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Background: Despite significant advances in patient treatment, infection remains a complication after surgery. The present study compared the incidence and severity of wound infection with two methods of washing the primary prep area with 70% alcohol and normal saline in patients who are candidates for orthopedic surgery in Kowsar Hospital of Sanandaj, Iran. Methods: This single-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on 190 candidates for upper limb orthopedic surgery aged 18 to 65. Patients were randomly assigned to two alcohol and normal saline groups based on the table of random numbers. The primary outcome of this clinical trial was the incidence and severity of wound infection after surgery, which was measured by the standard scale of the Asepsis index. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and statistical values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Patients’ hospitalization duration in the intervention group was (3.02±1.04 days) and in the control group (2.86±1.03 days) showed no significant statistical difference (p=0.297). The frequency of wound infection in the alcohol group was lower than in the normal saline group. this difference was statistically significant (p=0.023). Also, the severity of wound infection in the 70% alcohol group (Mean=5.12, SD=3.19) was lower than in the normal saline group (Mean=7.69, SD=4.12). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The present clinical trial showed that the incidence and severity of wound infection after surgery were lower in the group washing the skin of the surgical area with alcohol compared to the group washing with normal saline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC), a globally prevalent malignancy, shows significant variability in incidence across different geographical regions. In this study, we examined the expression of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 and the tumor marker CA15‐3 in women diagnosed with BC, focusing on different cancer grades. Our research, conducted at the Baqiyat Elah Hospital in Tehran in 2021, involved collecting blood and serum samples from BC patients. These samples underwent BRCA1 gene expression analysis and CA15‐3 tumor marker assessment. Using the AJCC grading system, we categorized BC patients into various grades. Our findings revealed that BRCA1 gene expression was present in 28.57% of patients, while 71.43% showed negative expression. Both BRCA1 expression and CA15‐3 levels significantly increased with advanced cancer stages (P < 0.001). These results suggest the potential utility of BRCA1 gene expression and CA15‐3 tumor marker assessment in BC prognosis and management, particularly concerning staging and disease progression. This study provides valuable insights into the biology of BC and the development of prognostic markers for improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in Iran with the main vector of Phlebotomus papatasi. The use of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of the vector is a potential substitute for the current methods which are being used. The purpose of the current study was to assess the virulence of two local isolates of Beauveria bassiana (OZ2 and TV) against Ph. papatasi. Methods: To perform the bioassay test, fungal suspensions were applied for every stage of the sand fly life cycle. The mortality rate, longevity, and number of eggs laid were determined. Also, the probability of fungal survival on the surface of rodent’s body was assessed. Results: The longevity of infected adult sand flies with both isolates of B. bassiana was significantly lower (P< 0.05) in comparison to the negative control. The estimated Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values for adult female and male sand flies treated with OZ2 isolate were 1.4×106 and 2.2×107 conidia/ml, respectively, while they were 6.8×106 and 2.3×108 conidia/ml for TV isolate, respectively. Both isolates of B. bassiana exhibited nonsignificant mortality rates in sand fly larvae and pupae and fecundity rate (P> 0.05). According to our findings for both isolates, the fungus continued to spread throughout the surface of the rodent's body for 144 hours after spraying. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that both isolates of B. bassiana have considerable biological control capacity against adult sand flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is possible to identify drugs and poisons present in cadavers by analyzing blowfly larvae and pupae collected during forensic autopsies. The main purpose of this study was to use Lucilia sericata’s larvae and pupae to identify drugs and poisons present in human cadavers. Methods: In an investigation, immature L. sericata fed meat treated with methamphetamine (MA) at various concentrations (45, 90, and 180 ng/mg) were analyzed to detect MA. Acetylation derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were used as sample preparation methods prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical instrumentation to find MA. Results: According to this study, L. sericata can be used in toxicological testing to identify MA in a host body. All L. sericata larval stages, particularly the third stage larva, pupa and empty pupa tested were positive for MA. Larvae in their first instar produced weak peaks. The L. sericata post-feeding instar following the 45 ng/mg treatment showed the highest MA concentration. For the first time, derivatization using the acetylation approach was used to prepare samples, and successfully, excellent results were obtained. Conclusion: Low quantities of MA can be easily found in immature fly samples using GC-MS. It is important to analyze all samples including human tissues and insect samples, for postmortem drug testing. They can be utilized to find entire MA before they are excreted in excretory samples such as urine. Also, third instar larvae are a great and reliable sample for toxicological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are used as control measure against mosquito bites. Efficacy, protection time and the effective dose of specimens were assessed on Anopheles stephensi. The malaria vector were reared under insectary condition, plants were collected from different parts of the country and identified and certified based on the morphological characters. The chemical composition of the volatile constituents was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The repellent activity of extracted essential oils was evaluated against adult female An. stephensi by using the animal-bait technique on white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Major component of the essential oils from each area according to climatic conditions indicated 36 compounds in M. longifolia, Cis-β-guaiene 42%, Cubenol 22%, and (Z)-3-hexenol 11.2% in Armand district, as well as 13 compounds with 8-cedren-13-ol 85.5%, Cis-ascaridole 4.2%, and Oplopanone 3% in Shah-manzar were the major components of the essential oil at autumn season. Mean protection time and the efficacy of specimens from different climates were 5.9, 6.6 and 2.3, 3.1 and 2.3, 3.3 and 3.0, 3.3 h, respectively. ED50 and ED90 values for the same specimens were calculated 1.48, 10.46, and 2.94, 24.02, and 5.26, 31.83, and 13.68, 84.23 μl/cm2, respectively. A total of 65, 11, 29, and 24 chemical compounds were isolated. Humid temperate cold area had the highest protection time. It can be considered as an appropriate herbal repellent against malaria vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64600-9.Correction to: Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64600-9, published online 15 June 2024In the original version of this Article, Sara Rahimi was omitted as a corresponding author. Correspondence and requests for materials should also be addressed to rahimisaraa@gmail.com.The original Article has been corrected.By Eslam Moradi-Asl; Arman Latifi; Mahsa Rashtbari; Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo and Sara RahimiReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Backgroun: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common infections acquired in the community. Study after study has shown that, H. pylori plays a major role in gastritis and gastric ulcer which is result in gastric cancer. Gastrointestinal diseases are major reasons for morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Many epidemiological studies have been done up to now indicated the predominant serious prevalence of H. pylori. The aim of this retrospective cross- sectional survey is to assess the incidence of H. pylori in Qazvin province, Iran. Methods: A sero-epidemiological study was carried out in Qazvin, Iran. H. pylori was diagnosed using a commercially available stool antigen test (HpSA). The H. pylori CARD Test is a rapid immune chromatography assay (ICA) test that uses a monoclonal anti-H. pylori antibody on a strip for the detection of H. pylori infections in stool specimens. Results: In the current study the overall infection rate was calculated approximately near to 52% that is remarkable (224 out of 434 patients). Conclusion: Accordingly, dedicating attention to further studies on the development of new strategies in order to treat and manage this bacterium through methods like Phage therapies, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and focusing on the use of microbiomes are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describing details and realities, fiction contributes to extracting and analyzing the social issues which are concerned, in one form or another, with behind the front in the literary works. In so doing, the authors embarked upon analyzing four fictive works, including The Burnt Ground, The Cold Suran, Da, and The Last Sunday, to examine the perspectives of male and female writers towards the social issues. The rationale lying behind opting for these works is that on the one hand these works widely address various impacts of war on social and individual life and, on the other, they cast a careful look at certain issues such as mourning for the martyrs, the devastation of cities, paucity of facilities, hoarding, price-gouging, and robbery. The present study, thus, is aimed at analyzing the paramount issues of behind the front in certain literary works representing the literature of the holy defense to investigate the differences between male and female writers in taking these issues into account. This research was conducted using library resources and employing a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the study indicated that the holy war had brought about socially and individually consequential impacts due to the war condition and nonequilibrium social status. Given the gender-specific perspectives, the writers have taken into account particular aspects of the war impacts. Mahmood and Afhami have addressed betrayal, price gouging, and robbery. Hosseini and Ramehr-Ramzi have emphasized criticizing the authorities, betrayal, and paucity of facilities. The male writers' perspectives towards mourning are for the most part relied on instigating and motivating the people to be enlisted for service in war and participate in the funeral of martyrs. This is whilst female writers have mainly focused on emotional instigation and crying for martyrs. 1. Introduction Besides dealing with the war affairs and the fight on the battlefield, the Holy Defence Literature (HDL) takes into account the destructions, dilapidations of war, bombardments, behind-the-front slaughter, inflation, robbery, poverty, and further socio-economic issues. In selected literary works, the authors embark upon mulling over social issues such as mourning for martyrs, robbery, poverty, betrayal, espionage, destruction, chaos in cities, the paucity of facilities, high expenses, inflation, etc. This study also seeks to investigate the dominant characteristics of behind the front issues in four fictive works, including The Burnt Ground, The Cold Suran, Da, and The Last Sunday. This study takes on to examine the social problems behind the front from the perspectives of male and female writers towards these issues. 2. Analysis and discussion 2-1. Analyzing behind the front social issues in the select literary works 2-1-1. Holding mourning ceremonies for the holy defense martyrs War disorganizes and disturbs the dominant social orders. Undoubtedly, the lack or collapse of regulating orders leads to social disintegration and critically jeopardizes social solidarity. However, certain practices and events may contribute to strengthening the bonds of social solidarity. One of the practices and events that is rife amongst different societies and religions is to mourn for the martyrs. The novel The Cold Suran does not focus its attention on mourning for martyrs as well as the novels The Burnt Ground, Da, and The Last Sunday. 2-1-2. Destruction and chaos in cities Of the particular features of the holy defense's literature is to describe the symptoms and negative repercussions of war such as the destruction of cities and consequently civil chaos. Not only has the civil war destroyed cities and houses of the great majority of Iranians, but also it led to the dilapidation of markets, shops, entertainment centers as well as cultural and economic structures. In its own right, this brought out great losses in the economic section of the country. The novels The Burnt Ground, The Cold Suran, Da, and The Last Sunday have equally considered this issue. 2-1-3. Criticism of the paucity of medical, military, and pharmaceutical equipment Of social issues in the select works is to critique the paucity of medical, military, and pharmaceutical equipment in the time of war. Placing greater emphasis upon this issue sheds much light on the real circumstances in fronts, war-hit cities and camps of war-hit people, and the common perspective towards it. This idea runs through all the select works. 2-1-4. Criticism of commanders of the war and the authorities One of the most important hallmarks of holy defense stories is to cast some critique towards the performance of the war commanders and authorities concerning the policies and decision-making on the state affairs during the war-time. Amongst the literary works introduced here, the novels The Burnt Ground, Da, and The Last Sunday have widely represented this issue. 2-1-5. Robbery, hoarding, and high expenses (people's living condition) As one of the most significant social issues, robbery, hoarding, and high expenses are the central themes of the select works which can be regarded as the impacts of the imposed war. In these works, The Burnt Ground and Da have particularly concerned with these problems far more significantly than The Cold Suran and The Last Sunday. 2-1-6. Presenting betrayal Another prominent social issue in the war and holy defense novels is the problem of betrayal. The Burnt Ground and Da pinpoint the betrayal of Arab Sheikhs. Allegedly, this has brought about common dissatisfaction and misrepresentation. All the select works have paid salient heed to this issue. 3. Conclusion Analyzing the select works using descriptive-analytical methods and different technical resources in the field of holy defense fictive literature, the findings of the study indicate that the issues concerning behindthe-front events from a social perspective have been widely addressed in the four fictive works The Burnt Ground, The Cold Suran, Da, and The Last Sunday. Amongst various social issues, it can be demonstrated that mourning for martyrs, destruction, and chaos in cities, critiquing paucity of medical and military equipment, critiquing the commanders and authorities of war, addressing espionage and betrayal, robbery, hoarding, poverty, and high expenses, are of the most salient issues in the select works. The novels The Burnt Ground and The Cold Suran address betrayal, destruction of cities, hoarding, and high expenses. This is whilst the two books Da and The Last Sunday mainly present paucity of equipment and facilities, critiquing commanders and authorities, and hoarding. Further, Mahmood and Afhami cast a sharp critique of the authorities and the state. On the other hand, Hosseini and Ramehrmazi's perspectives towards these issues realize in terms of discursive criticism. Also, The Burnt Ground depicts the robbery and the treatment of thieves to be practiced with violence and execution. The Burnt Ground and The Cold Suran reveal that hoarders are treated violently. This is represented in people's behavior regarding Kal Sha'ban and Kad Khoda. In Da and The Last Sunday, this is represented by linguistic violence in Zahra and Ma'sume's characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Compliance plays a major role in the success of brace treatment and is influenced by factors such as the kind of brace, measurements method, regimen for brace wear, pattern wearing at night/day or full/part time and another factor is also psychological condition of the wearer. The objective of this review is to assess affecting factors on compliance of spinal braces in idiopathic scoliosis. Materials and methods: The guideline of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used for conducting review and assessing the quality of evidence. The search in Pubmed databases had 175 results of which 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. Effective factors on compliance were extracted and categorized into six groups based on type of brace, measurement method, age, day/night time pattern wearing, full/part time wearing and psychological aspect that can improve the result of spinal brace treatment in idiopathic scoliosis. Results: The results demonstrated that the type of braces determines structure and appearance and affects compliance. Psychological aspects, age, brace wear pattern (daytime or nighttime or part-time versus fulltime) and the assessment method (using temperature versus pressure sensors) can affect recorded compliance. Conclusions: Compliance can be augmented by considering factors in the design and delivery of the brace. Superior appearance and comfortable within the brace can improve psychological acceptance and improve the compliance. Lower age, involving the patient in treatment procedure, considering the child habits, and improved family awareness of the treatment plan of idiopathic scoliosis can also improve overall compliance of the brace. This article reviews factors that affect compliance with orthotic treatment in idiopathic scoiliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]