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Contemporary research reveals an undemanding protocol for the catalytic synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-quinolinepeptide in the incidence of a cost-effective and reusable mesoporous ZrO2-supported Cu2O (Cu2ZrO3) catalyst. This paper depicts a unique system for peptide bond synthesis staying away from toxic solvents and reactants. The catalyst was reused for four cycles without noteworthy loss in the activity, and the catalyst was genuinely heterogeneous. The method followed a simple workup procedure, and no column chromatography was needed. Further, the synthesized 1,2,4-oxadiazole-quinolinepeptide ligand (L), and its complexes of type, [FeLCl2] and [CuL]Cl2 were synthesized and characterized by spectral and analytical techniques. An octahedral geometry has been projected for Fe(II) complexes, while the Cu(II) complex exhibits a square planar geometry. The binding properties of the complexes with CT-DNA were studied by absorption spectral analysis, followed by viscosity measurement and thermal denaturation studies. The photo-induced cleavage studies revealed that the complexes possess photonuclease activity against pUC19 DNA under UV–visible irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel class of 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(substituted)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives were synthesized, and the structure of synthesized compounds was characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The newly synthesized compounds (4a–g and 6a–g) were tested for their in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition activity. The compounds have inhibitory profile against both COX‐1 and COX‐2, and some of the compounds are found to be selective against COX‐2. The compound 6g showed distinct inhibitory activity on COXs. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential anti‐inflammatory activity as inhibitors of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐6. Compounds 4d–g showed the highest level of inhibition among all the tested compounds. Thus, our data suggested that these compounds may represent a new class of potent anti‐inflammatory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were prepared by a low cost precipitation method. As prepared, SnO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into polyaniline (PANI) matrix to form PANI/SnO2 nanocomposites via liquid-liquid interfacial polymerization. The composite formation and structural changes in PANI/SnO2 nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical behavior of nanocomposite was evaluated in a three electrode system (in 1 M H2SO4) using such electrochemical techniques as cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The calculated, via cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance of the nanocomposite was found to be 636 Fg–1 at a scan rate of 2 m Vs–1. The nanocomposite exhibited a specific capacitance of 337 Fg–1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag–1. Further, it exhibited 73% of capacitance retention and 100% of columbic efficiency in a life cycle test conducted at 7.5 Ag–1 for 2000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulphide, a two dimensional unique layered material with natural hexagonal structure with adjoining layers connected by Mo-S covalent bonds, and stacked by weak van der Waals forces is similar to graphite. It has adjoining layer spacing of 0.615 nm which is significantly wider than graphite (0.333 nm) and is fabricated by simple inert annealing process. The synthesized MoS2 is composited with reduced graphene oxide sheets in 1:1 ratio to enhance its electrochemical performance by improving electrical conductivity. MoS2-rGO nanocomposite manifested a high specific discharge capacity of 1523 mAh g−1 at 70 mA g−1 and sustained a capacity of 1270 mAh g−1 at the end of 200 charge-discharge cycles demonstrating an excellent stability of the material. Nevertheless, the nanocomposite material also exhibited phenomenal rate capability by displaying specific capacities of 400 and 300 mAh g−1 at high current densities of 700 and 1400 mA g−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline-few-layer molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite (PANI-MoS2) has been synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline over MoS2 using HCl as the dopant. X-ray crystallographic studies show the characteristic peaks of few-layered MoS2 in the PANI matrix. The changes in Raman and UV-Vis spectra have proved that there are definite interactions between PANI and few-layer MoS2.PANI-MoS2 nanocomposite as an electrode material for supercapacitor exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 687 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and a Csp of 612 Fg−1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag−1 using chronopotentiometry (CP). Further, the material also exhibits a high energy density of 128 Wh kg−1with a maximum power density of 9.8 kW kg−1 and a tremendous cyclic stability with 93% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. These superior electrochemical results over bare PANI and MoS2 showed the PANI-MoS2 nanocomposites to be a capable electrode material for energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple, selective, and rapid spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of mycophenolate mofetil (MPM) in pure form and in tablets. Both methods are based on charge-transfer complexation reaction of MPM with p-chloranilic acid (p-CA) or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in dioxane-acetonitrile medium resulting in coloured product measurable at 520 nm (p-CA) or 580nm (DDQ). Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 40-400 and 12-120 µgmL-1 MPM for p-CA and DDQ, respectively, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9995 and 0.9947. The apparent molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 1.06 × 10³ and 3.87 × 10³ Lmol-1 cm-1, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell's sensitivities are 0.4106 and 0.1119 µg cm-1. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are also reported for both methods. The described methods were successfully applied to the determination of MPM in tablets. Statistical comparison of the results with those of the reference method showed excellent agreement. No interference was observed from the common excipients present in tablets. Both methods were validated statistically for accuracy and precision. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by recovery studies via standard addition procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most feared complications of diabetes and is associated with more morbidity. Diabetes patients have a life-time risk as high as 25% for developing foot ulceration and it is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation. Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the clinical characteristics, risk factors, bacteriology, and outcome of diabetic foot ulcer. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted from April 2012-March 2013 in endocrinology department of Gauhati Medical College, Assam. Forty cases of diabetic foot ulcer patients underwent detailed history, clinical examination, laboratory examination including microbiological culture and sensitivity. Results: Among 40 cases, 31 were males (77.5%) and 9 (22.5%) were females. The mean age of cases was 55.2 ± 10.2 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 7.2 ± 5.5 years. Most of the cases had poor glycemic control (mean HbA1 c 10.6% ±2.5). Most of our cases had Wagner's grade II ulcer (72.5%), grade III (17.5%) and grade IV (10%). The most common risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers were lack of foot care knowledge (82.5%), peripheral neuropathy (77.5%), hypertension (60%), and smoking (52.5%). Out of 40 cases, 67.5% had monomicrobial infection, 27.5% had polymicrobial infection and 8% were culture negative. In our study, gram positive (57.6%) bacterial infections were predominant than gram negative (42.8%); among which Staphylococcus aureus was the common bacteria isolated. Six (15%) patients who underwent amputation had grade III and IV ulcer along with polymicrobial infection. Conclusions: In our study, most common risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer were lack of foot care knowledge, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, and spontaneous blisters. Cases with higher grade of ulcer had longer hospital stay and high risk of amputation. Hence, providing proper foot care education, good glycemic control, early and aggressive management of diabetic foot ulcer will reduce the morbidity associated with diabetic foot ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the reduction of permanganate by sumatriptan succinate (STS) in acidic medium, two simple, sensitive and cost-effective methods were described for the determination of STS in bulk drug and in formulation. In titrimetry (method A), STS was oxidized by a known excess of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in H2SO4 medium followed by determination of unreacted permanganate by titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate. In spectrophotometry (method B), STS was treated with a measured excess of permanganate in acid medium and the unreacted oxidant was measured at 545 nm. The molar combining ratio in titrimetry and the optimum assay conditions were studied. Titrimetry was applicable over 1-7 mg range and the calculations were based on a 1:6 (STS: KMnO4) molar ratio. In spectrophotometry, Beer's law was obeyed over 0.8-16.0 μg ml-1 concentration range of STS. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity values are calculated to be 1.39 × 104 ∣ mol-1 cm-1 and 0.03 μg cm-2, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were also reported for the spectrophotometric method. The applicability of the developed methods was demonstrated by the determination of STS in pure drug as well as in commercial dosage form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) to value-added products is a substantial area of research in the fields of sustainable chemistry and renewable energy that aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the production of alternative fuels and chemicals. The current work deals with the synthesis of pyrochlore-type europium stannate (Eu 2 Sn 2 O 7 : EuSnO), tungsten disulfide (WS 2 :WS), and novel EuSnO/WS heterostructure by a simple and facile co-precipitation-aided hydrothermal method. Using different methods, the morphological and structural analyses of the prepared samples were characterized. It was confirmed that a heterostructure was formed between the cubic EuSnO and the layered WS. Synthesized materials were used for photocatalytic CO 2 and N 2 reduction under UV and visible light. The amount of CO and CH 4 evolved due to CO 2 reduction is high in EuSnO/WS (CO = 104, CH 4  = 64 μmol h -1 g -1 ) compared to pure EuSnO (CO = 36, CH 4  = 70 μmol h -1 g -1 ) and WS (CO = 22, CH 4  = 1.8 μmol h -1 g -1 ) under visible light. The same trend was observed even in the N 2 fixation reaction under visible light, and the amount of NH 4 + produced was found to be 13, 26, and 41 μmol h -1 g -1 in the presence of WS, EuSnO and EuSnO/WS, respectively. Enhanced light-driven activity towards CO 2 reduction reactions in EuSnO/WS is due to the efficient charge separation through the formation of type-II heterostructure, which is in part associated with photocurrent response, photoluminescence, and electrochemical impedence spectroscopic (EIS) results. The EuSnO/WS heterostructure's exceptional stability and reusability may pique the attention of pyrochlore-based composite materials in photocatalytic energy and environmental applications.2 reduction reactions in EuSnO/WS is due to the efficient charge separation through the formation of type-II heterostructure, which is in part associated with photocurrent response, photoluminescence, and electrochemical impedence spectroscopic (EIS) results. The EuSnO/WS heterostructure's exceptional stability and reusability may pique the attention of pyrochlore-based composite materials in photocatalytic energy and environmental applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The design and development of novel antimicrobial agents are highly desired to combat the emergence of medication resistance against microorganisms that cause infections. A series of new pyrimidine-linked thiazolidinedione derivatives (5a-j) were synthesized, characterized, and their antimicrobial properties assessed in the current investigation. Here, novel pyrimidine-linked thiazolidinedione compounds were designed using the molecular hybridization approach. Elemental and spectral techniques were used to determine the structures of the synthesized hybrids. The majority of compounds showed encouraging antibacterial properties. Among the active compounds, 5g, 5i, and 5j showed 1.85, 1.15, and 1.38 times the activity of streptomycin against S. aureus, respectively, with MIC values of 6.4, 10.3, and 8.6 µM. With MIC values of 10.8, 21.9, and 15.4 µM, respectively, the compounds 5g, 5i, and 5j showed 2.14, 1.05, and 1.50 times the activity of linezolid against the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. Furthermore, when compared to the reference medications, compounds 5g, 5i, and 5j demonstrated broad-range antimicrobial efficacy against all tested strains of bacteria and fungus. Out of all the compounds that were investigated, compounds 5g, 5i, and 5j showed noteworthy anti-tubercular activity. 5g is the most effective, 1.59 times more effective than reference drug isoniazid. To anticipate the binding manner, the synthesized potent compounds were subjected to molecular docking into the active binding site of MRSA and the mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) protein. The compounds 5g, 5i, and 5j may eventually serve as lead compounds in the search for antimicrobial and anti-TB therapeutic agents., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A cost effective and environmentally benign ultrasonic method has been developed for the synthesis of InVO 4 (InV), In 2 S 3 (InS) and the InVO 4 /In 2 S 3 heterostructure (InV/InS). All the designed materials were evaluated for their structural, morphological, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterizations. Materials were examined for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic degradation of carbofuran (CBF) and diazinon (DZN) pesticides under visible light. InV/InS showed enhanced degradation of CBF and DZN when compared to InV and InS. Photocatalytic degradation was accelerated by ultrasonication and found to degrade 97 and 98 % of CBF and DZN in 60 and 70 min, respectively. The reaction conditions, like pH, catalyst dosage, acoustic intensity, and ultrasound power, were carefully optimized. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy shows the generation of superoxide radical anion and hydroxyl radicals as reactive species during photoredox reaction. The CBF and DZN degradation intermediates were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) that shows the mineralization of the CBF and DZN to CO 2 and H 2 O. The effect of Cl - , and PO 4 3- were examined towards degradation of CBF and DZN under optimal conditions in the presence of InV/InS. The degradation of CBF and DZN is decreased in presence of Cl - , CO 3 2- and NO 3 - but PO 4 3- ions does not show any effect on degradation. The bandgap and Mott-Schottky results suggest the existence of type-II heterostructure between InV and InS through the interface. The synthesis of heterostructure and degradation of pesticides utilizes ultrasonic waves, which prove their multiple applications and attract researchers towards the effective use of sonication., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The in vitro anticancer efficacy of a new series of quinazoline-based thiazole derivatives was explored. Three cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HepG2, and A548, as well as the normal Vero cell lines, were tested employing the synthesized quinazoline-based thiazole compounds (4a-j). All of these compounds showed a moderate to significant cytotoxic impact that would have been noticeable and, in some cases, much more pronounced than the widely used drug erlotinib. For the MCF-7, HepG2, and A549 cell lines, respectively, the IC 50 values of compound 4i were 2.86, 5.91, and 14.79 μM while those of compound 4j were 3.09, 6.87, and 17.92 μM. For their in vitro inhibitory effects against different EGFR kinases, such as the wild-type, L858R/T790 M, and L858R/T790 M/C797S, all the synthesized compounds were tested. The IC 50 values for compound 4f against the wild-type, L858R/T790 M, and L858R/T790 M/C797S mutant EGFR kinases were 2.17, 2.81, and 3.62 nM, respectively. Investigations on the molecular docking of significant molecules indicated potential mechanisms of binding into the EGFR kinase active sites. By using in-silico simulations, compounds' putative drug-like qualities were verified. Finally, it has been shown that the newly synthesized compounds 4i and 4j are good candidates and beneficial for future design, optimization, and research to build more potent and selective EGFR kinase inhibitors with higher anticancer activity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Because of the excessive use of fossil fuels, CO 2 emissions into the environment are increasing. An efficient method of converting CO 2 to useful carbonaceous products in the presence of light is one way to address the issues associated with energy and environmental remediation. In 2 S 3 /WS 2 heterostructure has been fabricated using the efficient hydrothermal method. The results of structural, morphological, optical, and photo/electrochemical characterization confirm the formation of a hierarchical, layered heterostructure of type-II. Enhanced photocatalytic activity is observed in InS/WS heterostructure compared to pristine In 2 S 3 and WS 2 . InS/WS heterostructure exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than pure In 2 S 3 and WS 2 . For 12 h, photocatalytic CO 2 reduction produces 213.4 and 188.6 μmol of CO and CH 4 , respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic ability of the synthesized materials to degrade different parabens (Methyl: MPB, Ethyl: EPB, and Benzyl: BPB) under visible radiation was evaluated. Under optimized conditions, the InS/WS heterostructure degraded 88.6, 90.4, and 95.8% of EPB, BPB, and MPB, respectively, in 90 min. The mechanism of photocatalysis was discussed in detail. MCF-7 cell viability was assessed and found to exhibit low mortality in InS/WS treated MPB aqueous solution. InS/WS heterostructure could improve the fabrication of more sulphide-based layered materials to combat environmental pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The current study reports on the synthesis and anticancer efficacy of novel oxadiazole derivatives (8a-f) as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. NMR, mass, and elemental studies were used to confirm the newly produced compounds. In contrast to the conventional medicine colchicine, compounds 8e and 8f demonstrated stronger sensitivity and improved IC 50 values in the range of 3.19-8.21 μM against breast MCF-7, colorectal HCT116, and liver HepG2 cancer cell lines. The target compounds were tested for enzymatic activity against the tubulin enzyme. Compounds 8e and 8f were shown to have the most effective inhibitory action among the new compounds, with IC 50 values of 7.95 and 9.81 nM, respectively. As compared to the reference drug, molecular docking investigations of the developed compounds revealed the crucial hydrogen bonding in addition to the hydrophobic interaction at the binding site, assisting in the prediction of the structural requirements for the found anticancer activity. These findings indicate that the 1,3,4-oxadizole scaffold has the potential for future research into new anticancer medicines., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A sonochemical based green synthesis method playa powerful role in nanomaterials and composite development. In this work, we developed a perovskite type of strontium titanate via sonochemical process. SrTiO 3 particles were incorporated with nitrogen doped graphene oxide through simple ultrasonic irradiation method. The SrTiO 3 /NGO was characterized by various analytical methods. The nanocomposite of SrTiO 3 /NGO was modified with laser-induced graphene electrode (LIGE). The SrTiO 3 /NGO/LIGE was applied for electrochemical sensor towards chemotherapeutic drug detection (nilutamide). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques have been used to examine the electrochemical performance of nilutamide (anti-cancer drug). DPV was found to be more sensitive and found to exhibit a sensitivity 8.627 µA µM -1 cm -2 for SrTiO 3 /NGO/LIGE with a wide linear range (0.02-892 µM) and low Limit of detection (LOD: 1.16 µM). SrTiO 3 /NGO/LIGE has been examined for the detection of nilutamide in blood serum and urine samples and obtained a good recovery in the range of 97.2-99.72 %. The enhanced stability and selectivity and practical application results indicates the suitability of SrTiO 3 /NGO/LIGE towards the detection of nilutamide drug in pharmaceutical industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Triazine-linked triazole compounds (4a-j) were designed, synthesized, and then examined for their anticonvulsant abilities. Compounds 4e, 4f, 4g, 4i, and 4j displayed significant anticonvulsant activity in both maximum electroshock seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure during the preliminary screening. The phase II anticonvulsant activity statistics revealed that compounds 4e, 4f, 4g, 4i, and 4j demonstrated excellent activity as compared to the conventional drugs methaqualone and valproate, supporting the potential of these triazine-linked triazole analogues as novel anticonvulsant agents. To take use of the findings, computational parameters including docking analysis and drug-likeness prediction were carried out. Molecular modelling studies supported the essential pharmacophoric information that the structure activity relationship offered. The triazine-linked triazole analogues that were investigated might be viewed as helpful models for future research and derivatization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Agriculture is having a major role in solving issues associated with food shortages across the globe. Carbendazim (CZM) is one of the fungicides which is commonly used in agriculture to grow crops in large quantities and fast. Monitoring CZM content is in high demand for environmental remediation. The present work deals with the synthesis of gadolinium sesquisulfide anchored Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO) through a simple microwave-assisted method. X-ray diffraction and morphological studies confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO showed enhanced activity both in electrochemical detection and light-driven degradation of CZM compared to Gd 2 S 3 and NRGO. Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibit a wide linear range of 0.01-450 μM CZM with 0.009 μM LOD using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO@GCE showed good selectivity, stability, and recovery (98.13-99.10%) in the river water sample. In addition, Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO has been explored towards the visible-light-induced degradation of CZM. The reactions conditions were optimized to achieve maximum efficiency. 94% of CZM was degraded within 90 min in presence of Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO. Mechanism of electrochemical redox reaction and degradation of CZM in presence of Gd 2 S 3 /NRGO has been explored to the maximum extent possible. Degradation intermediates were identified using LC-MS., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To explore effective antituberculosis agents, a new class of imidazoles and benzimidazoles linked ethionamide analogs were designed and synthesized. The elemental analysis, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectral data were used to characterize all of the novel analogs. In vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv was assessed for all of the target compounds. The hydroxy and nitrile moieties on the imidazole ring, as well as the hydroxy and methoxy groups on the benzimidazole ring connected to the ethionamide side chain, were shown to be advantageous. In our cell viability experiment against the Vero cell line, all of the compounds were non-cytotoxic even at 100 μM. To confirm the powerful analogs target identification, we investigated their in vitro inhibitory action on an M. tuberculosis InhA over-expressing (Mtb InhA-OE) strain, which yielded MICs nearly twice those of the Mtb H37Rv strain. Furthermore, the results of molecular docking confirmed the experimental findings. Additionally, the molecules were evaluated in silico for ADMET and drug similarity features. The experimental observation enables the newly generated ethionamide derivatives to be attractive candidates for the creation of newer and better anti-TB agents., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)