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Introduction Varicocele, which is defined as varicose veins in the scrotum, is associated with different complications, in particular infertility. However, the definite etiologies have not determined yet. Our objective was to investigate the association between left lumbar, renal, and gonadal veins diameters and varicocele occurrence and grading in kidney donors underwent left-sided nephrectomy. Also, the frequency of varicocele were evaluated three months after the surgery. Methods In this observational study, male kidney donors aged 18 to 65, who underwent open nephrectomy were included between 2022 and 2023. Baseline data on age, body mass index (BMI), and the presence or grade of varicocele were collected through medical records and physical examinations. During the procedure, the diameter of the left lumbar, renal, and gonadal veins was measured using a graded ruler on the back Table. Three months after the nephrectomy, the patients were re-evaluated for varicocele recurrence. Results We included 30 kidney donor with a mean age of 38.2 years and BMI of 23.5 kg/m2. The renal vein diameter decreased with higher grading (P-Value=0.05) and the gonadal vein diameter increased with higher grading (P-Value=0.04). However, there was no significant association between varicocele grading and left lumbar vein diameter. Following three months of nephrectomy, the frequency of varicocele increased from 33.4% to 50.0%. Conclusions The diameter of the left lumbar vein was almost unchanged in varicocele, while the size of the left renal vein decreased, and the size of the left gonadal vein increased. Furthermore, occurrence of varicocele increased after three months of left-sided nephrectomy. Therefore, people undergoing nephrectomy are at a higher risk of developing varicocele which should be considered in follow-up visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture and worldview form the foundations of a society's existence and knowledge, which are transformed by various external and internal factors. One of the platforms that embodies these infrastructures in every culture is folklore narratives, the analysis of which can be used to recover sources that are less visible in historical documents. According to historical evidence, matriarchy culture in Zagros was the dominant social phenomenon before the widespread presence of Aryan peoples in the Iranian Plateau. Such phenomena bring with them certain subcultures and social customs that are represented at different social and literary levels. Exogamy is one of the characteristics of matriarchal culture, which can be found in the oral literature of Kurdistan. While examining the data on exogamy based on the worldview of matriarchy by using its data, the present study analyzes the content of three popular Kurdish oral narratives in an analytical-descriptive manner and shows that action and conflict in these narratives are the result of the clash of two cultures of exogamy (ex-marriage) and endogamy (in-marriage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a rare neoplasm which often presents as a lytic lesion in the epiphyseal region of long bones and which are usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and restricted movement. Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a rare neoplasm that affects individuals in their third and fourth decades of life. Clinically, it often presents as a lytic lesion in the epiphyseal region of bones, notably the distal femur and proximal tibia. Radiologically, GCT appears as a distinct lytic lesion in the epiphyseal region. Histopathologically, GCTs are composed of mononuclear cells, macrophages, and multinuclear giant cells, indicative of osteoclastogenic stromal tumors. A 37‐year‐old man presented with left wrist pain, swelling, and restricted movement persisting for a year, worsening over the last 7 months. Radiographic assessments revealed a distal radius bone mass involving the radiocarpal joint. Biopsy confirmed a GCT with extension into peripheral muscle. PET/CT scan showed localized pathology without metastasis. Histopathologically, GCT exhibited multinucleated giant cells, spindle cells, and aneurysmal bone cyst‐like regions with coagulation necrosis. Surgical resection involved en‐bloc removal and reconstruction with a non‐vascularized radius bone graft. Postoperatively, the patient showed no complications at the one‐year follow‐up, suggesting successful intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early graft loss (EGL) is one of the rare complications of kidney transplantation. Several factors play a role in the occurrence of EGL in kidney transplant recipients, which must be identified and limited. Objectives: This ten-year retrospective study was conducted in a single center on 32 kidney transplant recipients with EGL to determine the reasons for and risk factors of kidney transplant rejection in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study's population included 605 kidney transplant recipients receiving kidneys during the last ten years in our center. The diagnosis of EGL was based on renal allograft biopsy examination and primary clinical complications, including a rapid increase in serum creatinine. The age, gender, blood group, and rhesus (Rh) of both donors and recipients, as well as the kinship between the donor and recipient (relative and non-relative), right/left-sided living donor/recipient kidneys, primary kidney disease, the presence of underlying disease in the recipient, dialysis duration, the year of kidney transplantation, transplant survival time, patient survival time, and complications (surgery and others) were gathered. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: In this study, 32 out of 605 kidney transplant recipients (5.28%) experienced EGL (53.1% male and 46.9% female, average age of 41.12 years). The duration of kidney function after transplantation was 5.56 ± 0.13 days. The transplanted kidneys were functional between 72 hours and one week after transplantation in 34.4% of the patients. The causes of EGL were found to be tissue rejection in 31.3% of the patients and vascular thrombosis and hyperacute rejection in 21.8%. Nephrectomy occurred in 41% of the patients, and 43.75% died because of a heart attack. Conclusions: Our findings supported previous studies' results, suggesting that EGL is associated with receiving an incompatible kidney transplant and surgery-related complications, including bleeding and thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]