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The Slaughterhouse located at a suburban area of Hyderabad, Sindh, underwent an evaluation of its operational facilities and hygienic standards using a descriptive cross-sectional survey. In addition to conducting observational studies on the facilities and hygienic practices in the slaughterhouse semi-structured questionnaires were given to the personnel, in order to gather the data regarding the skills & training facilities of workers at slaughterhouse. An observational evaluation of abattoir facilities was conducted to get hands on data regarding the size & sitting of slaughterhouse, along with its accessibility to the livestock market or livestock facility within the slaughterhouse. The lack of several facilities including basic appropriate water supply along with lairage, evisceration section, guttery and tripper section, cold room, detained meat section and condemned meat section shows the unhygienic side of slaughterhouse. The majority of the solid waste including bones, horns, and undigested food, were put in sacks and taken outside the slaughterhouse for by-products. Cleaning was done manually using brooms and water waste was supposed to dumped into a drainage system that opened into a local stream. After the animals were slaughtered, all of their blood was directly drained into gutters. Every day, the floors, premises, and slaughter slabs were cleaned, and the wastewater and its effluents were diverted into drainage systems. This research aims to suggest that certain facilities be renovated, that sanitary areas be provided with adequate amenities, and that bins and dumpsites to be provided for appropriate waste disposal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Natural products are potential options in the field of dentistry to be used as intracanal medicaments as these products possess antibacterial activity and are harmless to the human tissues. This study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxic effect of propolis and Piper betle extracts in comparison to calcium hydroxide (CH). Methods: Calcium hydroxide (aqueous), propolis ethanolic extract, propolis aqueous extract, Piper betle ethanolic extract, Piper betle aqueous extracts were evaluated to determine 1) Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) against Enterococcus faecalis by broth dilution method and 2) cytotoxic effect on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLF) after 24 hours of contact utilizing MTT assay. The concentrations of the extract used were ranging from 100 mg/ml to 0.78 mg/ml. All recorded data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: Ethanolic extract of propolis and Piper betle reported the best antibacterial activity with the MIC of 3.12 mg/ml and MBC of 6.25 mg/ml. The aqueous extract of Piper betle and CH reported a similar MIC of 50 mg/ml and MBC of 100 mg/ml. The aqueous extract of propolis had the lowest antibacterial action with MIC of 200 mg/ml and MBC of 400 mg/ml. Aqueous extract of propolis, ethanolic extract of propolis, and aqueous extract of Piper betle showed more than 70% cell viability at all the concentrations with no significance compared to the control. A significant difference was reported for ethanolic extract of Piper betle at 100 mg/ml and CH at 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml (p < 0.05) compared to the control.Conclusion: Propolis and Piper betle extract showed greater antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and exhibited lower cytotoxicity towards HPdLF compared to CH. Propolis and Piper betle could be considered as the potential alternatives for intracanal medicament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this literature search was to highlight the utility of PET/CT scan in endodontics and compare it with CBCT and conventional radiograph. Materials and Method: PubMed, Medline, Scopus and google scholar were utilised for the analysis. The inclusion criteria was based on the studies which included PET/CT scan and CBCT scan in endodontics. The articles considered were in English lan- guage. Results: Of all the studies, 47 articles were selected which met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that PET/CT can be utilised in the field of endodontics. Conclusion: PET/CT scan is a novel combination method which can provide valuable data for the pulpal and periapical infection combining morphological and metabolic understanding of the infected tissue and detecting the lesion at the initial stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]