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Purpose: To assess the success rates of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in identifying the locations and directions of abutment screw access holes (ASAHs) in metal-ceramic and all-ceramic implant restorations.Materials and Methods: Thirty-two implants were inserted into four clear acrylic casts. Metal-ceramic and all-ceramic crowns were placed on the inserted implants in two successive tasks. A maxillofacial radiologist determined the locations and angles of the ASAHs based on the CBCT images that were taken from the casts. Locations obtained from the CBCT images were carefully transferred to the crowns as access points. A prosthodontist pierced the crowns along the proposed access points and in the direction determined based on the CBCT images. Proper crown removal was considered to be the mark of success of CBCT in detecting ASAH location and direction. Fisher exact and chi-square tests were used to compare the results between the two types of restoration.Results: Success rates of CBCT for defining ASAH location and direction were, respectively, 96.9% and 93.8% in metal-ceramic restorations and 78.1% and 59.4% in all-ceramic restorations. There were no significant differences between the two restoration types regarding the detection of location in either molar (P = .333) or premolar (P = .226) crowns. Abutment angle did not affect the success rate of CBCT in determining ASAH location or direction in metal-ceramic restorations.Conclusion: CBCT images define the locations and directions of ASAHs in metal-ceramic restorations more reliably than in all-ceramic restorations. In contrast to the metal-ceramic crowns, the success rate of CBCT in all-ceramic crowns is more dependent on abutment angle and crown morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cutaneous cherry angioma (CA) and hepatic hemangioma (HH) are the most common types of acquired vascular proliferations that develop during aging process with unknown etiologies. The role of angiogenic and hormonal factors has been proposed in inducing these vascular lesions. Objective To compare the frequency of HH in persons with and without CA. Patients and methods This case–control study consisted of 160 patients including 80 patients with CA and 80 patients without CA. Sex, age, history of contraceptive pills intake, number of pregnancies, BMI, number of the CA lesions, and liver ultrasound findings were collected for all participants. Results HH was detected significantly more frequently in the participants with CA (P<0.001), but there was no significant association between number of CA and number of HH (P=0.837). History of oral contraceptive pill intake was significantly more frequent in women with HH, but this history was not significantly more frequent in women with CA compared with control group. Conclusion HH was significantly more frequent in participants with CA. Thus, CA may be a cutaneous marker for HH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Some micronutrients including selenium (Se) have immunoregulatory effects in the body. Our hypothesis was that decreased serum Se levels could be associated with some degree of immunodeficiency and increased chance of multiple cutaneous warts. Objective To measure serum Se levels in patients with multiple cutaneous warts and healthy participants to verify its inhibitory role in cutaneous warts. Patients and methods A case–control study was conducted on 136 participants: 68 cases with multiple cutaneous warts and 68 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Collected data were age, sex, number, duration, and clinical type of the warts. Blood samples were taken from all participants for the evaluation of serum Se level. Se level was measured with atomic absorption method. Results Median of the Se level was significantly lower in patients with multiple warts compared with healthy controls (P<0.05), but the frequency of Se deficiency was not significantly different in the two groups. There was not any association between Se level and number of warts, but it was significantly lower in palmoplantar warts compared with genital warts. Conclusion A significant decrease in median Se level in patients with multiple warts even without Se deficiency may cause some decline in immune system against papillomaviruses. Lack of Se deficiency in the north of Iran may have led to nonsignificant differences in the frequency of Se deficiency in the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the fusion patterns of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis (SOS) in the age range of 9‐22 using CT and CBCT images of an Iranian population. Setting/Sample population: Spiral CT and CBCT scans of 763 subjects (459 males and 304 females) aged 9‐22 were evaluated. The scans had to cover the cranial base area, and those with diseases affecting the bone density, cranial base masses and history of trauma were excluded. Materials and Methods: Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists scored the images with regard to the status of SOS fusion based on a 5‐stage system. Mann‐Whitney, Kruskal‐Wallis and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Age and SOS fusion stages were evaluated through Spearman correlation and linear regression methods (α = 0.01). Results: The earliest age for onset of SOS fusion was 9 in both sexes. Open SOS could be observed until the age of 15 and 14 in males and females, respectively. The earliest age of complete fusion was 12 in males and 13 in females. Furthermore, there was a significant, positive correlation between age and the different stages of SOS fusion (P <.001). Conclusion: A significant correlation exists between age and the fusion stages of SOS, rendering it an appropriate means of age estimation during growth periods. Fusion of SOS begins approximately 2 years earlier in females; however, it ends at the age of 17 in both sexes. The fusion scar can be detected up to the age of 12 and 13 in males and females, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between the dimensions of the cranial base and skeletal anterioposterior problem has been controversial for years. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the anterioposterior cephalometric indicators and the cranial base cephalometric indicators in an Iranian population. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort cephalograms of 100 skeletal Class I patients, 101 skeletal Class II patients, and 98 skeletal Class III patients were selected. The cephalograms were traced manually and the indicators were measured. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software using the Mann–Whitney test and Pearson's correlation test. The significance level was set at 0.05. In cases that the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.6 or higher, linear regression was used. Results: The dimensions of the cranial base are significantly larger in men than that in women. Anterior cranial base length (SN) showed statistically significant difference between Class I and Class II groups (P < 0.05). BaSN, ArSN, and SN-FH showed statistically significant differences between Class II and Class III groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Smaller cranial base angle in the skeletal Class III malocclusion compared to skeletal Class II malocclusion has been demonstrated in this study. A significant correlation between the cranial base angle, the cranial base dimension, and the effective length of the maxilla was observed, and the smaller cranial base angle in Class III malocclusion was also confirmed. These findings indicate that the cranial base can affect the development of maxilla and mid-face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to compare cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and two-dimensional radiography in the assessment of facial asymmetry. Methods: Three valid electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published from 1973 to February 2017. Hand searching was done through references of selected articles, internal thesis, and national and international conferences. The titles and abstracts obtained from the search were evaluated by reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The established search strategy identified 2137 articles. A total of 2079 articles were from electronic search in three international databases and 58 articles from hand searching. After eliminating duplicate articles and on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles and 1 thesis entered the final analysis. Bayesian meta-analysis was done due to the heterogeneity of articles and the differences related to the methodology of the studies. According to this method, analyzing J-J landmark in two studies showed that there were no statistical differences between posteroanterior (PA) radiography and three-dimensional method with reference standard. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that there was no preference between the two techniques in measuring and diagnosing the landmarks and evaluating asymmetry. It can be concluded that in patients having problems other than asymmetry and need more information for the treatment plan, CBCT is more helpful than PA cephalometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The safety of health-care workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is a major concern worldwide. Dermatological problems due to personal protective equipment are annoying issues. We aimed to evaluate dermatological adverse events following the use of these protections in HCWs managing COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty-six workers managing COVID-19 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We conducted face-to-face interviews to collect the data and focused mainly on protection type and mucocutaneous symptoms with new onset or exaggeration after this equipment. Results: Dermatological problems following protective equipment usage occurred mainly during the 1st week (65.4%). The most common site of skin involvement was the nose (82.7%) and the most frequent visible complaints were the pressure effect and erythema on the nose in 80.8% and 57.7% of cases, respectively. There was a significant association between mask type and facial skin problems (P < 0.001). The main symptoms were itching (21.8% scalp, 39.1% face and body) and burning sensation (14.1% scalp, 23.7% face and body). Skin desquamation (37.2%) and dorsal hand dermatitis (41.66%) were significantly more frequent in atopic participants (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). Hand involvement was significantly associated with frequency of hand washing (odds ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–3.74, P = 0.03). Conclusion: We found that skin problems related to protective equipment were common and frequently located on the face mainly due to facial masks. These complications should be prevented by proper use of this equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regarding the need for determining the cephalometric norms for each population and the advantages of proportional analyses, we evaluated the variables of McNamara and Schwartz analyses and their relation in a pilot study on 6-17 years old Iranian students and provided formulas, which show these relations. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of cephalometric radiographs from the archive documents of Orthodontic Department of Isfahan Dental School was selected and traced. The variables of McNamara and Schwartz analyses were investigated. The data were analyzed by t-test and linear regression and Spearman correlation coefficient tests using SPSS 12 software, and the significance was set at 0.05. Then, a formula was suggested for predicting the relation between the jaws, cranium and face. Results: The variables measured in this study were significantly different between the genders (P < 0.05), except for Co-Gn (P = 0.055), and they were higher in boys.All variables significantly increased (P < 0.05) with age from 6 to 17years. The formulas presented in this study can be used for calculating the amount of PNS-APmax,Go-APman and the Co-Gn,anterior nasal spine-menton in the Iranian population. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, the formula presented in this study might be considered to predict the relation between jaw dimensions and cranial base and facial dimensions in the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]