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This study aimed to assess the effect of smoking different tobacco types on the supragingival microbiome and its relation to dental caries. Forty supragingival plaque samples were collected from smokers of a single tobacco type and non-smokers seeking treatment at the University Dental Hospital Sharjah, UAE. DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) was determined for all participants who were divided into two groups: no-low caries (NC-LC: DMFT = 0-4; n = 18) and moderate-high caries (MC-HC: DMFT = 5-20; n = 22). 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using third-generation sequencing with Nanopore technology. Microbiome composition and diversity were compared. Caries was most common among cigarette smokers. Supragingival microbiota were significantly altered among smokers of different tobacco types. In cigarette smokers, cariogenic bacteria from genus Streptococcus (including S. mutans) were significantly more among subjects with NC-LC, while Lactobacilli (including L. fermentum) were more among subjects with MC-HC. In medwakh smokers, several periodontopathogens were significantly elevated in subjects with NC-LC, while other pathogenic bacteria (as Klebsiella pneumoniae) were more in those with MC-HC. Cigarette and alternative tobacco smoking had a significant impact on the supragingival microbiome. Indeed, further studies are required to unravel the consequences of oral dysbiosis triggered by smoking. This could pave the way for microbiota-based interventional measures for restoring a healthy oral microbiome which could be a promising strategy to prevent dental caries.

Smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease, and a cause of oral microbiome dysbiosis. While this has been evaluated for traditional cigarette smoking, there is limited research on the effect of other tobacco types on the oral microbiome. This study investigates subgingival microbiome composition in smokers of different tobacco types and their effect on periodontal health. Subgingival plaques were collected from 40 individuals, including smokers of either cigarettes, medwakh, or shisha, and non-smokers seeking dental treatment at the University Dental Hospital in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The entire (~ 1500 bp) 16S rRNA bacterial gene was fully amplified and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology. Subjects were compared for the relative abundance and diversity of subgingival microbiota, considering smoking and periodontal condition. The relative abundances of several pathogens were significantly higher among smokers, such as Prevotella denticola and Treponema sp. OMZ 838 in medwakh smokers, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella dispar in cigarette smokers, Streptococcus sanguinis and Tannerella forsythia in shisha smokers. Subgingival microbiome of smokers was altered even in subjects with no or mild periodontitis, probably making them more prone to severe periodontal diseases. Microbiome profiling can be a useful tool for periodontal risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to investigate the impact of tobacco cessation on periodontal disease progression and oral microbiome.

Objective: This multi‐arm, randomized, double‐blinded, controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 0.5% green tea (GT), 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and aloe vera (AV) mouthwash as compared to the control (CNT) group (scaling and polishing alone with no mouthwash) in the management of dental biofilm induced gingivitis among 18–40‐year‐old patients. Material and Methods: Sixty patients with generalized dental biofilm‐induced gingivitis were randomly allocated to four study groups (n = 15 each) for treatment, namely Group GT, Group CHX, Group AV and Group CNT after scaling and polishing were administered to all the patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and sulcular bleeding index (SBI) were recorded at baseline, 14th and 21st day. Results: PI, GI and SBI at various time intervals (baseline, 14th and 21st day) showed high statistically significant differences within the group (p < 0.01). Among these, the maximum percentage change was found in the CHX group followed by GT when evaluated from baseline to 21st day. The least percentage change was found in the AV group for PI and GI while the CNT group showed the least percentage change for sulcular index when evaluated from 14th to 21st day. Inter‐group results showed high statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) for PI and GI when evaluated between baseline to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. SBI also showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) when evaluated between baselines to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. Conclusion: Green tea mouthwash displayed a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index and sulcular bleeding index. 0.5% green tea catechin has equivalent anti‐plaque efficacy as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and can be considered a potent alternative to prevent and treat gingival diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Thy‐1 (CD90) is a glycosylphosphatidyl‐anchored protein belonging to the immunoglobulin family and is known to control mesenchymal stromal cells differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. The study aimed to investigate the salivary levels of Thy‐1 in health, periodontitis, obesity, and any potential association. Materials and Methods: Seventy‐one participants were divided into four groups: healthy (H), subjects with periodontitis (P), obese individuals (O), and obese individuals having periodontitis (PO). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from participants who were evaluated for periodontal parameters. The levels of Thy‐1 were measured with a commercially available ELISA kit. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: A significant difference in salivary Thy‐1 levels among different groups was observed. Periodontitis patients had the maximum, and obese individuals had the minimum Thy‐1 levels. Significant differences between H and P, H and PO, P and O, and O and PO were observed. Overall correlations between Thy‐1 and periodontal parameters and a positive correlation with pocket depth in group PO were noted. Conclusion: Thy‐1 could be detected in the saliva of all study participants. It is implied that a local inflammatory condition like periodontitis elevates the salivary levels of Thy‐1 with, and without obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCL16 is a chemokine associated with disease, but no clear relationship has been reported in periodontal disease. The objectives of this study were to detect, estimate, and compare the levels of CXCL16 in saliva and serum and to find out if the saliva and serum levels are comparable in healthy individuals and periodontitis patients. Thirty participants were divided into two groups: Group 1[G1(n=15)] were healthy (periodontally and systemically); Group 2 [G2(n=15)] were periodontitis patients (systemically healthy). Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected from each participant. Periodontal clinical variables were evaluated and levels of CXCL16 in saliva and serum of each participant were estimated using a commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. The data were statistically analyzed. CXCL16 was detected in all the participants. Significant differences in CXCL16 levels were observed between the healthy and periodontitis groups. The levels of CXCL16 were found to be significantly higher in the healthy group, although other reports in the literature suggest that the levels are higher in inflammatory conditions. Saliva may be a reliable source for the estimation of this chemokine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCL2 is an important chemokine produced by inflammatory cells, which has a principal role in chemotaxis of neutrophils and immune responses. The objective of this study was to detect, estimate and compare the serum levels of CXCL2 in health, periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis which has not been reported in the literature. Forty-five participants were equally divided as Group 1(15 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects), Group 2(15 systemically healthy individuals with periodontitis) and Group 3(15 periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) after controlling for sources of bias. Periodontal and glycemic parameters were recorded. Serum was obtained from all participants. The levels of CXCL2 were estimated using a commercially available ELISA kit. CXCL2 levels in serum was highest in Group 1, followed by Group 2 and lowest in Group 3. A statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 1 and 2, and Groups 1 and 3. This investigation indicates lower serum CXCL2 concentrations in disease contrary to the literature which generally report elevated levels of this chemokine. Adiposity and neutrophil behaviour may influence CXCL2 expression. More studies are required to confirm a definitive association of CXCL2 in periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction is presented to the article "Evaluation of salivary placental growth factor in Health and Periodontitis" which appeared in the July 28, 2024 issue.

Developments in bone regenerative techniques have increased implant placement success in mandible sites previously considered unsuitable for implants. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures preserve tooth sockets immediately after teeth are extracted. GBR can also be applied to regenerate lost bone in defective alveolar ridges before or in conjunction with implant emplacements. Resorbable and non-resorbable membranes have been used in GBR. Non-resorbable membranes can be used alone or in combination with bone grafts. Titanium reinforced, non-resorbable membranes have the advantage of being molded and shaped for tenting and preserving space between teeth. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membranes are associated with an inherent a risk of infection upon exposure to the oral environment due to its highly porous surface. However, a dense polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membrane does not require primary flap closure because bacteria cannot penetrate its surface. This review article summarizes the utilization of non-resorbable barrier membranes alone and together with various bone graft materials, relevant clinical studies, case reports, and the advantages and limitations of various combinations of procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was comparing the amount of apically extruded irrigation solutions by using various irrigation systems: Canal CleanMax (CCM), SonicMax, RinsEndo, Passive Ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Manual Needle Irrigation (MNI), and EndoVac irrigation systems Sixty single-rooted mandibular premolars were used. ProTaper was used to instrument the canals up to F4 finishing file. Teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10). (CCMax, SonicMax, RinsEndo, MNI, PUI and EndoVac). Ten mL final irrigation was made with each irrigation system. Extruded irrigant from the apical foramen was collected into vials. The amount of the extruded irrigation solution was determined by calculating the difference between the initial and final weight of the vials for each group. Results were analyzed by “Kruskal Wallis” and “Conover’s multiple comparison” tests. CCMax and EndoVac groups showed no apical extrusion and these two groups were statistically different from the others significantly (SonicMax, RinsEndo, MNI and PUI systems) (p < 0.05), and no difference was found among SonicMax, MNI, Passive PUI systems (p > 0.05). Maximum apical extrusion was seen with RinsEndo. RinsEndo showed statistically difference from SonicMax and MNI (p < 0.05) but no statistically difference with PUI (p > 0.05). The negative pressure irrigation systems (CCMax and EndoVac) were demonstrated to be significantly more successful and safer in terms of apical extrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of a mouthwash containing tea tree oil (TTO) with a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized 4 × 4, controlled, cross-over, involving 20 healthy volunteers in a 5-day plaque re-growth model. Test mouthwashes were TTO (Tebodont®) and a mouthwash containing CPC 0.05% (Aquafresh®). A 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (Oro-Clense®) was used as positive and colored water (placebo [PLB]) as negative controls. Gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque index (PI) scores were recorded before and after each test period. Test periods were separated with 2 weeks washout period. Results: All four mouthwashes significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the GBI scores when compared to the baseline GBI scores. There was no significant difference between PLB and active mouthwashes in the GBI scores. CHX and CPC mouthwashes were found more effective in reducing the PI scores than TTO and PLB mouthwashes. There was no significant difference in PI scores of CHX and CPC mouthwashes. Conclusion: 0.05% CPC mouthwash can be an alternative to CHX mouthwash since it is alcohol free and found as efficient as CHX in dental plaque reduction with lesser side effects. More studies are needed to test antigingivitis effects of the mouthwashes used in this study, preferably without initial scaling and polishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This in vitro study compared the effect of two commercially available silver diamine fluoride (SDF) products on dentinal tubule (DT) occlusion and dentin permeability., Methods: Sixty-six dentin discs (1.0 mm thick) were divided equally into six groups: acid-etched with no treatment (negative control-NC), etched and sealed with nail varnish (positive control-PC), non-etched and treated with Advantage Arrest (AA), non-etched and treated with Topamine (TP), etched and treated with AA, and etched and treated with TP. Eight specimens from each group were tested for permeability using the dye percolation method. The remaining three samples from each group were assessed for dentinal tubule occlusion, depth of SDF penetration, and elemental analysis using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) system. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the results., Results: TP exhibited lower (p < 0.05) dye percolation compared to AA. While both SDF materials showed a statistically similar (p > 0.05) penetration depth in the DT, none of them had the ability to completely occlude all the DTs. AA exhibited more silver and fluoride ion deposition on etched dentin than TP, and both materials showed a similar increase in the deposition of Ca and P compared to NC., Conclusions: Whereas the effectiveness of dentin tubule (DT) occlusion varies based on the material used, both tested SDF products exhibit the capability to seal dentinal tubules, decrease dentin permeability, and promote dentin remineralization. These findings suggest their potential advantage in managing dentin hypersensitivity., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)