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Agroforestry systems can be considered as sustainability concept. They are able to provide ecological, economical and sociological benefit. In order to help policy makers and stakeholder decide what action should be taken to make agroforestry sustainable, the identification of the sustainability status is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the sustainability status of agroforestry systems in Timor Island, one of the islands in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, eastern Indonesia. The data was collected through combination of field observation and interviews with 38 respondents with purposively selected in three dominant agroforestry systems, namely: mixed-garden, mamar, traditional agroforestry and silvopasture. Multidimensional Scaling approach was used to analyse the sustainability status of agroforestry systems based on five dimensions (ecology, economy, social, institutional and technology) as well as 26 attributes. The attribute valuation was in ordinal scale based on sustainable criteria of each dimension. The criteria were ranked from 0 (the lowest) to 3 (the highest). The assessment of sustainability status was classified into: not sustainable (0-25%), less sustainable (25-50%), moderate sustainable (50-75%) and good sustainable (75-100%). The result revealed that the sustainability of all agroforestry systems were in moderate sustainable. This study found that, only 15 out of 26 attributes were categorized as sensitive attributes. Such data and information are important for the agroforestry farmer or other related stakeholder for improving appropriate strategies or action in sustainable agroforestry management.

Calcium carbonate is commonly precipitated as a scale in the transportation pipes of water. The presence of this mineral deposit becomes problematic, because it can block the pipes and lead to a decline in piping performance. Calcium carbonate precipitation from the synthetic solution was experimentally investigated in the present study. The aim of research was to predict the occurrence of precipitates and characterize the scale precipitated from the solutions. The synthetic solutions were prepared using CaCl2 and Na2CO3, which was mixed with distilled water (H2O). The concentrations of Ca2+ at 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm. in the solution were adjusted and the solution flow in the Cu pipes at the different flow rate of 30, 40 and 50 ml/min. It was found that in all the experiments, the conductivity decreased abruptly after a certain induction period. Higher temperature produced more mass of the scale indicating that the increasing temperature promote scale formation. SEM analysis showed that the scale was rhombohedral, while EDS revealed that the elemental composition of the scale consisted of Ca, C and O. The crystalinity of the scale was found to be mostly calcit as shown by the XRD

Analysis of restructured beef steaks prepared by different techniques reveals that use of salt/phosphate for restructuring the beef steaks results in minimum purge losses and higher bind scores and binding force. Minimum cooking loss is observed for steaks restructured with Na-alginate/Ca-lactate, while they have higher bind scores than controls. Use of Na-pectate/Ca-lactate exerts no influence on the quality of restructured beef.

The estimation of lipid oxidation in meat is facilitated by spectrophotometric evaluation of the malonaldehydethiobarbituric acid, TBA, complex. TBA test involves direct heating of the sample meat in the presence of TBA, and subsequent isolation of the red pigment by centrifugation. The sample is distilled and its distillate is subjected to reaction with TBA. A comparative analysis evaluates the efficiency and specificity of an aqueos acid extraction TBA-C18 method when compared to other TBA tests. The correlation between the sensory analysis of rancid odor and TBA numbers of the other four TBA methods, is also tested.