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The study's objectives are to find out the frequency of hepatitis C, B, and HIV infection among blood donors at different hospitals of Lahore; to understand the relationship of demographic risk factors contributing to the positive cases of hepatitis C, B, and HIV. A cross-sectional study with random sampling in which 200 blood donors participated. A questionnaire was used to record the social and personal practices. A small percentage of blood donors have a history of jaundice. More than one-fourth had undergone surgical intervention, and more than one-third had suffered a needle stick injury. The vast majority had a history of I/V injections/drips, tooth extraction/dental operations, or both. 10.5% of blood donors were Anti-HBV positive, 12.5% were Anti-HCV positive, and 0.5% were HIV positive. Shaving from community barbers should be avoided. In addition, to overcome hepatitis B, C, and HIV transmission, health education programs should be held among blood donors and the general public to prevent them from infection.

Subsurface samples of the Talhar shale, Lower Goru Formation, are analyzed for smectite (montmorillonite) and illite in the Nur-dep#1 (ND‒1), well 2, Southern Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. The ND‒1, well 2 is an unsuccessful well drilled by the OGDCL, Pakistan, for the shale gas exploration. Illitization and elemental content constrained using XRD qualitative and XRF quantitative analyses, respectively. The illite content increases from 15 to 55% with increasing depth. The fine-grained shale comprises chlorite, kaolinite, halloysite, allophane, muscovite, microcline, illite and montmorillonite. Chlorite was observed at 3450–3452 m, whereas kaolinite is present at depth range of 3450–3482 m. The mix layer expandability decreases from 40 to 20% at depth ranges from 3450 to 3552 m, respectively. The interstratification is random to ordered. Potassium and silicon contents with respect to aluminum and calcium are increasing with depth. Data obtained in this research indicate that the shale gas is immature and the oil is an early–medium stage of maturation.

The Chakdara Granitic Gneisses (CGG) of the Indian plate and Kamila Amphibolite of the Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) along the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) in Shigo Kas, Talash Dir Lower, indicate that tectonically induced foliations and lineations strongly affected the geomechanical properties of these rocks. The earlier S1 crenulated cleavages are well preserved in the microlithon of a well-developed ENE-WSW trending S2 crenulation cleavage. The pervasive S2 foliations, D2 fold axes, and L22 lineations are induced by NNW-SSE horizontal bulk shortening. The core samples obtained parallel and perpendicular to the main ENE-WSW trending S2 and L22 have higher and lower uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values, respectively. The UCS and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) average values of four core samples obtained parallel and perpendicular to the main S2 are 51.8 MPa and 12.21 MPa versus 45.65 MPa and 12.45 MPa, respectively. Core samples from the weakly foliated S-2 specimen shows little variation in the UCS and UTS values. The variation in the UCS values in the core samples cut perpendicular and parallel to the main tectonic fabric has been controlled by micro-shear zones at the contact zones of crenulated and crenulation cleavages and sigmoidal mica fish. The UCS values are higher in the core samples parallel to the pervasive S2 and L22 because the parallel shear on the sigmoidal crenulated cleavages in microlithon of the S2 and S2 mica fish counterbalance the parallel external applied load. However, the UCS values decrease in the core samples that were cut perpendicular to the pervasive S2 and L22 because the perpendicular shear on the sigmoidal crenulated cleavages in microlithon of the S2 and S2 mica fish enhances the external applied load, which lead to the failure of core samples.

New metamorphic petrology and geochronology from the Loe Sar dome in the Swat region of northern Pakistan place refined constraints on the pressure, temperature and timing of metamorphism and deformation in that part of the Himalayan orogen. Thermodynamic modelling and monazite petrochronology indicate that metamorphism in the area followed a prograde evolution from ∼525 ± 25 °C and 6 ± 0.5 kbar to ∼610 ± 25 °C and 9 ± 0.5 kbar, between ca. 39 Ma and 28 Ma. Partitioning of heavy rare earth elements between garnet rims and 30–28 Ma monazite are interpreted to indicate coeval crystallization at peak conditions. Microtextural relationships indicate that garnet rim growth post-dated the development of the main foliation in the area. The regional foliation is folded about large-scale N–S trending fold axes and overprinting E–W trending folds to form km-scale domal culminations. The textural relationships observed indicate that final dome development must be younger than the 30–28 Ma monazite that grew with garnet rims post-regional foliation development, but pre-doming-related deformation. This new timing constraint helps resolve discrepancy between previous interpretations, which have alternately suggested that N–S trending regional folds must be either pre- or post-early Oligocene. Finally, when combined with existing hornblende and white mica cooling ages, these new data indicate that the study area was exhumed rapidly following peak metamorphism. Keywords: Pakistan, Himalaya, Monazite petrochronology, Metamorphism, Phase equilibria modelling, Deformation

Bedding parallel stylolites (BPS), N–S trending microscopic to macroscopic normal faults, and N–S trending calcite-filled veins in the E–W trending Early Devonian Khyber Limestone are synchronously formed as a consequence of vertical shortening. Veins, early stylolite surfaces, and flow folds that oriented oblique to stylolite surfaces have been dissolved in a way that they appear to be displaced by a fault with a strike–slip components. These apparent strike–slip movements along the younger stylolite surfaces have been imparted by selective pressure dissolution of the oblique calcite-filled veins in the Khyber Limestone. The concentration of insoluble residue along the stylolite interface has also facilitated strike–slip movement in an opposite direction to apparent displaced by pressure dissolution. Crosscutting relationship of calcite-filled veins and BPS led to distinguish at least two generations of vein and stylolite formation across the region.

Half of all medicines are prescribed or sold inappropriately and half of all patients fail to take their medicines correctly worldwide. The present study was conducted to evaluate the pattern and practice of drugs within the modern medical system by investigating the prescription pattern, drug use in private and public health care facilities, assessment of the magnitude of the problem, identifying factors responsible for the problem, suggesting measures in Pakistan. There were marked differences between the qualities of consultation indicators between general practitioners (GPs) and public health care providers. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.92 for all types of health care providers, mean number of drugs dispensed was 2.41 and 50% of the dispensed drugs were adequately labeled. Five categories of drugs comprised around 70% of all drugs prescribed. Injections prescribed per prescription were 0.32, infusions 0.07, capsules/tablets 1.85, syrups/suspensions 0.8. Number of drugs prescribed by GP’s was 4.3 and was 2.9 (P = 0.001) for public health care providers and antibiotics prescribed per prescription were 0.9 and 0.8 (P = 0.176) for the GP’s and public health care providers. The availability of drugs at public health care facilities influenced prescription in 88% of cases as compared to 57% (P = 0.001) at GPs clinics. Prescribing and dispensing practices are irrational both in public and private sector in Pakistan like many developing countries. Workable and appropriate interventions need to be developed and implemented in countries to improve trends of prescribing. The essential drug list and standard treatment guidelines should be disbursed to all medical, dental and pharmacy students. Key words: Pakistan, prescribing practices, irrational prescribing, general practitioners.

As back as the Industrial Revolution, anthropogenic activities namely, power generation from fossil fuels and deforestation activities have been continuously increasing the atmospheric concentration of GHGs beyond their natural limits resulting in an enhanced greenhouse effect, vis-à-vis, an increase in global temperature. The rise in temperature could be coupled with changes in rainfall pattern, rise in sea level, and frequency and severity of extreme events namely, cyclones and droughts etc. The sum of all these changes is referred to as climate change. Climate change affects economic development in many ways, especially the agrarian economies have always depended on vagaries of nature and climate. Change in temperature, precipitation averages and extreme climate events can alter yield, income, health, sociology and physical safety. Climate change is a global phenomenon and no country is immune to it. The disappearing of the Himalayan glaciers at a fast pace would increase the probability of extreme water flows, rendering it uncontrolled will bring heavy floods, loss of life, livestock, crops and infrastructural facilities in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Climate change will affect all sectors of the economy not alone agricultural sector the most as well as health, forests, energy, coastal area, biodiversity and ecology all over the globe. In this connection, it will be pertinent to give the most recent events which have taken place across Asia.

Human personality dimensions or personality traits have great influence on people’s relationships, goals achievements and professional success both positively and negatively. Extraversion is the personality trait refers to the tendency to enjoy and communicate being with people (Turner, 2007). Clustering of female are found in medical professional universities and they are working side by side with male. However, their role particularly, at higher teaching and decision making positions are limited. Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro is the first public sector medical professional university in Pakistan. This medical university playing a leadership role in standardizing medical education in country therefore, selected as sample medical professional institution in Pakistan. In this study researcher analyze sample females on extroversion personality trait, to explore the specific role that personality trait might play in female professional role with special focus on Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS). Under extraversion personality trait, extroverts and introverts are the two different personalities and study results shows that in Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) both extroverts and introverts female were found. Empirical analysis also confirmed that extroversion personality traits has significant impact on female’s involvement in functioning of medical university, which in turn effect their role in Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS).

BASIC THEME The focus of this write-up is on three points. First: development is a multidimensional process involving major changes not only in socio-economic structures and institutions but also in popular attitudes and perceptions. Second: these changes, however anti-status quo, can be initiated, maintained, and speeded up if some powerful motivational factor comes into operation, as happened during the revolutionary Pakistan Movement. Third: the countrywide enthusiastic celebration of the year 2003 as Madar-e-Millat Year has proved to be one such motivational factor as it has brought about an unusual awakenance among Pakistan’s womenfolk to demand a rightful place in all walks of life. This is heartening especially because nearly half of the country’s population has terribly lagged behind in every conceivable sphere of development. This newly acquired awakenance can be and should be mobilised for speeding up the process of development by strengthening women’s participatory role in all political, economic, cultural, and even religious activities. NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT Economists usually talk of development in economic terms. However, the ground reality is that economic matters are interwoven in practice with the rest of the social system, involving political, cultural, religious as well as economic values and non-economic motivations. No doubt acceleration of gross national product, reduction of inequality, and eradication of poverty are essential ingredients of the process of economic development but they cannot produce satisfactory results without simultaneous changes in social structure, popular attitudes and national institutions. Thus development in a more realistic sense “represent the whole gamut of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the basic needs and desires of

(1) Pakistan is lucky in having internationally recognised political and philosophical role models in the shape of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. (2) Both of them were Founders of Pakistan and had their own vision of the way Pakistan’s society and economy was to be shaped—a society based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. (3) Pakistan, inspite of making many infrastructural advances, has not developed a truly modern, democratic, welfare society. This goal can be achieved more effectingly if we follow the footsteps of both Quaid-i- Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal because both of them lived among public, understood the shortcomings and potentials of their community, and were familiar with the multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular ideas, and national character and institutions as well as historical and cultural psyche: of Pakistan nation. (4) Note the following instructions which Quaid-i-Azam gave to the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948

To work with a model based approach to Exchange Market Pressure, estimation on level data may be spurious. This paper addresses that issue by utilizing a Cointegration framework to estimate parameters of a Weymark’s (1995) model. Based on Weymark (1995) model’s estimated parameters, an exchange market pressure and an intervention index is constructed. The results indicate downward pressure and active Central Bank intervention. Post reform period shows a drop in market pressure and the central bank foreign exchange intervention. An intervention index mean value for the entire period suggests that foreign exchange reserves relieved most of the pressure. This has an important policy implication that monetary authorities in Pakistan are not independent in formulating an effective monetary policy.

Quaid-i-Azam as a Socio-economic Thinker The Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is known more for his political achievements than for his socio-economic thought. Last two decades, however, have seen a continuous flow of books containing his speeches, statements, messages, interviews, discussions in pre-independence legislative bodies and addresses in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Even a cursory look at this vast literature shows that he was not only concerned with the political aspect of sub-continent’s independence movement but also consistently expressed his views regarding the socio-economic uplift of masses in general and Muslim society in particular. These views in their bare essentials reflect a remarkable continuity of approach from the earlier days of his political career to the period he occupied the position of Governor General of Pakistan. Actually, he became more and more expressive and forthright as the prospects of Pakistan coming into existence became bright. When Pakistan finally appeared as a sovereign nation on the map of the world, he openly rejected the prevailing economic system as having failed to do justice between man and man and to eradicate friction from the international field.

Allergic diseases are fairly common in all parts of the world and involve all ethnic groups with bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and eczema being the commonest manifestations. Despite our efforts, their incidence is on an escalating path. The use of herbal remedies and standardized extracts for treatment of allergy and other diseases has been gaining momentum in recent years. The qualitative and quantitative determination of phyto-chemicals and assessment of the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities using aqueous and organic extracts of different plant parts (root, stem and leaves) of Mentha arvensis in animals showed that all parts of M. arvensis (specifically, leaves) are rich source of secondary phytoconstituents, which impart their therapeutic effects against allergic andinflammatory diseases. These results support the claim about the use of this herb in folk medicines. Key words: Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory activity, medicinal plants, Mentha arvensis,Pakistan.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) commonly used in food, as starter cultures are known to produce antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins and have great potential as food bio-preservatives. Yogurt is a probiotic dairy product having Lactobacillus bulgaricus as natural source for fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin, produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolated from yogurt and tested against pathogenic organisms. The identification of the culture was based on characteristics of the strains of Lactobacillus spp. on the basis of microscopy (morphology), Gram straining, growth at 37 and 45°C, fermentation of different carbohydrate sources and growth in MRS broth. On the basis of all of the identification tests, one strain isolated from the yogurt was identified as L. bulgaricus. Culture supernatants were obtained from the sixty out of hundred isolates of Lactobacillus spp. exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activity against strains of Bacillus subtilis, ATCC #6633, Escherichia coli, ATCC, #10536, Salmonella typhi, ATCC# 19430,Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC #6538, Vibrio cholerae, ATCC #25870. Specifically, Vibrio cholerae was found most sensitive to bacteriocin, exhibiting maximum zone of inhibition 18.3 mm. Key words: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus bulgaricus, bacteriocin, yogurt, antimicrobial activity, Pakistan.

The effect of post exposure annealing on the track registeration characteristics of CR-39 (Pershore) Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors has been studied. The changes introduced in the bulk etch rates, track diameter, and the track density have been observed. The results indicate that the bulk etch rate of the detectors and the size of the tracks are considerably changed due to annealing. Variations in the track density are, however, not serious in the presently studied temperature range.