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Neil Hawkes,1,2 Umakant Dave,3 Mesbah Rahman,2,3 Dafydd Richards,3 Mahmud Hasan,4,5 AHM Rowshon,4 Faruque Ahmed,4,6 M Masudur Rahman,6 MG Kibria,6 Phedra Dodds,7 Bethan Hawkes,8 Stuart Goddard,9 Imdadur Rahman,10 Peter Neville,1 Mark Feeney,11 Gareth Jenkins,12 Keith Lloyd,12 Krish Ragunath,13 Cathryn Edwards,2,11 Simon D Taylor-Robinson14 1Department of Gastroenterology, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, South Wales, UK; 2British Society of Gastroenterology Central Office, London, UK; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK; 4Office of the Central Secretariat, Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Office of Central Secretariat, Gastroliver Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 6Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 7Department of Endoscopy Nursing, Office of the JAG GRS Team, Powys Health Board, Brecon, UK; 8Office of the Wales Cancer Network Pathway, Welsh Cancer Network, Cardiff, UK; 9Welsh Institute of Minimal Access Therapy, Cardiff MediCentre, Welsh Institute for Minimal Access Therapy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; 10Department of Gastroenterology, Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; 11Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Medicine, Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Devon, UK; 12Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; 13Office of the Provost, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bentley Campus, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; 14Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Neil Hawkes Email neil.hawkes@wales.nhs.ukAbstract: The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and the Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society (BGS) have collaborated on an endoscopy training programme, which has grown up over the past decade from a small scheme borne out of the ideas of consultant gastroenterologists in Swansea, South Wales (United Kingdom) to improve gastroenterology services in Bangladesh to become a formalised training programme with broad reach. In this article, we document the socioeconomic and historical problems that beset Bangladesh, the current training needs of doctors and how the BSG-BGS collaboration has made inroads into changing outcomes both for gastroenterologists in Bangladesh, but also for the populations they serve.Keywords: endoscopy training, Bangladesh, training programmes, gastroenterology training

Insecticidal interventions at critical stages of maize are an important strategy for managing invasive insect pest fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Conventional spraying systems cannot be used over larger areas, and the insecticide application using unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming popular among peasants. As the FAW resides inside the maize whorls, targeted insecticide application is necessary for effective management. The efficacy of (UAV) spray with different types of nozzles was compared with the conventional spray system, namely high-volume spray and Control droplet applicator. The other spray systems' droplet density, efficacy, and residues of insecticides in plants, soil and water were studied. The UAV droplet density up to 5 m swath recorded no significant variation for both nozzles. A UAV with an atomizer nozzle was as effective as a high-volume spray in reducing the FAW infestation. The residue analysis of leaf samples from the study area revealed more residues in the control droplet applicator and UAV atomizer nozzle. The per cent reduction of initial deposits in the top, middle and bottom maize leaves was least in the UAV atomizer nozzle. The insecticide residues in the study sample area were also below the detectable limit. UAV usage in maize saves time and reduces FAW damage as that of high-volume sprayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the validation of the PEACE scale, which assesses cleanliness during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to improve the quality of inspection during endoscopy. The study involved 16 international experts who were trained on the PEACE scale and then assessed videos of EGD procedures. The overall agreement on PEACE scores was good, indicating high concordance among the experts. The PEACE scale can be used as a simple and uniform method to assess and document cleanliness during EGD, and it has been validated among international experts. [Extracted from the article]

Timely and accurate medium range weather information is critical to conquer the impact of highly dynamic next few days' weather on the farming. Advances in weather forecast models, as well as their increased resolution, have resulted in more accurate and realistic forecasts. An attempt was made during 2019 - 2021 at Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to develop cluster of village level (@ 3km resolution) Medium Range Weather Forecast (MRWF) for Tamil Nadu with higher accuracy. In this study, Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF v4.2.1) with four microphysics viz., Kessler, WSM3, WSM5, WSM6 schemes were tested for Tamil Nadu during CWP, HWP, SWM and NEM 2020. The MRWF generated from the WRF model v4.2.1 with WSM3 had better BSF, higher Forecast Accuracy Index (FAI) and Forecast Usability Percent (FUP) for Tamil Nadu followed by Kessler scheme. The WSM5 and WSM6 were poor performer during the study. In general, CWP had higher FAI followed by HWP, NEM & SWM. The FAI from WSM3 was 0.65 - 0.74 during NEM and 0.55 - 0.69 during SWM. Among the season, the MRWF generated during SWM were over forecasted the rainfall quantity, where the NEM and HWP had better rainfall forecast nearing actuals. The FUP was higher in NEM followed by CWP, SWM & HWP, which was 57 - 88 per cent during NEM and 46 - 82 per cent during SWM. A decreasing trend in the quantitative FUP was observed with increase in lead times, irrespective of the microphysics and seasons. Finally, the study concluded that the accuracy of village level medium range rainfall forecasts from WRF model v4.2.1 varied temporally by season and the WSM3 microphysics option having superiority in all seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groundnut, commonly known as peanut, is a significant oil, food and feed legume crop grown in all seasons in Tamil Nadu, including kharif, rabi and summer and it is cultivated both under irrigated and rainfed conditions in all the seasons at Thiruvannamlai district. One of the most important applications of remote sensing in agriculture is a crop acreage and production estimation (CAPE). The CAPE's main goal is to estimate crop acreage and production of important crops, so that advanced food production, distribution and supply data were achieved. Methods: Multi-temporal Sentinel 1A SAR IW-GRD data with 20 m spatial resolution and 12 days temporal resolution of vertical - horizontal (V-H) polarization were downloaded for the period of 4th October 2020 to 8th January 2021 to have the full coverage during the crop growth period in the study area used for this work. Crop backscattering and multi-temporal features were extracted from MAPscape 5.2 automated pre-processing tool and its classified using supervised maximum likelihood classification for groundnut acreage extraction for Thiruvannamalai district. Result: The rabi groundnut area of Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu was estimated using SAR Sentinel-1A data as 32298 ha with a higher accuracy percentage of 87.4 and kappa coefficient of 0.75. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]