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The focus of the study was on moods and modality in virtual communication. The purposes of the research were to analyze the moods and modalities used by the lectures for virtual teaching to evaluate the manner of the moods and modalities realized in virtual teaching and to investigate reasons underlying the use of moods and modalities in virtual teaching. The sources of data for this research were verbal and nonverbal language from the interactions of virtual teaching. The data were utterances and gestures produced by the lecturers. The research design was qualitative research. The data were collected through recorded videos, observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The techniques of analyzing the data were applying interactive data analysis: data condensation, data display, and drawing and verification conclusion. It was found that the lectures used various kinds of moods. The declarative mood was dominantly used. In terms of modality, both modalization and modulation types of modality were used. The value of the modality selected was low, medium, and high. The manner of the mood system was realized by both marked and unmarked ones. The modalities were realized through the integration of verbal and verbal modalities. The modalities were used to manage the classroom and create a pleasant and understandable teaching and learning atmosphere. The result of this study gives a new insight into the function of language in teaching through online mode.

Model pembelajaran dan karakteristik siswa adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil belajar IPS siswa yang dibelajarkan menggunakan model inkuiri terbimbing dengan menggunakan pembelajaran ekspositori, menganalisis perbedaan hasil belajar IPS siswa yang memiliki keterampilan sosial tinggi dengan memiliki keterampilan sosial rendah dan menganalisis interaksi antara metode pembelajaran dan keterampilan sosial terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa. Sampel ditetapkan sebanyak 54 orang terdiri dari 2 (dua) kelas. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain eksperimen. Teknik analisis menggunakan Anova 2x2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar IPS siswa menggunakan model inkuiri terbimbing lebih tinggi daripada hasil belajar IPS siswa dengan ekspositori, hasil belajar IPS siswa memiliki keterampilan sosial tinggi lebih tinggi daripada hasil belajar IPS siswa memiliki keterampilan sosial rendah. Berdasarkan hasil uji Anova diketahui bahwa harga sig=0,041

The 2018 Program for International Student Assessment survey released in 2019 showed that the reading literacy HOTS skills of Indonesian students was low where Indonesia was ranked 74th out of 79 countries. .To improve students HOTS reading literacy the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education developed a Literacy Improvement Program at the National Junior High School level in 2021 using The Reading to Learn Approach. In this context, the objective of this research were to develop Students Worksheet Based on The Reading To Learn Approach to improve Students' Higher Order Thinking Skills on the Competence of Reading Narrative Texts. This research is part of research and development namely stage of needs analysis. The approach used was a qualitative approach. The study was conducted in MTsN 2 Medan. This study focused on the Needs analysis stage of teachers and students regarding the worksheet based on the reading to learn approach that is going to developed. The instrument to collect the data was interview The findings shows that most of the respondents expect the worksheet of Narrative Text should be developed based on their needs. They felt very hard to read the texts in English because the materials were irrellevant and not interesting. The students also confessed their current worksheet of Narrative Text was inappropriate for them and the process of learning was boring. Therefore, some of the aspects of learning also needed to be concerned such as learning style, learning technique, the way of doing the task, the length and topic of the texts, the situation of the class, the activities in the worksheet, and the difficulties of the students, in order to make the students easier to learn English.

This study describes the influence of the inquiry learning model and critical thinking skills on student learning outcomes. The research population was all seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Tarutung. The sample was set at 60 people consisting of 2 (two) classes, with details of class VII-B totaling 30 people, class VII-C totaling 30 people. This research was carried out from October to December 2021. This research instrument used a multiple choice test of 30 items for learning outcomes tests and 10 items in the form of essays for critical thinking ability tests. The research design used in this study was an experimental design with a 2x2 factorial. In this study, the first independent variable consisted of two, namely the inquiry and conventional models. While the second independent variable (moderator variable) consists of high and low critical thinking skills and the dependent variable is science learning outcomes. The results showed that there was an effect of the inquiry learning model on the science learning outcomes of students at SMP Negeri 3 Tarutung of 0.004. There is an effect of critical thinking skills on students' science learning outcomes at SMP Negeri 3 Tarutung of 0.002. There is an interaction between learning models and critical thinking skills on student learning outcomes based on the results of the ANOVA test, the value of sig = 0.022

The objective of this study was to find out the elements of experiential and logical function in nominal group structure of male and female undergraduate student’s thesis title of male and female students. This study applied qualitative research design. The data of the study was the nominal groups on undergraduate thesis title of State University of Medan students who have finished the last assignment in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, majoring in English Education. The source of the data was taken from official site Digital Repository State University of Medan (digilib.unimed.ac.id). The results revealed that based on experiential function, there were Deictic, Classifier, Thing and Qualifier with no Numerative and Epithet, Thing/Head absolutely found in every title; and based on logical function, Premodifier, Head and Postmodifier found in all titles. This result showed that there was difference in male and female titles that female dominated the quantity and used more various elements in both functions.

This study dealt with the cognitive process of students in translating English Phrasal Verbs into Indonesian by using the think-aloud protocol (TAP) technique and introspective interview. The objectives of the study was1) to elaboratethe manner of cognitive processes occurring in translating English Phrasal Verbs into Indonesian . This research was conducted by descriptive qualitative design. The source of data was the bilingual students, they were sixth semester students of English Education Program at State University of Medan. The source of data were taken by using Snowballing Technique. The data consisted of the transcription of audio recorded observation of think-aloud protocols (TAP), and the transcription of interview. The findings showed that there are six behaviors available during the process of translation done by the students, namely 1) reading the text, 2) alternating between the SL and the TL 3) monitoring the proposed translation, 4) consulting the dictionary 5) paraphrasing, and 6) translation. The cognitive processes occur when the subjects 1) read the text, either they read the whole SL or segment by segment, 2) kept repeating the term (the lexical) which indicates hesitation, questioning, and remembering the real meaning 3) were not able to make decision for an equivalent, 4) did not understand the meaning of verbs and consult the dictionary, 6) tried to clarify a concept and reformulate a proposed translation by paraphrase, and 7) wrote down a translation and express it orally.

Markobar is one of Mandailing oral traditions. Markobar means “speaking”. The study aimed as certain how modalities were realized in the texts of markobar in pabagas boru ceremony, The study was a qualitative research. the participants comprising 14 positions in markobar in pabagas boru ceremony, two atobangon (expert of markobar) in Padangsidimpuan were the data source of study. The data of the study were 66 clauses containing modality delivered by participants orally. The theory used was modality theory proposed by Halliday (2004). In addition, the data gained were analyzed based on Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) namely, data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verification. Thus, the study showed that there were three categories of modality realization which could be found in markobar in pabagas boru namely, auxiliary verb (32), lexical verb (10), and adverbial phrase (24). Then, modality realized in markobar in pabagas boru ceremony was dominated by auxiliary verbs (48%). Then, the least modal was lexical verb (15%).

The objective of this study was to describe the ways the discovery learning implemented in teaching and learning process. The data of this study were teachers’ implementation while they were implementing discovery learning. Participant observation technique was performed to collect the data. Based on the data analysis, it was found there were differences between the activities designed and implemented since the teacher did not understand nor comprehend the model completely. Furthermore, all of the observed teachers conducted the activity of data collection by explaining the material to the students and mostly focused on the grammar and not letting the students collecting the data by themselves. Moreover, during the implementation, the male teacher tended to draw a pattern of explaining and assigning while the female teachers tended to give stimulation first and followed with explaining and assigning. It showed that there was difference in the way of implementing discovery learning between the teachers based on their gender.

This research dealt with the Metaphorical Expression of Markobar Traditional Ceremonies in Mandailing Natal. The objectives of this study were: to describe the metaphorical expressions are realize in wedding ceremony ofMandailing Natal. This research applied qualitative research design. The data were collected through observation by taking video recording. The findings of this study showed that: there are four processes of metaphorical expressions, they are: giving someone or something God characteristic, giving animal or nonhuman characteristics of human life, giving characteristic of animal to human, giving an abstract thing concretely. In this case showed that Mandailing Natal culture has its roles and procedures. The ways of realizing metaphor in markobar are by applying some realization of metaphor in markobar wedding ceremony. It was Giving someone or something God characteristic (5) 13.51%, Giving animal or nonhuman characteristics of human life (17) 45.94%, There were more realization of metaphor used in markobar wedding ceremony because markobar was done to the bless the bridegroom and bride which was conducted in the church and the marriage hall. The markobar wedding ceremony involved more people/guest that was why there were more realization of metaphor used in it.Giving characteristic of animal to human (0) it’s because in mangupa or markobar in the Mandailing ethnic, pronunciation cannot be compared to animals in human life because marriage is very sacred and sacred unless it is used in poetry or rhymes in everyday life. And Giving an abstract thing concretely (15) 40.54%.

Online learning is learning that takes place over the Internet. It uses electronic media (usually a computer) for a variety of learning purposes to access the learning materials and to interact with the teacher and with other students. Furthermore, students’ engagement in online learning is very important because online learners seem to have fewer opportunities to be engaged with the institution. Hence, it is essential to create multiple opportunities for student engagement in the online environment. The objective of this study is to elaborate the reasons in engaging students to learn descriptive text through online learning. This study was conducted at grade VII of Junior High School students. A qualitative descriptive research design was applied and the data gathered from the sentences of teacher and students during online learning and when teacher was interviewed. This study followed the theory of Kuh (2009) about the reasons of engaging students during the learning through online learning. Furthermore, the result of the study showed that there were two reasons of engaging the students in learning descriptive through online; they were: 1) the engagement contributes students' better understanding and 2) the engagement is needed for cognitive development.

The validity and reliability of the test is very important before the test is used to measure student achievement. This study aims to analyze the validity and reliability of the summative English test for fifth grade public elementary schools 058238 Bukit Rata in the academic year 2019/2020, and to investigate the quality level of the summative test of English in elementary schools. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The subjects in this study were students of grade V public elementary school 058238 Bukit Rata in the academic year 2019/2020. The data analysis technique used is quantitative analysis by testing the validity, reliability, level of difficulty, distinguishing power, and tricking effectiveness. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANATES version 4 program and manual calculations using Microsoft Excel. The results showed that, the level of validity of the English test in grade 5 elementary school before the revision based on material aspects, construct aspects and language aspects obtained a percentage of 73% with a good category. After being revised, based on material aspects, construct aspects and language aspects obtained a percentage of 90% with a good category. The reliability test was carried out twice, namely the questions before expert validation and after expert validation. The results of the reliability test on the first question were the value of -0.084 in the unreliable category because the value was ≤ 0.700. Furthermore, the second test of English test reliability was carried out. The results of the second test reliability test, namely the KR 20 formula with the help of the Excel program obtained a value of 0.413 in the sufficient category. The level of validity and reliability of the English test in grade 5 elementary schools. Before the revision, the number of valid questions was 4 valid questions or 16% of the total questions. Furthermore, the number of questions that can be accepted is 17 questions, but 13 questions are not valid. So it is necessary to improve the overall problem. After the revision was made, the number of valid questions was 16 valid questions or 64% of the total questions. Furthermore, the number of questions that can be used is 15 questions, because one significant question has a low difference power, so the question is not used. The validity and reliability of the English test in fifth grade public elementary school 058238 Bukit Rata should be revised becausereliability is used as an indicator in believing the value of a test because it has consistency. While the test must be valid because it is used as a development and evaluation of a test. In addition, validity is also needed to determine the feasibility of items.

This research examines cross-cultural communication between teachers and students who could not speak English well at SDN 18 Parhorasan in Samosir. There were 17 participants, who were grade five students in elementary school. The students had different social backgrounds and so found speaking English difficult. They were used to using their Batak dialect when they tried to speak English. The pronunciation seemed to be a joke for them. The researchers investigated the cultural and language barriers in communication among the teachers and students when they learn English in the class. This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method. The findings highlighted the barriers in expression, intonations and sentences. 50% of the barriers were cultural and 50% were language. Keywords: cross-culture, communication barrier, language barrier

This research aimed to determine the dominant semantic emotion in the online news about COVID-19. The study’s data included 28 sentences from five news sources by two publishers – CNN News and Jakarta Post. This study used qualitative research method and Shaver’s theory in the analysis of the data. It was found that the news sentences were rich in semantic emotions. 12 sentences (43%) contained fear, five sentences (18%) contained sadness, and four sentences (14%) contained joy. Seven sentences did not contain basic emotions because they only provided information. So, it can be concluded that the dominant emotions used in COVID-19 online news are fear emotions. By knowing the semantics emotions in the news, people can fully understand the purpose of the news. Keywords: semantic, emotion, COVID-19, online news

This research investigated the use of trilingual languages by Gayonese and Bataknese teachers in teaching English. This study used the theory of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and applied a qualitative method. The data were obtained from videos taken in the classroom. They were analyzed by transcribing the spoken language into written form, identifying the languages used by classifying them into sentences, and calculating the sentences of each language to find out the frequency of languages used by Bataknese and Gayonese teachers in teaching English. The teachers predominately used Indonesian in teaching English (62.70%), the local language (23.81%), and English (13.49%). Keywords: Language Use, Teaching, Culture

This study was conducted to identify the dominance, frequency and percentage of multilingualism on the internet in Jackson Wang Got7 Instagram captions. Jackson Wang is a singer from South Korean who was born in Hong Kong and actively promotes his songs all over the world. This study focused on analyzing his Instagram and identifying the multilingualism in the recent captions. This study employed qualitative methods and an observation approach. The data were collected by taking text from the Instagram captions and identifying the language. Descriptive statistics were used where the frequency was tabulated and converted into percentages. The findings showed that Jackson Wang predominantly spoke Mandarin, which illustrated the background of his life as he was born in Hong Kong. Keywords: Multilingualism, Internet, Instagram, Caption

This study aimed to investigate the types of deixis used in the song lyrics of One Direction, to find out the dominant types used and to describe the semantic meaning of the deixis. The song lyrics are associated with deixis since they express the singer’s or song writer’s feelings or emotions represented by some expressions of human thoughts, ideas and opinions. This study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative research design. The data were obtained from five songs of One Direction entitled Up All Night, Change My Mind, Everything about You, Little Things, and Right Now. Three types of deixis were found in the five songs and there were 108 deixis found in the lyrics. Person deixis was investigated as the most dominant type used in the lyrics. All deixis had their semantic meanings based on the situations of the songs. Keywords: Deixis, Song, Lyrics, Semantics

This study aims to determine the effect of game strategies and storytelling strategies on Indonesian Language lessons on listening skills of Grade VI students of State Elementary School No.118315, Negerilama Plantation. This type of research is a semi-experimental study with a sample of 2 experimental classes, namely 20 students of class VI A and 22 students of class VI B. Class VI A was treated with Game Strategy and Class VI B was treated with Storytelling Strategy. The research instrument used a test consisting of 5 questions in the form of an essay test that has been tested for validity and reliability. After being given treatment to the two experimental classes, the results are (1) There were differences in students' listening skills before and after being given the game strategy treatment in class VI, namely 75.5 and 83.5. (2) There are differences in students' listening skills before and after being given storytelling strategy treatment in class VI, namely 67.8 and 76.6. (3) Listening skills of grade VI students were better at using game strategies than storytelling strategies. This was indicated by the average listening skill of students using game strategy was 83.5 while storytelling strategy were 76.6.

The aim of this study is to investigate The Effect of Contextual Teaching and Learning Model on Mathematic Achievement in terms of Critical Thinking. The type of research used a semi- experimental quantitative research method in which applying two experimental classes with the same sample characteristics. The population was all the students in Kotapinang district and the sample was 62 of the fifth grade elementary students of SDN 112224 Kotapinang. In the experiment class (CTL Model), the sample was 32 students. While in the control class (Conventional Model), the sample was 30 students. Research instrument used Achievement test of 10 questions from sturffing that conducted validity and reliability tests and questionnaire Critical Thinking of 16 statements. Based on the treatment, In the experiment class got Achievement 81,88 While in the control class got Achievement 73,11. And for the result, there was a significant effect on Mathematics Achievement. Applying CTL model in learning on the fifth grade elementary students who had high critical thinking showed that their mathematics achievement is better than that applying conventional model. So, in conclusion, applying CTL model gave better effect on mathematics achievement of the fifth elementary students in terms of critical thinking in Kotapinang district.

This study deals with Directive Illocutionary Act of male and female English Teacher in SMP Ad-Durrah Medan. The objectives of this study is to describe the realization of directive illocutionary act of male and female English teachers at SMP Ad-Durrah Medan. This study applied qualitative descriptive method. The techniques for collecting data are through applying observation by taking eight meetings for male and female English teachers to get realization of directive illocutionary act by male and female English. The results of this study found that realization of directive illocutionary act realized from the collaborative, competitive, conflictive , and convivial, where one of the realization was showed that the teacher makes a group discussion for doing the task and the teachers help the students by making a discussion for each student, making a collaboration for their task related to the content of their lesson and presenting the discussion in the class.

This research is a descriptive qualitative research which aims to describe the implementation of the 2013 Curriculum in the learning process in terms of learning planning, learning implementation, and learning evaluation. The population and sample in this study were teachers and students of Public Elementary Schools throughout Labuhanbatu Regency who have implemented the 2013 Curriculum since its inception in 2013, namely SD Negeri 28 Bilah Barat, SD Negeri 01 Bilah Barat, SD Negeri 08 Rantau Selatan, SD Negeri 11 Rantau Selatan, SD Negeri 15 Rantau Utara, and SD Negeri 06 Rantau Utara. The samples in this study were 46 for teacher respondents and 182 for student respondents at SD Negeri Labuhanbatu Regency. The instrument in this study was a semi-open questionnaire containing statement items, and the variable questionnaire was measured using a Likert scale. The results showed that the teacher's understanding of 2013 Curriculum-based learning planning was in the quite good category, with an average percentage of 74.72%. This is evidenced by the teacher's ability to compile a syllabus and lesson plans. The teacher's understanding of the implementation of curriculum-based learning in 2013 is in the good category, with an average percentage value of 76.13%. This can be seen from the teacher's ability in terms of class mastery. The teacher's understanding of the 2013 Curriculum-based learning evaluation is in the quite good category, with an average percentage of 73.5%. This can be proven by the teacher's ability to take an authentic approach. Meanwhile, the students' responses about the implementation of 2013 Curriculum-based learning carried out by the teacher showed a fairly good category, with an average percentage of 72.75%. For students' perceptions about the evaluation or assessment of learning based on the 2013 Curriculum conducted by the teacher, it is in the quite good category, with an average percentage of 73%.

This study was aimed at finding out the ideational meaning on traditional wedding ceremony Horja Haroan Boru Tapanuli Selatan (HHBTS) and to elaborate the reason for the use of verbal components from three side namely Mora, Kahanggi and Anak boru. The analysis of this studyused qualitative analysis, and the theory used was from M.A.K. Halliday (1985, 1994 and 2004). This study found that the language being used by three participants (Kahanggi, Mora and Anakboru) namely; Kahanggi is dominantly used material activities, Mora and anakboru are dominantly used Mental and behavioral activities. Moreover, these three participants shows their position while Kahanggi as the host of the ceremony, anakboru as the supporter who take the responsibility in preparing the stuff in every steps of ceremony, while mora has the power to give advice, suggestion, permission and rejection in that ceremony

This study addresses types of illocutionary acts in Jack Ma’s inspiring speech in his graduation at the University of Hongkong. The meaning or the function of an utterance in speech-acts can merely be analyzed based on the acts of illocution made by the speaker. In other words, the hearer will be able to give any responses to the utterances made by the speaker if he or she understands the intention of speaker’s utterances. The research is categorized as descriptive qualitative based on Moleong’s theory (2014:82). It aimed to find the types of illocutionary act performed by Jack Ma’s speech in his graduation at the University of Hongkong, to describe the intended forces of each type of illocutionary act performed in that speech, and to find out the context supported interpretation of meaning in illocutionary acts. The findings indicates that there are 7 types of illocutionary acts such : 0 (0%) for declarative, 58 (62 %) for assertive, 11 (12 %) for expressive, 3 (3 %) for directive, 11 (12 %) for commissive, 4 (4 %) for assertive expressive and 7 (7 %) for assertive directive. It means that most of dominant of illocutionary acts is assertive. And context supported the interpreting of meaning performed illocutionary acts can be mentioned through the participants, the setting or social context of interaction, the topic, and the function. All these explanations guided the audience to catch the truly meaning of a speaker.

English conversation is an important lesson for Senior High School students in order to face the globalization effects. Many students considered English conversation as a controversial lesson through their positive and negative attitudes toward it. This study aimed to investigate the types of attitudes of the Senior High School students in learning English conversation, to describe the realization of the attitudes of Senior High School students in learning English conversations, and to explain the reason of the attitude which Senior High School students realized in the ways they are. The subjects of this study were 20 students consisting 12 females and 8 males at the age of 16-18 years old. The data were collected by observations and interviews then were analyzed using Interactive Models. The result showed that positive and negative attitude in learning English conversations, five types of realizations, and the reasons of the students realized their attitudes i.e. the language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of language norms. It was concluded that the students’ attitude varied as to positive and negative ones and realized in numerous manners affected by several factors. Keywords: Discourse Markers, Students Interactions, Nonformal Education, Conversation

This study deals with the realizations of violation maxims of main characters in Keluarga Beti comedy series. The objectives of the study were to describe realization of violation maxims used by main characters in Keluarga Beti comedy series. This research was conducted by qualitative design. The data were sentences of main characters which were violated. The data source of this research was taken from Keluarga Beti comedy series that was obtained from the video on YouTube. The finding of the data showed eleven realizations of violation maxim of main characters in Keluarga Beti comedy series as understating, overstating, using tautologies, contradiction, using irony, give hints, give association clues, be ambiguous, overgeneralize, and overstating and be ambiguous. The most dominant realization of violation maxim was being ambiguous. The less dominant realized of main characters in Keluarga Beti comedy series were understating and give association clues. The absence of the realizations of main characters in Keluarga Beti comedy series were metaphor, presuppose, and be vague. The researcher also found other realizations were unrelated statement and combination of overstating and be ambiguous. Keywords:Violation Maxims, Main Characters, Comedy, Keluarga Beti Comedy Series.

The objective of this study is to develop E-Scattergories game as a media to teach writing descriptive text for the tenth grade students in SMK Namira Tech Nusantara Medan. This study was conducted by using Research and Development design through six stages; gathering data and information, need analysis, designing materials and media, validating, revising, get the product. The subject of the study was tenth grade students and the English teacher in SMK Namira Tech Nusantara Medan. The data were gathered by reviewing documents, conducting interview to English teacher and distributing questionnaires to TKJ 1 (Teknik Komputer Jaringan) consisting of 18 students to get the students’ need. The interview and questionnaire results proved that the students to neededdigital game as a media. The developed writing materials were validated by two experts with the average scores of 92.66 of 100. It shows that the E-Scattergories game is valid and suitable to be used for the tenth grade students in SMK Namira Tech Nusantara Medan. The final product can be used from EScattergories developer.egoarchitect.com.Key words: development, E-Scattergories game, digital game, descriptive text.

This study aims to develop English Reading Material for Grade Eleven of Islamic Students at SMA Nurul Islam Indonesia Medan. This study was conducted by using Research and Development (R & D) design through six stages; gathering information and data, analyzing data, designing materials, validating by experts, revising, and final product. The subject of this study were students of class XI IPA consisting of 30 students and one of the English teachers. The instrumentation for collecting the data were questionnaire and interview. After Analyzing the data, the researcher got the students’ needs. The data were gathered by administrating interview to English teacher and distributing the questionnaire to 30 students to get the students’ needs. The interview and questionnaire result prove that the Islamic 1 students of XI IPA need English reading materials which contain Islamic content. Thus, developing English reading materials were procedure text. Then the procedure texts related to their background of knowledge. The products have been validated by two experts; English lecturer and English teacher. The average scores are 4.6 or 92% from English lecturer and 4.4 or 89% from English teacher. It means the developing materials are categorize as relevant or appropriate for grade eleven of Islamic students.Keywords: Research and Development (R & D), reading materials, Islamic students

This study aimed to analyze teachers’ experiences in engaging students cognitively in English as a foreign language during the covid-19 pandemic. The participants of this study were experienced and less experienced teachers at private high schools in Medan. The technique of data collection was in-depth interviews. The results showed that both teachers had been familiar with using online media for learning such as zoom meetings although sometimes they had difficulties in engaging the students in the learning process when technical issues of the network occurred. Moreover, they could engage the students by 1) developing creative teaching, 2) designing problem-solving, 3) Aiming at reason, 4) enabling students’ decision-making, and 5) enabling students to evaluate.

This Research and Development (R&D) is conducted to develop English teaching materials for young learners of grade four based on Islamic values of integrated language skills at SD IT AL Hijrah 2 Deli Serdang. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze English teaching materials are needed by the students, 2) to develop the English teaching materials, and 3) to give reasons for the English teaching materials developed. The respondent of this study is 23 respondents which consisted of twenty (20) fourth-grade students, one (1) English teacher, and two (2) lecturers. The data is collected by questionnaire, interview, and documentary. The results of this study showed that 1) English teaching materials needed by the students are English teaching materials based on Islamic values of integrated language skills, 2) the development of English teaching materials were developed through four steps, namely evaluation and need analysis, material development, material validation, and revision and final product, and 3) the reason English teaching materials are developed based on Islamic values of integrated language skills is because of the Islamic elementary schools and the terms or level of young learners. Based on the expert’s judgment result, the score was 3.68, and the percentage is 90% categorized as very good. It means that the developed materials were relevant or appropriate for the fourth-grade students of Islamic elementary school. It implies that the teacher can use the developed English teaching materials based on Islamic values of integrated language skills and Islamic elementary needs to lead the students to learn English in the Islamic context. Keywords: Research and Development (R&D), Teaching Materials for Young Learners, Islamic Values of Integrated Language Skills, Islamic Elementary School

This research deals with factors slow secondary learners difficulties in learning speaking at Homeschooling Global Lentera Kasih Batam. This research was conducted by using qualitative research. The objectives of this study was to investigate the factors causing slow secondary learners difficulties in learning speaking English. The data of this study obtained from documentation and interview. The techniques of collecting data that was applied in this research- they are observation, interview and documentation. The data of this study obtained from the result of interview from teacher and parents of slow learners. The source of data in this study was slow secondary learners grade X and the English teacher. There were 2 English teachers, and 2 classes of secondary level learners in Homeschooling Global Lentera Kasih and both slow learners classes contains 4 students, in class X-1 they are FL, NM, RRH and PLG, while in class X-2, they are DA, KT, SRN and FDF. The results showed that there were two factors caused the difficulties of slow learners in learning speaking, they are emotional and personal factors. Keyword s: Factors , Slow Learners , Difficuties , Learning, Homeschooling

The entrepreneurial competencies of the training participants at the labor training center (LTC) still seem low. The use of traditional job sheets and textbooks is still widely used in entrepreneurship learning. Utilizing a competency based module in entrepreneurship training may be able to overcome the low competency of entrepreneurship in trainees. This Research and Development study aimed at developing competency-based entrepreneurship modules instruction to improve participants’ entrepreneurial competencies at the LTCs. Materials and Methods: As many as 150 trainees were divided into 2 groups in which the experimental one was facilitated by competency-based modules and the control group was facilitated by using textbooks or job sheets. Results: The study proved that the use of competency-based modules facilitation improved the trainees’ entrepreneurial competencies. Conclusion: It is concluded that competency-based modules instruction improves the entrepreneurial competencies of the trainees at the LTCs.

There were many studies discussed on the product of translation. Meanwhile, few researcher lazy to watch the process of translation. This paper, therefore, investigated a study on the processes when a translator performed the translation. The cognitive process played an important role in it. The aims of the study are to describe the think aloud protocols as one of the assessment to explore the translation behaviours or strategies in translation and to analyze cognitive processes that occur in the mind of postgraduate students when they did the translation. This research is also necessary to know the difficulties faced by the students when conducting the process of it. The study that involved fifteen participants, resulted to some difficulties, namely in translating lingual word unit, lingual phrase unit, and lingual clause unit. The overcome strategies were refers to a dictionary, knowledge of the subject (guessing), and the attention of local context and content. It is suggested that, although the think-aloud assessment has limitations, but it is an appropriate instrument for looking into the mental process of a translator.

The objectives of this study are to describe the interaction between the results of teaching by audio visual and audio teaching media, and motivation towards the students’ listening. The research design was experimental research by using factorial design 2x2. There were 64 students from grade eighth in 2020/2021 academic year of SMP Al Washliyah 8 Medan as sample of this research. The students were divided into two groups. The first group was treated by using audio visual media and the second group was treated by using audio media. The motivation test was conducted for classifying the students upon the high and low motivation by using questionnaire. Students’ achievement in listening was measured by using multiple choice tests. The data were analyzed by applying Two-ways ANOVA, the results revealed that students’ listening achievement taught by using audio visual media significantly higher than that taught by using audio media and students’ listening achievement with high motivation was higher than students with low motivation. There was significant interaction between dual teaching media and motivation on the students’ listening achievement with F observed is lower than F table at the level significance α = 0.05 (F obs = 1.76 < F tab = 2.81) however, the value of significant level is α = 0.19 higher than 0.05. Thus, both teaching media and motivation significantly affect the students’ listening achievement. Keyword s: Teaching Listening, Audio Visual Media, Audio Media, Motivation, Listening Achievement .

In communication, sometimes people get difficulties in interpreting the messages. In communication, sometimes other people have difficulty interpreting the implied message of a word or sentence. The meaning of utterances does not depend on the literal meaning uttered by the speaker, but there is an implicit meaning behind the social speech and action in which the speech occurs. Searle (2014) state Illocutionary act the five basic kinds of illocutionary acts are namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. The objectives of this study are to explain types of illocutionary acts in first debate of Jakarta Governor election 2017. Bogdan and Biklen (1992:29) add that qualitative research is descriptive where data collected are in the form of word and picture rather than number. Research design in this study was conducted by descriptive qualitative research. Data analysis in this research is there are 733 clauses of which illocutionary act in the first debate of Jakarta governor election 2017. the technique for collecting data is documentary technique which download video from Youtube and transcribed the video into the interactive model by using Miles and Huberman (2014) with the three phases of data analysis such as data condensation, data display and conclusion. The findings show all types of illocutionary act were used in the first debate of Jakarta governor election 2017, namely: assertive (54%), directive (15%), commissive (18%), expressive (12%) and declarative (1%). Assertive dominantly is used in Governor and vice governor in the form of stating out of 250 utterances or 34,1%. Keywords: Illocutionary act, Speech, Governor, Jakarta, Debat

This study aims to describe the realization of intertextuality occurences in sari matua ceremony. This research is conducted qualitatively by applying technique analysis of Bazerman. The data are utterances which delivered by the speakers in the ceremony and transcribed into transcription. Sari Matua is one kind of death ceremony in batak toba culture and has been studied in other particular field of study. In this study, intertextuality occurrence are studied on oral discourse in Sari matua batak toba ceremony. Sari matua batak toba ceremony consisted of two sessions which are Martonggo Raja and main ceremony and this study focuses on these two sessions. The result of this study shows that there were 50 specific data found from 82 specific data which included kinds of intertextuality namely qutotation, reference, and allusion. The realization of intertextuality occurences in sari matua Batak Toba ceremony is realized by some elements of intertextuality itself. The realization Quotation is identified through the presence of lexical expressions such as mandok, manungkun, hatahononku, di dok, pinasihat. Reference is identified by seeing clause which reflected to, re-contextualized to dan re-accentuated to. Allusion is identified by clause complex which referring the text to literature, historical art, story, person even place. The intertextuality occurences realized in sari matua Batak Toba ceremony because the text which quoted, referred to and alluded to from the past time can be reflected in ourlives in the present time. Key words: Intertextuality, Oral Discourse, Batak Toba Ceremony, Sari Matua

DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY WORKSHEET USINGSCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT FORTHE SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP NEGERI 2 BABALAN*Amalia Chandra Dewi**Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed.**Safrida Lubis, S.Pd., M.Hum.ABSTRACTSDewi, Amalia Chandra. Registration Number: 2133121003. DevelopingStudents’ Vocabulary Worksheet using Scientific Approach on WritingDescriptive Text for the Seventh Grade Students at SMP Negeri 2 Babalan. AThesis. English Education Program, State University of Medan, 2020.The aimed of this study was to develop students’ vocabulary worksheet based onscientific approach on writing descriptive text for seventh grade students at SMPNegeri 2 Babalan. This study was conducted by using Research and Development(R&D) design through six stages; gathering information and data, analyzing data,designing materials, validating by experts, revising, and final product.The subjectof the study was grade VII of SMP Negeri 2 Babalan. The instruments of datacollection were gathered by administering interview and distributingquestionnaire. The study conducted interview to the English teacher anddistributing questionnaire to 27 respondents to get the students’ needs. Theinterview and questionnaire results proved that the students need vocabularyworksheet based on scientific approach in writing descriptive which can helpstudents to enrich the vocabulary. The product has been validated by an Englishlecturer and an English teacher with the average score is 4.6. The product wascategorized as “Very good” students’ vocabulary worksheet in writing descriptivetext. The final product of this study was a set of developed students’ vocabularyworksheet in writing descriptive text, it consisted five parts which were adaptedfrom Scientific Approach. Every part has 3-5 tasks that covered the learningneeds. It also has key words and the topics that are going to be done by thestudents in the first page of every part of the worksheet.Keywords : Vocabulary, Worksheet, Scientific Approach, Research andDevelopment (R&D), Writing Descriptive Text

The Purpose of this study are; 1) to examine the existing English speaking materials of Marketing students; 2) to investigate English Speaking material which needed to meet with the marketing students’ need; 3) to develop English Speaking materials for Marketing students based on Content Based Instruction. . This study is descriptive qualitative research. This study inspired of ten stage of Educational Research and Development model by Gall, Gall and Borg, 2003. but in implementing the model is simplified and adapted to Dirgayasa (2011) become four steps: 1) Evaluation and need analysis, 2) designing new material, 3) validating material, 4) revision and final production. The instrument of collecting data was collected by questionnaire, documentation and interview. The source of the data was students of XI Marketing academic year 2018/2019, Marketing teacher, stake holder, alumnus and also syllabus and the existing speaking material used at this time. The result of this study showed that 86 % students agree that they really need the relevant material which proper to their program and the analysis of the existing speaking materials and the existing syllabus showed that both are less relevant for English speaking skill for Marketing students. From the evaluation research got that learning method which used in the learning process found that it was less relevant. From evaluation research of documentation and interview agreed that the developing of speaking material for Marketing students is needed through Content Based Instruction. The final product of this speaking materials entitled English speaking materials for marketing. There are four topics in the book and it completed with teacher guide book.Keywords: Developing Speaking Material, Content Based Instruction, Marketing Students, Educational Research and Development

Principally this research attempts to find out 1) the cognitive process of different gender in writing argumentative text, 2) The cognitive process manner of different gender in writing argumentative text, and 3) The factors affecting the cognitive process of different gender in writing argumentative text. The research is done by using descriptive qualitative design. The data source of the research is the twelfth grade of SMA Swasta Free Methodist which has eighty students and six students, three males and three females as the sample. The instruments for collecting data are observation and interview sheet. The data are analyzed by using Miles, Huberman and Saldana theory which are consisted of four activities such as data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusions drawings/ verifying. The results of this research show that 1) the males’ cognitive process in writing occured by generating the ideas, organizing, setting goal, developing the ideas, and reading. Meanwhile, the females’ cognitive process occurred are generating ideas, organizing, setting goal, developing ideas, reading and editing. 2) the cognitive process manner of male students is conducted by brainstorming, then they outline the thinking ideas and read it to make sure. In the translating process, they tend to transform the ideas based on the generic structure of argumentative text. In the process of writing they read and edit words and sentences have been arranged well. In the end of their writing, they tend to read their writing result to make sure. While the female generated the ideas by brainstorming then, they developed the thinking points by outlining and the ideas are improved the quality by reading and revising the ideas. In the translating process, they tend to develop their writing by structuring it based on the argumentative generic structure without reading and editing because they tend to write it fluently. In reviewing, they read and edit the text and 3) the cognitive process factors of different gender affected by L1 writing ability, writing strategy, l2 langauge profiency and working memory capacity