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To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6155.2008.00165.x Byline: Zahra Kashaninia (1), Firoozeh Sajedi (2), Mehdi Rahgozar (3), Fariba Asadi Noghabi (4) Keywords: Behavioral responses; Kangaroo Care; intramuscular injection; pain; term neonates Abstract: PURPOSE. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Kangaroo Care (KC) on behavioral responses of term neonates to the pain of an intramuscular injection. DESIGN AND METHODS. One hundred healthy term neonates were enrolled and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the neonate was held in KC for 10 min before the injection and remained in KC for the duration of the procedure. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score immediately after injection. RESULTS. The cumulative NIPS score immediately after injection in the intervention group was significantly lower (p < .001) than in the control group. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. KC given before injection seems to effectively decrease pain and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in neonates. Author Affiliation: (1)Nursing Department, University of Welfare & Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran (2)Clinical Sciences Department, University of Welfare & Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran (3)Biostatistics & Computer Department, University of Welfare & Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran (4)Nursing Department, University of Bandar Abbas, Bandar Abbas, Iran Article History: First received January 17, 2007; Revision received March 13, 2008; Accepted for publication March 20, 2008. Article note: Author contact: fisajedi@uswr.ac.ir, with a copy to the Editor: roxie.foster@UCDenver.edu

Abstract Background Estimates of the annual prevalence for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) were consistent across the international sites range, 1.9% – 2.5%. The nine population surveys, which used Diagnostic Interview Schedule, estimated a six-month prevalence of OCD ranging from 0.7% to 2.1%. This study performed in order to determine the prevalence of OCD in a population-based study among Iranian adults aged 18 and older and to study the association of them with factors such as sex, marital status, education, type of occupation and residential area. Methods A cross-sectional nationwide epidemiological study of the Iranian population aged 18 and older was designed to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their association with the above mentioned factors. 25180 individuals were selected and interviewed through a randomized systematic and cluster sampling method from all Iranian households. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria were used in diagnosis of OCD. 250 clinical psychologists interviewed the selected subjects face to face at their homes. Results The prevalence of OCD in Iran is 1.8% (0.7% and 2.8% in males and females; respectively). 50.3% of the survey sample were men, 49.9% women, 29.1% single, 67.45% married, 0.4% separated or divorced, 2.5% widow/widower and 4% undetermined. All of the above-mentioned factors were examined in the univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Although the data did not fit the models well, but in univariate models, sex, the category "single" of marital status, age, the categories "business" and "housewife" and residential areas showed significant effect adjusting for the factors, but the models didn't fit the data properly. Conclusion The study suggests that the prevalence of OCD is not rare in the community of Iran and is within the range of other countries. Similar to prior studies in other communities, OCD is more common in females than males.

The aim was to evaluate the lifetime prevalence of conduct disorder according to sociodemographic characteristics, determine the sociodemographic predictors of conduct disorder, and estimate the rates of comorbidities of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with conduct disorder by age and gender. The National Epidemiology of Iranian Children and Adolescents Psychiatric Disorders was a cross-sectional, general population-based study on 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years from all provinces of Iran, which was done using multistage cluster sampling. Iranian citizens aged 6–18 years who resided at least 1 year in each province were included, and children and adolescents with severe physical illnesses that prevented them to participate in the study were excluded. The sample weighting adjustment was used, since we had randomly selected the equal number of 1000 participants of each province from the urban and rural areas. Trained psychologists conducted diagnostic interviews with the adolescents and the children's parents using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS—PL). In this study, 54 children aged 6–9 years (0.58%, CI 0.47–0.77), 64 adolescents aged 10–14 years (0.57%, CI 0.47–0.77), and 117 adolescents aged 15–18 years (1.22%, CI 0.96–1.44) met the criteria of the lifetime conduct disorder. Conduct disorder was significantly more common in boys than in girls, and was significantly less prevalent among those participants whose fathers had no history of psychiatric hospitalization. Of the participants with conduct disorder, 83.4% met the criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder. Conduct disorder had a high rate of comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (54.89%, CI 48.50–61.12), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.34%, CI 26.68–38.56), tobacco use (20.43%, CI 15.77–26.04), and depressive disorders (18.30%, CI 13.88–23.74). Because of using the diagnostic instrument, we found a low total rate of prevalence for conduct disorder; however, higher rates of it were observed among boys and adolescents. Further studies are needed to explore the nature of comorbidities of conduct disorder and to consider them in a large clinical population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Seizure is the most common neurological disorder in pediatric medicine. This disorder is often chronic and requires continuous treatment. Developmental disorders are conditions that can occur due to abnormal development or damage to the brain and central nervous periods (out-of-hospital). However, in most studies, the severity of seizure relapse is mistakenly considered the same for each period. The present study aimed to identify factors related to the recurrence of seizure in children with developmental disorder. Materials & Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 228 children with developmental disorder and a history of seizures referred to the emergency department of the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Tehran, Iran in 2016. Relapse times, admission duration and discharge time, age, sex, birth weight, type of delivery, parental relatives, maternal age during pregnancy, mother's history of medication use and disease during pregnancy, history of seizure with fever, family history of seizure, maternal delivery problems, length of pregnancy, history of admission to neonatal intensive care unit were recorded as factors affecting recurrence of seizure. Inclusion criteria were having developmental disorder and a history of seizure recurrence. The patients who were hospitalized for any reason other than seizure were excluded from the study. No intervention was performed in this study. Patients' information was recorded with their permission and based on ethical principles and the results were presented in the form of tables. Survival model was used to investigate the effect of risk factors on the seizure recurrence. If the seizure recurrence in children was controlled in hospital by medical staff, response variable (relapse time) was considered as censored. A frailty parameter was used to explain the correlation between recurrence of seizures in one subject, and a correlation parameter was used to justify the difference in in the rate of correlation between seizures in a hospital and in somewhere other than hospital. The collected data were analyzed using frailty model for recurrent event by considering restraint period. To achieve an effective and flexible approximation for estimating base intensities, the piecewise constant intensity method was used. Estimation of the parameters was performed using the Gaussian quadrature method and by NLMIXED procedure in SAS V. 9.2 software. Results Of 228 children, 125 (54.8%) were boys and half of them were under 3 years of old. The mothers of 200 children (87.72%) had age of 18-35 years at the time of pregnancy; 96 (41.67%) of these patients were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit during neonatal period. The birth weight of 199 (28.27%) children was about 2.5-4 kg and 119 did not experience any seizure during the restraint period (in the hospital). The frequency of seizure recurrence in hospital ranged from 1 (25.88%) to 16 times (0.44%), while in out-of-hospital, it ranged from 1 (7.46%) to 11 times (0.44%). The duration of seizure recurrence was between 1 to 6196 days. Furthermore, children aged 1-2 years (P<0.001) with a history of admission to neonatal intensive care unit (P<0.001) whose mothers were 18-35 years of old during pregnancy (P=0.022) experienced more out-of-hospital seizure recurrence, while children aged 1-2 years (P=0.007) with a birth weight of 2.5-4 kg (P= 0.037) experienced less seizure recurrence in hospital. Conclusion Considering the meaningful relationships and appropriate planning, the recurrence of seizure can be reduced in children with developmental disorder during hospitalization or after withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of the present study was to explain the correlation between sleep disorders and function in children with spastic cerebral palsy (4-12 year). Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 62 children with spastic CP (8.98±1.46 yr) recruited from rehabilitation clinics of Tehran, Iran in 2017. The Activities Scale for Kids, The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the cerebral palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for Children were utilized in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results Children with sleep disorder and arousal disorders had lower family health, lower quality of life and lower level of independence in their activities (P< 0.05). Conclusion These results emphasize on the necessity of more attention about sleep disorders and family health problems in children with cerebral palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease of children that need a lifelong diet for its treatment. Because of the high burden of care, parents and particularly mothers are prone to mental disorders or psychiatric adverse reactions. We aimed to investigate the effect of empowerment of mothers on the burden of caring for children with PKU. Materials & Methods This was a semi-experimental (before-after with control group) study. Overall, 50 mothers of children with PKU that were referred to Endocrine Clinic in Qods Hospital of Qazvin City, northwestern Iran in 2016, were selected and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection was made by using demographic characteristics of mothers and children and also the Zarit burden interview questionnaires. Empowerment program was delivered during nine sessions of holistic and family oriented empowerment model in the intervention group. The control group received routine services. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS software. Results In intervention group, the mean score of overall care burden and its dimensions in the mothers of children with PKU in post-test was significantly lower than the pre-test (41.20 ± 5.04 vs. 58.24 ± 3.96; P<0.001); but pre-test and post-test scores in the control group had no significant difference (58.4 ± 5.22 vs. 58.96 ± 4; P=0.327). In other words empowerment program was able to reduce the burden of caring in mothers. conclusion. Empowerment program can reduce the burden of care in mothers of children with PKU. Thus empowerment training is necessary for this group of mothers in the form of workshops and educational pamphlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The snug fit of a prosthetic socket over the residual limb can disturb thermal balance and put skin integrity in jeopardy by providing an unpleasant and infectious environment. The prototype of a temperature measurement and control (TM&C) system was previously introduced to resolve thermal problems related to prostheses. This study evaluates its clinical application in a setting with reversal, single subject design. The TM&C system was installed on a fabricated prosthetic socket of a man with unilateral transtibial amputation. Skin temperature of the residual limb without prosthesis at baseline and with prosthesis during rest and walking was evaluated. The thermal sense and thermal comfort of the participant were also evaluated. The results showed different skin temperature around the residual limb with a temperature decrease tendency from proximal to distal. The TM&C system decreased skin temperature rise after prosthesis wearing. The same situation occurred during walking, but the thermal power of the TM&C system was insufficient to overcome heat build-up in some regions of the residual limb. The participant reported no significant change of thermal sense and thermal comfort. Further investigations are warranted to examine thermography pattern of the residual limb, thermal sense, and thermal comfort in people with amputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of heat inside the prosthetic socket increases skin temperature and fosters perspira- tion, which consequently leads to high tissue stress, friction blister, discomfort, unpleasant odor, and decreased prosthesis suspension and use. In the present study, the prototype of a temperature measurement and control (TM&C) system was designed, fabricated, and functionally evaluated in a phantom model of the transtibial prosthetic socket. The TM&C system was comprised of 12 thermistors divided equally into two groups that arranged internal and external to a prosthetic silicone liner. Its control system was programmed to select the required heating or cooling function of a thermal pump to provide thermal equilibrium based on the amount of temperature difference from a defined set temperature, or the amount of difference between the mean temperature recorded by inside and outside thermistors. A thin layer of aluminum was used for thermal conduction between the thermal pump and different sites around the silicone liner. The results showed functionality of the TM&C system for thermoregulation inside the prosthetic socket. However, enhancing the structure of this TM&C system, increasing its thermal power, and decreasing its weight and cost are main priorities before further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]