose of MG (15 and 25 mg/kg b.wt) combined with morphine (5 mg/kg b.wt) respectively for 9 days. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated by a hot plate test. The protein expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP response element binding (CREB) was analyzed by immunoblot. Toxicological parameters especially liver and kidney function tests were assessed after the combination treatment with MG and morphine. The concurrent administration of MG and morphine showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in latency time when compared to morphine alone group and the outstanding analgesic effects in the combination regimens were maintained until day 9. For the protein expression, there was a significant increment of cAMP and CREB levels (p < 0.05) in group treated with 5 mg/kg morphine but there was no significant change of these protein expressions when MG was combined with morphine. There was a significant changes in toxicological parameters of various treated groups. The combination treatment of MG and morphine effectively reduce the tolerance due to the chronic administration of morphine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Annona muricata is a medicinal plant from the Annonaceae family originally comes from the native America but is now become established in many tropical countries, especially in Malaysia. With the advancement of science and technology further study have been done to establish the function of Annona muricata in the healthcare industries. Some phytochemical constituents are acetogenins, coumarins, phenolic, alkaloids and flavonoids. The phytochemical content is the chemical constituent that gives the antioxidants, anti-microbial, antidiabetics, and many other health benefits. Aims: This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals in Annona muricata leaves and pulp extracts specifically phenolic and flavonoids and, to evaluate and compare the antioxidant and anti-microbial activity between the two parts of the plant. Methods: The pulp and leave extract were obtained from a Negeri Sembilan. Antioxidant tests included FRAP, DPPH, and TPC were conducted, while antimicrobial testing was done against S.aureus using the disc diffusion method. The concentration of the sample used in the study was 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml, 200µg/ml and 400µg/ml. Results: The result of the study shows that both parts of leaf and pulp of Annona muricata extracts possess a good antioxidant level with the concentration of 25µg, 50µ100µg, 200µ and 400µg. But in contrast those concentration does not show any significant antimicrobial activity for both extracts. When comparing between the pulp and leaves extracts, the leaves extract elicits higher content of antioxidant level and higher sensitivity towards microorganism compared to pulp extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luteolin is a widely studied flavonoid recognized for its ability to sensitize multidrug-resistant cells and anti-cancer properties. However, its clinical applications is hindered by challenges arising from its limited solubility and bioavailability. To address this issue, a synergistic approach combiningluteolin with vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) and poloxamer (Pol) was explored to boost tumour apoptosis and suppress P-glycoprotein. This study aimed to optimize luteolin-loaded TPGS/Pol micelles developed using the film hydration method, followed by lyophilization. Various key factors including the drug: polymer ratio and the TPGS: Pol ratio were examined, with encapsulation efficiency (EE) assessed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and particle size measured via dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results revealed that the optimized micelle composed of 1:5 drug: polymer ratio and a TPGS: Pol ratio of 3:1, exhibited a particle size below 40 nm, along with EE of 90%. Additionally, there was a notable increase of 459-fold in the solubility of luteolin-loaded micelle in comparison to pure luteolin in water. The TPGS/Pol micelles demonstrated a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.0008 mg/ml, and release studies indicated sustained release behaviour for luteolin loaded micelles. In conclusion, this study has presented the feasibility of TPGS/Pol micelles in improving the therapeutic potential of luteolin, showcasing improvements in EE, particle size, solubility and sustained release behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Annona squamosa L. (Sugar Apple) belongs to the Annonaceae family. Different parts of Annona squamosa L. have various medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, and analgesic activity. Objective(s): To determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout properties of flavonoid extract of Annona squamosa L. fruit in the in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Methodologies: Annona squamosa L. fruit was extracted by maceration process using 70% ethanol solution and evaporated at 40oC. The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa L. fruit was screened for the chemical tests of amino acids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. The antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa L. fruit extract undergoes the total phenolic compound (TPC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) assay used for antigout property. Results: A 190 g of Annona squamosa L. fruit obtains 48.60 g of ethanolic extract. Chemical tests for carbohydrates, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids have positive results while chemical tests for alkaloids, and phenols have negative results. The total phenolic content (TPC) is 8.106 mg GAE/g of Annona squamosa L. fruit. The EC1 value for the FRAP assay of Annona squamosa L. fruit is 2.1307 mg/mL. The IC50 values for DPPH and XOI assays of Annona squamosa L. fruit are 4.1154 mg/mL and 4.4745 mg/mL, respectively. Annona squamosa L. fruit extract shows an increase in antioxidant activities and xanthine oxidase inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Annona squamosa L.fruit has the potential to be a source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-gout properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity has been linked to coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, stroke, and cancer. Pomegranate (Punica granatum; PG) has been used extensively in folk medicine for several therapeutic purposes. The goal of this study is to investigate the anti-obesity effect of PG peel and pulp methanolic extracts in highfat diet (HFD)-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: The animals were separated into 7 groups namely Normal control group (normal diet); HFD-induced only as negative control group, and positive control group (HFD-induced + orlistat); treatment group included HFD-induced + peel 125 mg/kg, HFD-induced +peel 250 mg/kg, HFD-induced + pulp 125 mg/kg and HFD-induced + pulp 250 mg/kg. Results: It was observed that methanolic extract of peel and pulp PG 250 mg/kg showed low increment of body weight with a reduction in weight of liver, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat. Compared to the negative control group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels were shown to be lowered for PG peel and pulp groups also showed higher values in high-density lipoprotein. Conclusion: PG reduced obesity-related markers in blood, liver, and adipose tissue and inhibited obesity caused by a high-fat diet probably because of its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Punica granatum is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or a small tree belonging to the family of L. Punicaceae. Pharmacological activities of P. granatum include antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of P. granatum methanolic extract (PGME) in the BV2 microglial cell line. Method: The bioactive component from P. granatum peel was extracted by a standard methanolic extraction protocol. The antioxidant properties of PGME were analyzed by total phenolic content (TPC) assay, 1,1-dipheyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The cytotoxicity activity of PGME on BV2 cells was determined by a viability test using MTS reagent. Analyses of the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], Interleukin [IL]-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1) have been carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of PGME in LPS-stimulated BV2 cell line. Result: The TPC and radical scavenging activity of PGME increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the ferric reducing ability of PGME was slightly lower and no significant difference compared to the reference standard. PGME treatment on the LPS-stimulated BV2 cells significantly inhibits the production of NO and TNF-α and slightly reduced IL-6 level. Conclusion: PGME possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The PGME demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of pro-inflammatory immune mediators on the BV2 microglial cell line. Therefore, we suggest that PGME potentially inhibits oxidative and inflammatory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geriatric patients have difficulty to comply to their medication regimen due to complicated medication administration schedule, dysphagia, reduced ability to swallow tablets and dementia. This is particularly more challenging among the Alzheimer Disease's patients. Therefore, a model drug, memantine hydrochloride has been formulated into an orally disintegrating film (ODF) for easier consumption. However, bitter taste of memantine hydrochloride needs to be solved first if the drug is formulated into an ODF. The objective of this study is to taste mask memantine hydrochloride ODF and conduct a palatability study to evaluate the palatability of the dosage form. Memantine hydrochloride ODF was prepared using solvent casting method followed by freeze drying. The polymeric base consisted of Guar gum, PEG 400 and wheat starch in solvent water, with varying amounts of Aspartame or Acesulfame K for taste masking. The freeze-dried memantine hydrochloride ODFs were evaluated for tensile strength, in-vitro disintegration time, average thickness, dissolution, memantine hydrochloride content, and palatability. Formulation M7 was selected as the best taste masked formulation. Aspartame 30 mg is sufficient to cover the bitter taste of memantine hydrochloride in ODF form. A taste masked memantine hydrochloride ODF of dimensions 20 x 20 mm containing 30mg of aspartame was successfully developed. This formulation has average values for tensile strength 0.03 (0.01) kPa, folding endurance 351.92 (4.82) flips, thickness 0.94 (0.02) mm, and disintegration time 34.15 (2.16) seconds., (Copyright© by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Inc.)