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BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China and spread to other countries and continents causing a variety of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms which led to death in severe cases. SCOPE AND APPROACH: In this review, we discuss and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal production systems and food production of meat, dairy, eggs, and processed food, in addition to assessing the impact of the pandemic on animal healthcare systems, animal healthcare quality, animal welfare, food chain sustainability, and the global economy. We also provide effective recommendations to animal producers, veterinary healthcare professionals, workers in animal products industries, and governments to alleviate the effects of the pandemic on livestock farming and production systems. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Port restrictions, border restrictions, curfews, and social distancing limitations led to reduced quality, productivity, and competitiveness of key productive sectors. The restrictions have hit the livestock sector hard by disrupting the animal feed supply chain, reducing animal farming services, limiting animal health services including delays in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, limiting access to markets and consumers, and reducing labor-force participation. The inhumane culling of animals jeopardized animal welfare. Egg smashing, milk dumping, and other animal product disruptions negatively impacted food production, consumption, and access to food originating from animals. In summary, COVID-19 triggered lockdowns and limitations on local and international trade have taken their toll on food production, animal production, and animal health and welfare. COVID-19 reverberations could exacerbate food insecurity, hunger, and global poverty. The effects could be massive on the most vulnerable populations and the poorest nations.

COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal-human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.

Some diseases, including periodontal diseases as well as anesthesia and drugs can increase oxidative stress in the body which causes the destruction of cells. Therefore, the effect of tramadol and meloxicam as the two frequently used analgesic drugs on the induction of oxidative stress was investigated in this study. 30 dogs affected with advanced periodontitis which is candidates for dental extraction under general anesthesia were assigned to two different groups randomly. After induction of anesthesia group A received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, IV) and group B received tramadol (3 mg/kg, IV) as an analgesic. Prior to injection, at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and 3 hours after the induction of anesthesia blood samples were collected to measure indicators of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). As a result, an increase in all indicators of oxidative stress was observed at different times measured in both groups. However, the increase was more evident in group B. A significant difference in mean ± SD increase of MDA and decrease of SOD at 30, 60 min, and 3 hours after the injection was observed between the groups. In conclusion, meloxicam provided less imbalances on oxidative stress and therefore, has beneficial effects in dental extractions due to advanced periodontitis in dogs, which is very probable done by regulating the inflammatory and oxidation factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cases of snakebites especially with an elapidae are considered as a medical emergency. However, in some cases of elapidae envenomation, bite signs might be unpredictable. Case: Dorsal surface of the second finger of a 39-year-old man was bitten by N. Naja Oxiana less than half hour before his admission. On arrival, patient had clear bilateral ptosis, mydriasis, reduced light reflex of pupils and sialorrhea. Other muscles power had no problem. The patient was agitated due to suffocation secondary to respiratory muscle paralysis, during half hours of hospitalization. He was intubated and mechanically ventilated. He was treated by antivenom, 10 vials as attack dose, 5 vials as repeated dose that was repeated three times and 2 vials every 8 hours as maintenance dose. He received antibiotic for local superinfection. Although, he did not receive any acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, he was extubated 48 hours later. The patient was discharged on the 7th day in good general condition with oral antibiotic prescription and no complication except local cellulitis. In conclusion, for efficient treatment of patients bitten with elapidae, we need to find the best course of treatment using the adequate antivenom as fast as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to predict psychological well-being based on Islamic lifestyle and coping strategies in patients with thalassemia major in Tehran. Method: The present study was categorized as descriptive research (correlation type) as the research method. Because the aim of the research was to determine the contribution and role of each of the predictor variables in estimating and predicting the criterion variable. For this purpose, this study included all major thalassemia patients referring to Zafar Thalassemia Clinic and Thalassemia Department of Baharlo Hospital in Tehran. Results:According to the results, coping strategies (coping focused on cognitive assessment, coping focused on problem solving, emotion-focused coping, social support, and coping focused on physical inhibition) have significantly improved psychological well-being in people with major thalassemia disease, as predicted, and also the Islamic lifestyle significantly predicted psychological well-being in people with major thalassemia. Conclusion: Among coping strategies, coping focused on problem-solving, coping focused on positive cognitive assessment, coping focused on emotion and coping with physical inhibition for significant negative psychological well-being in patients with thalassemia major the study predicted and found that the Islamic lifestyle has a positive psychological well-being in patients with thalassemia major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]