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Appropriate positioning of the head is a crucial step for a successful intubation. Laryngoscopy is a commonly used method to facilitate the intubation process. This study evaluated the quality of intubation and its difficulty in sniff and neutral position. This was a clinical randomized trial, conducted in 2021 in Aja university of medical sciences. 40 patients, meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to sniff and neutral group and were intubated with standard procedure. The required time, number of attempts, laryngeal view, cord status, and the need for maneuver were evaluated between the two positions. Overall, 60 patients were intubated in sniff and 60 in neutral position. 51 of them were male and 69 were female. The mean intubation time was (17/15 ± 8/00) and (16/65 ± 8/66) seconds in neutral and sniff position, respectively (p-value = 0.181). There was no statistically significant difference in the required time. Additionally, 45 patients were intubated in first attempt and 15 were intubated after the second attempt in each group. There was no difference in any difficulty-related parameter of the two groups. No significant difference between the required time, attempt, or any other parameter was detected between the sniff and neutral groups. Evidence suggests that there is no superiority regarding these two positions and the decision should be made by the physician on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proper use of medications in outpatients, as an important issue, especially in children, should be considered. Objectives: The aim of present study was to evaluate the awareness of parents about the consumption of medications. Methods: This interventional study was conducted on patients' parents referred to Amir Kabir Hospital. First, a medical history was taken, and then they completed a compiled questionnaire. After completing the checklist by parents, they were educated about general information on how to use medicines. Before and after the education about the proper use of medications, data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: From one hundred evaluated cases, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of age were 4.3 ± 2.4. In addition, we observed statistically significant differences between the level of parental awareness before and after the intervention. Conclusions: In parents with any level of education, training about the proper use of medications is necessary and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: All children sometimes misbehave and some may have temporary behavioral problems due to stress. For example, the birth of a sibling, a divorce, or a death in the family may cause a child to act out. Behavior disorders are more serious. They involve a pattern of hostile, aggressive, or disruptive behaviors for more than 6 months. The behavior is also not appropriate for the child's age. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is one of the most frequent pediatric pathologies. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is around 9% in children aged 5-10 years and about 40% of them have one or more episodes per week. Materials and Methods: in this study, we recruited 146 children with MPNE and 146 healthy children without MPNE aged 6-18 years old. The children behavioral checklist for children behavioral assessment was completed by the parents. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and chi- square tests. Results: Among 292 children in both groups, somatic complaints, thought problems, delinquent problems, social problems, and ADHD were not significantly different between cases and controls while internalization, externalization, anxiety- depression, aggressive behaviors, isolation-depression, and affective-behavioral problems were significantly different. Conclusions: Considering the results of this study, the higher prevalence of behavioral problems in children with MPNE highlights the importance of early intervention for better treatment and prevention of behavioral problem in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Kidney transplantation is recognized as the optimal therapy for children with ESRD. We performed this study to compare the children's behavioral problems and their parents' function in pediatric patients with Kidney transplantation in Arak Amir Kabir Hospital. Materials and Methods: To perform this case-control study, we recruited 29 children with renal transplantation and compared them with 29 healthy children aged 5-14 years old. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL4/18) was used for the assessment of the children's behavioral problems and Global Assessment of functioning (GAF) was employed for the evaluation of their parents' behaviors. Results: Among 29 patients with RTR, anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, social problems, and attention problem were demonstrated in 65.5%, 55.1%, 51.7%, and 76%, respectively. We found a significant difference between cases and controls. Delinquent and aggressive behavior was not seen in two groups. As a significant difference, the parents' mean stress and behavior score in case and control groups was 22.4% and 63.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The higher prevalence of behavioral problems in the renal transplant recipients and their parent's functional impairment highlights the importance of early parental intervention for early prevention of future behavioral problems in their siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]