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1. The use of pediatric short-stay observation in Italy

Author

Pinto, Luciano, Bianchini, Sonia, Barbieri, Maria Antonietta, Cherchi, Gabriella, Miceli, Andrea, Mirauda, Maria Pia, Russotto, Valeria Spica, Raffaldi, Irene, Zangardi, Tiziana, Perri, Domenico, Agostiniani, Rino, Rugolotto, Simone, Cardinale, Fabio, Zampogna, Stefania, and Staiano, Annamaria

Published
2023
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5. Accuracy of point‐of‐care ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in a pediatric emergency department.

Author

Balbo, Stefano, Pini, Cecilia Maria, Raffaldi, Irene, Delmonaco, Angelo Giovanni, Castagno, Emanuele, Guanà, Riccardo, Di Rosa, Gianpaolo, and Bondone, Claudia

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy of point‐of‐care ultrasound (PoCUS) in diagnosing acute appendicitis in children; to evaluate the concordance between PoCUS performed by a pediatric emergency physician (PedEm) and ultrasonography (US) performed by a radiologist; to draw a "learning curve." Methods: We prospectively enrolled children aged 0–14 years old led to the Emergency Department of Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, from January 2021 to June 2021, with suspected acute appendicitis. PoCUS was performed by a single trained PedEm, blindly to the radiologist's scan. A "self‐assessment score" and the "time of duration of PoCUS" were recorded for each patient. Final diagnosis of appendicitis was made by a pediatric surgeon. Results: We enrolled 62 children (2–14 years). Overall sensitivity of PoCUS was 88%, specificity 90%; PPV 90.6%, and NPV 86.6%. Global concordance between the PedEm and the radiologist was good/excellent (k 0.74). The mean duration of PoCUS significantly decreased during the study period, while the self‐assessment score increased. Conclusion: This is a preliminary study that shows the effectiveness of PoCUS in diagnosing acute appendicitis; furthermore, it shows how the PedEm's performance may improve over time. The learning curve showed how the experience of the PedEm affects the accuracy of PoCUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. The Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus: New Trends and Future Perspectives.

Author

Raffaldi, Irene and Castagno, Emanuele

Subjects
*EMERGENCY room visits, *RESPIRATORY syncytial virus infections, *NEWBORN infants, *COVID-19 pandemic, *RESPIRATORY infections, *MUCUS
Abstract

This article provides an overview of the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common respiratory infection that primarily affects children. It explains that RSV was typically a seasonal virus before the COVID-19 pandemic, but the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic led to a significant reduction in RSV cases. However, as these measures were relaxed, there was a surge in RSV cases outside of the usual season. The article emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and preventive strategies, such as prophylactic measures and immunization, to effectively manage future RSV epidemics. The document is an editorial that discusses the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on RSV epidemics in Australia, referencing studies that highlight the relationship between COVID-19 and RSV and the importance of ongoing research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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9. The Importance of RSV Epidemiological Surveillance: A Multicenter Observational Study of RSV Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Pruccoli, Giulia, primary, Castagno, Emanuele, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Denina, Marco, additional, Barisone, Elisa, additional, Baroero, Luca, additional, Timeus, Fabio, additional, Rabbone, Ivana, additional, Monzani, Alice, additional, Terragni, Gian Maria, additional, Lovera, Cristina, additional, Brach del Prever, Adalberto, additional, Manzoni, Paolo, additional, Barbaglia, Michelangelo, additional, Roasio, Luca, additional, De Franco, Simona, additional, Calitri, Carmelina, additional, Lupica, Maddalena, additional, Felici, Enrico, additional, Marciano, Cinzia, additional, Santovito, Savino, additional, Militerno, Gaia, additional, Abrigo, Enrica, additional, Curtoni, Antonio, additional, Quarello, Paola, additional, Bondone, Claudia, additional, and Garazzino, Silvia, additional

Published
2023
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13. The use of Pediatric Short-Stay Observation in Italy

Author

Pinto, Luciano, primary, Bianchini, Sonia, additional, Barbieri, Maria Antonietta, additional, Cherchi, Gabriella, additional, Miceli, Andrea, additional, Mirauda, Maria Pia, additional, Russotto, Valeria Spica, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Zangardi, Tiziana, additional, Perri, Domenico, additional, Agostiniani, Rino, additional, Rugolotto, Simone, additional, Cardinale, Fabio, additional, Zampogna, Stefania, additional, and Staiano, Annamaria, additional

Published
2022
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17. Epidemiology, clinical aspects, and management of pediatric drowning.

Author

Pellegrino, Francesco, Raffaldi, Irene, Rossi, Roberta, De Vito, Barbara, Pagano, Manuela, Garelli, Davide, and Bondone, Claudia

Subjects
*DROWNPROOFING, *RESUSCITATION from drowning, *DROWNING, *PEDIATRICS, *HEALTH outcome assessment, *HYPOTHERMIA, *RESUSCITATION, *EMERGENCY medicine, *THERAPEUTICS, *CHILDREN, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Drowning is the third leading cause of injury death in the pediatric population worldwide, with incidence peaking among those aged 1–4 years and again in adolescence. The purpose of this commentary is to review the basic pathophysiology of drowninginjury and factors that affect the outcome, such as submersion and hypothermia. We also discuss principles of prehospital and in-hospital management, comprising resuscitation and stabilization, administration of oxygen and intravenous liquids, and central reheating. Even though the mortality rate has decreased in recent years, further investments and safety measures are needed to prevent child drowning deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. Acquired methemoglobinemia in children presenting to Italian pediatric emergency departments: a multicenter report

Author

Raucci, Umberto, primary, Stanco, Michela, additional, Roversi, Marco, additional, Ponticiello, Eduardo, additional, Pisani, Mara, additional, Rosa, Margherita, additional, Falsaperla, Raffaele, additional, Pavone, Piero, additional, Bondone, Claudia, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Calistri, Lucia, additional, Masi, Stefano, additional, Reale, Antonino, additional, Villani, Alberto, additional, and Marano, Marco, additional

Published
2022
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19. Early Lung Ultrasound Findings in Patients With COVID ‐19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Multicenter Study of 479 Patients

Author

Caroselli, Costantino, primary, Blaivas, Michael, additional, Marcosignori, Matteo, additional, Tung Chen, Yale, additional, Falzetti, Sara, additional, Mariz, José, additional, Fiorentino, Romano, additional, Pinto Silva, Rafael, additional, Gomes Cochicho, Joana, additional, Sebastiani, Simone, additional, Carlini, Mauro, additional, Polati, Enrico, additional, Simonini, Valentina, additional, Malagola, Sara, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, and Longo, Daniele, additional

Published
2022
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21. I morsi di vipera

Author

Romano, Francesca, primary, Rossi, Lorenza, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Garelli, Davide, additional, carmellino, Virna, additional, Schicchi, Azzurra, additional, Lonati, Davide, additional, Locatelli, Carlo Alessandro, additional, and Urbino, Antonio Francesco, additional

Published
2021
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22. Un'eruzione cutanea... familiare

Author

Romano, Francesca, primary, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Bondone, Claudia, additional, Coppo, Paola, additional, La Selva, Roberta, additional, and Urbino, Antonio Francesco, additional

Published
2021
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24. Drug use and upper gastrointestinal complications in children: a case–control study

Author

Bianciotto, Manuela, Chiappini, Elena, Raffaldi, Irene, Gabiano, Clara, Tovo, Pier-Angelo, Sollai, Sara, de Martino, Maurizio, Mannelli, Francesco, Tipo, Vincenzo, Da Cas, Roberto, Traversa, Giuseppe, Menniti-Ippolito, Francesca, Menniti-Ippolito, Francesca, Da Cas, Roberto, Sagliocca, Luciano, Traversa, Giuseppe, Ferrazin, Fernanda, Santuccio, Carmela, Tartaglia, Loriana, Trotta, Francesco, Di Pietro, Pasquale, Renna, Salvatore, Rossi, Rossella, Domenichini, Bianca, Gamba, Stefania, Trovato, Francesco, Tovo, Pier-Angelo, Bianciotto, Manuela, Calitri, Carmelina, Gabiano, Clara, Raffaldi, Irene, Urbino, Antonio, Da Dalt, Liviana, Favero, Valentina, Giordano, Laura, Baraldi, Maura, Bertuola, Federica, Lorenzon, Eleonora, Parata, Francesca, Perilongo, Giorgio, Vendramin, Silvia, Frassineti, Monica, Calvani, Anna Maria, Chiappini, Elena, De Martino, Maurizio, Fancelli, Claudia, Mannelli, Francesco, Mazzantini, Rachele, Sollai, Sara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Pirozzi, Nicola, Raucci, Umberto, Reale, Antonino, Rossi, Rossella, Mores, Nadia, Bersani, Giulia, De Nisco, Alessia, Chiaretti, Antonio, Riccardi, Riccardo, Romagnoli, Costantino, Tipo, Vincenzo, Dinardo, Michele, Pisapia, Teresa, Capuano, Annalisa, Parretta, Elisabetta, Rafaniello, Concita, Fucà, Fortunata, and Di Rosa, Eleonora

Published
2013
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25. Pediatric admissions to emergency departments of North-Western Italy during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective observational study

Author

Raffaldi, Irene, primary, Castagno, Emanuele, additional, Fumi, Ilaria, additional, Bondone, Claudia, additional, Ricceri, Fulvio, additional, Besenzon, Luigi, additional, Brach del Prever, Adalberto, additional, Capalbo, Pina, additional, Cosi, Gianluca, additional, Felici, Enrico, additional, Fusco, Patrizia, additional, Gallina, Maria Rita, additional, Garofalo, Franco, additional, Gianino, Paola, additional, Guala, Andrea, additional, Haitink, Oscar, additional, Manzoni, Paolo, additional, Marra, Antonio, additional, Rabbone, Ivana, additional, Roasio, Luca, additional, Santovito, Savino, additional, Serra, Alberto, additional, Tappi, Eleonora, additional, Terragni, Gian Maria, additional, Timeus, Fabio S., additional, Torielli, Flaminia, additional, Vigo, Alessandro, additional, and Urbino, Antonio F., additional

Published
2021
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28. Lung Ultrasound Point‐of‐View in Pediatric and Adult COVID‐19 Infection.

Author

Norbedo, Stefania, Blaivas, Michael, Raffaldi, Irene, and Caroselli, Costantino

Subjects
COVID-19, ULTRASONIC imaging, SARS-CoV-2, CHILD patients, LUNGS
Abstract

From its start in China in December 2019, infection by the new SARS‐CoV2 spread fast all over the world. It can present as severe respiratory distress in the elderly or a vasculitis in a child, most of whom are typically completely asymptomatic. This makes infection detection based on clinical grounds exceedingly difficult. Lung ultrasound has become an important tool in diagnosis and follow‐up of patient with COVID‐19 infection.Here we review available, up to date literature on ultrasound use for COVID‐19 suspected pediatric patients and contrast it to published findings in adult patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. Complications and risk factors for severe outcome in children with measles

Author

Lo Vecchio, Andrea, primary, Krzysztofiak, Andrzej, additional, Montagnani, Carlotta, additional, Valentini, Piero, additional, Rossi, Nadia, additional, Garazzino, Silvia, additional, Raffaldi, Irene, additional, Di Gangi, Maria, additional, Esposito, Susanna, additional, Vecchi, Barbara, additional, Melzi, Maria Luisa, additional, Lanari, Marcello, additional, Zavarise, Giorgio, additional, Bosis, Samantha, additional, Valenzise, Mariella, additional, Cazzato, Salvatore, additional, Sacco, Michele, additional, Govoni, Maria Rita, additional, Mozzo, Elena, additional, Cambriglia, Maria Donata, additional, Bruzzese, Eugenia, additional, Di Camillo, Chiara, additional, Pata, Davide, additional, Graziosi, Alessandro, additional, Sala, Debora, additional, Magurano, Fabio, additional, Villani, Alberto, additional, Guarino, Alfredo, additional, and Galli, Luisa, additional

Published
2019
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30. An uncommon cause of seizures in children living in developed countries: neurocysticercosis -a case report

Author

Denegri Federica, Aguzzi Sonia, Mignone Federica, Scolfaro Carlo, Raffaldi Irene, and Tovo Pier-Angelo

Subjects
Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Abstract Neurocysticercosis represents an important cause of seizures in children in endemic countries, such as Latin America, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while in Europe, especially in Italy, the cases of neurocysticercosis are anectodal. We report the case of a 6 year old boy, born and lived for four years in Cameroon, who presented a right emiconvulsion. The diagnosis was neurocysticercosis. This case accentuates the need to consider neurocysticercosis in a child presenting with non febrile seizures, mainly if he emigrated from an area of high prevalence or if he had long-term stay in endemic regions.

Published
2011
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31. Recommendations Concerning the First-Line Treatment of Children with Tuberculosis

Author

Principi, Nicola, Galli, Luisa, Lancella, Laura, Tadolini, Marina, Migliori, Giovanni Battista, Villani, Alberto, Esposito, Susanna, Bosis, Samantha, Tagliabue, Claudia, Senatore, Laura, Ascolese, Beatrice, Cursi, Laura, Grandin, Annalisa, Marabotto, Caterina, de Martino, Maurizio, Chiappini, Elena, Montagnani, Carlotta, Ciofi, Daniele, Festini, Filippo, Anziati, Martina, Becciani, Sabrina, Remaschi, Giulia, Sollai, Sara, Tersigni, Chiara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Guarino, Alfredo, Vecchio, Andrea Lo, Scotto, Riccardo, Bernardi, Filippo, Bertazzoni, Elisa, Blasi, Francesco, Assante, Luca, Castagnola, Elio, Losurdo, Giuseppe, Codecasa, Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Faccini, Marino, Gabiano, Clara, Garazzino, Silvia, Le Serre, Daniele, Raffaldi, Irene, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mascolo, Amelia, Di Comite, Amelia, Stronati, Mauro, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Centis, Rosella, Cirillo, Daniela, Tortoli, Enrico, Pasinato, Angela, Russo, Cristina, Scaglione, Franco, Scala, Elisabetta, Tomà, Paolo, Bocchino, Marialuisa, Matteelli, Alberto, Scaglione, Francesco, LO VECCHIO, ANDREA, BOCCHINO, MARIALUISA, Principi, Nicola, Galli, Luisa, Lancella, Laura, Tadolini, Marina, Migliori, Giovanni Battista, Villani, Alberto, Esposito, Susanna, Bosis, Samantha, Tagliabue, Claudia, Senatore, Laura, Ascolese, Beatrice, Cursi, Laura, Grandin, Annalisa, Marabotto, Caterina, de Martino, Maurizio, Chiappini, Elena, Montagnani, Carlotta, Ciofi, Daniele, Festini, Filippo, Anziati, Martina, Becciani, Sabrina, Remaschi, Giulia, Sollai, Sara, Tersigni, Chiara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Guarino, Alfredo, Vecchio, Andrea Lo, Scotto, Riccardo, Bernardi, Filippo, Bertazzoni, Elisa, Blasi, Francesco, Bocchino, Marialuisa, Assante, Luca, Castagnola, Elio, Losurdo, Giuseppe, Codecasa, Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Faccini, Marino, Gabiano, Clara, Garazzino, Silvia, Le Serre, Daniele, Raffaldi, Irene, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mascolo, Amelia, Di Comite, Amelia, Stronati, Mauro, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Centis, Rosella, Cirillo, Daniela, Tortoli, Enrico, Pasinato, Angela, Russo, Cristina, Scaglione, Franco, Scala, Elisabetta, Tomà, Paolo, Matteelli, Alberto, Scaglione, Francesco, LO VECCHIO, Andrea, For the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group, Null, and DI COMITE, Amelia

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosi, 030106 microbiology, Drug Resistance, Breastfeeding, Antitubercular Agents, Child, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Humans, Isoniazid, Medication Adherence, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Tuberculous meningitis, 03 medical and health sciences, Antitubercular Agent, Microbial, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacotherapy, 030225 pediatrics, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Adverse effect, Ethambutol, Perinatology and Child Health, business.industry, Tuberculous pericarditis, Pulmonary, Pyrazinamide, medicine.disease, Settore MED/38, Surgery, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business, medicine.drug, Human
Abstract

This document describes the recommendations of a group of scientific societies concerning the first-line therapeutic approach to paediatric tuberculosis (TB). The treatment of pulmonary TB should be based on the existence of parenchymal involvement and the risk of antibiotic resistance. The treatment of extra-pulmonary TB is based on the regimens used for severe pulmonary TB. The administration of corticosteroids is recommended only in cases of miliary TB, tuberculous meningitis and tuberculous pericarditis. Vitamin B6 may be indicated in the case of isoniazid-treated TB in breastfeeding infants, severely malnourished subjects, or patients with other diseases at high risk of vitamin deficiency. Once having started treatment, children with TB should be carefully followed up in order to evaluate compliance, the response to treatment, the need for treatment changes, and the presence of drug-related adverse events. Primary care paediatricians can support reference centres in providing family healthcare education and encouraging treatment compliance.

Published
2016

32. Lung Ultrasound Point‐of‐Viewin Pediatric and Adult COVID‐19 Infection

Author

Norbedo, Stefania, Blaivas, Michael, Raffaldi, Irene, and Caroselli, Costantino

Abstract

From its start in China in December 2019, infection by the new SARS‐CoV2 spread fast all over the world. It can present as severe respiratory distress in the elderly or a vasculitis in a child, most of whom are typically completely asymptomatic. This makes infection detection based on clinical grounds exceedingly difficult. Lung ultrasound has become an important tool in diagnosis and follow‐up of patient with COVID‐19 infection.Here we review available, up to date literature on ultrasound use for COVID‐19 suspected pediatric patients and contrast it to published findings in adult patients.

Published
2021
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33. How to manage children who have come into contact with patients affected by tuberculosis

Author

Lancella, Laura, Vecchio, Andrea Lo, Chiappini, Elena, Tadolini, Marina, Cirillo, Daniela, Tortoli, Enrico, de Martino, Maurizio, Guarino, Alfredo, Principi, Nicola, Villani, Alberto, Esposito, Susanna, Galli, Luisa, Cursi, Laura, Grandin, Annalisa, Marabotto, Caterina, Scotto, Riccardo, Montagnani, Carlotta, Ciofi, Daniele, Festini, Filippo, Anziati, Martina, Becciani, Sabrina, Remaschi, Giulia, Sollai, Sara, Tersigni, Chiara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Russo, Cristina, Bosis, Samantha, Tagliabue, Claudia, Senatore, Laura, Ascolese, Beatrice, Bernardi, Filippo, Bertazzoni, Elisa, Blasi, Francesco, BOCCHINO, MARIALUISA, Assante, Luca, Castagnola, Elio, Losurdo, Giuseppe, Codecasa, Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Faccini, Marino, Gabiano, Clara, Garazzino, Silvia, Le Serre, Daniele, Raffaldi, Irene, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mascolo, Amelia, Di Comite, Amelia, Stronati, Mauro, Matteelli, Alberto, Migliori, Giovanni Battista, Centis, Rossella, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Pasinato, Angela, Scaglione, Franco, Scala, Elisabetta, Tomà, Paolo, Lancella, Laura, Vecchio, Andrea Lo, Chiappini, Elena, Tadolini, Marina, Cirillo, Daniela, Tortoli, Enrico, de Martino, Maurizio, Guarino, Alfredo, Principi, Nicola, Villani, Alberto, Esposito, Susanna, Galli, Luisa, Cursi, Laura, Grandin, Annalisa, Marabotto, Caterina, Scotto, Riccardo, Montagnani, Carlotta, Ciofi, Daniele, Festini, Filippo, Anziati, Martina, Becciani, Sabrina, Remaschi, Giulia, Sollai, Sara, Tersigni, Chiara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Russo, Cristina, Bosis, Samantha, Tagliabue, Claudia, Senatore, Laura, Ascolese, Beatrice, Bernardi, Filippo, Bertazzoni, Elisa, Blasi, Francesco, Bocchino, Marialuisa, Assante, Luca, Castagnola, Elio, Losurdo, Giuseppe, Codecasa, Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Faccini, Marino, Gabiano, Clara, Garazzino, Silvia, Le Serre, Daniele, Raffaldi, Irene, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mascolo, Amelia, Di Comite, Amelia, Stronati, Mauro, Matteelli, Alberto, Migliori, Giovanni Battista, Centis, Rossella, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Pasinato, Angela, Scaglione, Franco, Scala, Elisabetta, and Tomà, Paolo

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Microbiology (medical), Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Contacts, Tuberculosi, IGRA, LTBI, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosi, Article, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Molecular typing, Contact, Medicine, lcsh:RC109-216, Index case, lcsh:RC705-779, Immune status, biology, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosi, Infectious Diseases, Chemoprophylaxis, Immunology, business
Abstract

Childhood tuberculosis (TB) indicates a recent infection, particularly in children aged

Published
2015

35. Complications and risk factors for severe outcome in children with measles

Author

Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Krzysztofiak, Andrzej, Montagnani, Carlotta, Valentini, Piero, Rossi, Nadia, Garazzino, Silvia, Raffaldi, Irene, Di Gangi, Maria, Esposito, Susanna, Vecchi, Barbara, Melzi, Maria Luisa, Lanari, Marcello, Zavarise, Giorgio, Bosis, Samantha, Valenzise, Mariella, Cazzato, Salvatore, Sacco, Michele, Govoni, Maria Rita, Mozzo, Elena, Cambriglia, Maria Donata, Bruzzese, Eugenia, Di Camillo, Chiara, Pata, Davide, Graziosi, Alessandro, Sala, Debora, Magurano, Fabio, Villani, Alberto, Guarino, Alfredo, and Galli, Luisa

Abstract

Objective and designRisk factors for severe measles are poorly investigated in high-income countries. The Italian Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases conducted a retrospective study in children hospitalised for measles from January 2016 to August 2017 to investigate the risk factors for severe outcome defined by the presence of long-lasting sequelae, need of intensive care or death.ResultsNineteen hospitals enrolled 249 children (median age 14.5 months): 207 (83%) children developed a complication and 3 (1%) died. Neutropaenia was more commonly reported in children with B3-genotype compared with other genotypes (29.5% vs 7.7%, p=0.01). Pancreatitis (adjusted OR [aOR] 9.19, p=0.01) and encephalitis (aOR 7.02, p=0.04) were related to severe outcome in multivariable analysis, as well as C reactive protein (CRP) (aOR 1.1, p=0.028), the increase of which predicted severe outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.67, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.82). CRP values >2 mg/dL were related to higher risk of complications (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.7, p=0.01) or severe outcome (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.8, p<0.01).ConclusionThe risk of severe outcome in measles is independent of age and underlying conditions, but is related to the development of organ complications and may be predicted by CRP value.

Published
2020
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36. An atypical deep neck infection in a two-year-old child

Author

Raffaldi, Irene, Scolfaro, C, Garazzino, Silvia, Peradotto, F, Calitri, C, and Tovo, Pier Angelo

Subjects
Antitubercular Agents, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Lymphadenitis, Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Retropharyngeal abscess, Retropharyngeal Abscess, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Diagnosis, Differential, Treatment Outcome, Lymphadenitis, Child, Preschool, Clarithromycin, Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Humans, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Ethambutol, Neck
Abstract

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are one of the major causes of lymphadenitis in children and seldom of deep neck infections. We reported the case of an immunocompetent two-year-old girl with adenitis and retropharyngeal abscess caused by an atypical mycobacterium. She had a positive tuberculin skin test, whereas the Quantiferon TB Gold test was negative. The child underwent a complete nodal excision. The search for acid fast bacilli was positive and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from the surgically removed material. The retropharyngeal abscess was treated only with antimicrobial therapy, which resulted in an appreciable size reduction of the abscess. After two months antimicrobial treatment was interrupted, and complete resolution was achieved after twelve months. No relapse of disease or possible long-term complications were observed. The surgical wound healed completely, with normal overlying skin and a good aesthetic result. The clinical management of atypical mycobacteria lymphadenitis and retropharyngeal abscess in children is discussed.

Published
2014

39. A strange gingival swelling in an Italian child: a case of oral myiasis

Author

Raffaldi, Irene, Scolfaro, C, Pinon, Michele, Longo, S, Savoia, Dianella, and Tovo, Pier Angelo

Subjects
Heart Defects, Congenital, Male, child, Diptera, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Myiasis, Gum, Italy, Risk Factors, Child, Preschool, Larva, Gingival Diseases, Animals, Humans, myiasis
Abstract

Oral myiasis is a condition in which tissues of the oral cavity are invaded by the larvae of flies. It is a rare disease in humans, often associated with very poor dental and oral hygiene. In children the main predisposing factors are incompetent lips, thumb sucking habits and continuous mouth breathing. The condition has been reported mainly in Asia and South America and rarely in more developed countries. The cases recorded in Italy concern adults with ocular or cutaneous manifestations alone. We describe an unusual infestation of the oral cavity of a five-year-old Italian boy with a severe congenital heart defect. He presented a gingival swelling and, after a few hours, some larvae could be seen moving through his oral cavity. They were removed manually and an oral antibiotic was given to avoid a bacterial superinfection. Three days after, oral examination of the patient revealed a gradual decrease in gingival swelling; complete clinical resolution was achieved about two weeks later. This case is reported as a reminder to consider oral myiasis in the event of suspected gingival swelling in children, especially if they have predisposing factors or if they come from an endemic area.

Published
2013

44. Surveillance Study of Healthcare-Associated Infections in a Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit in Italy

Author

Raffaldi, Irene, primary, Scolfaro, Carlo, additional, Pinon, Michele, additional, Garazzino, Silvia, additional, Dalmasso, Paola, additional, Calitri, Carmelina, additional, Peretta, Paola, additional, Ragazzi, Paola, additional, Gaglini, Pier Paolo, additional, Pretti, Pier Federico, additional, Vitale, Pasquale, additional, Conio, Alessandra, additional, and Tovo, Pier-Angelo, additional

Published
2011
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48. Surveillance Study of Healthcare-Associated Infections in a Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit in Italy.

Author

Raffaldi, Irene, Scolfaro, Carlo, Pinon, Michele, Garazzino, Silvia, Dalmasso, Paola, Calitri, Carmelina, Peretta, Paola, Ragazzi, Paola, Gaglini, Pier Paolo, Pretti, Pier Federico, Vitale, Pasquale, Conio, Alessandra, and Tovo, Pier-Angelo

Subjects
*INFECTION, *NEUROSURGERY, *PEDIATRICS, *CHILDREN, *TEACHING hospitals
Abstract

Background: This prospective surveillance study was designed to estimate the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and to analyze the risk factors for their development in a pediatric neurosurgical unit. Methods: The study was performed in an Italian teaching hospital from October 2008 through March 2010. All children (0-18 years) undergoing neurosurgery were included and monitored daily for the development of HAIs. Results: The study included 260 patients, with a mean age of 4.3 ± 4.7 years. Thirty-six HAIs were detected in 25 patients; catheter-related infections were the most frequent. Etiological identification was available in 22 cases; Gram-negative bacteria were the most commonly isolated pathogens. The incidence density was 11.0/1,000 patient days, and the incidence rate was 13.8/100 patients. The crude mortality was 0%. The risk of developing HAIs was related to the length of hospital stay, while the higher the age of the patients, the lower the risk of developing HAIs. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this survey is the first study to evaluate the overall incidence of HAIs and to explore the risk factors implicated in their development in neurosurgical pediatric patients. The most effective strategies to prevent these infections are reduction of the length of the hospital stay and improvement in device management. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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49. Complications and risk factors for severe outcome in children with measles

Author

Lo Vecchio, A, Krzysztofiak, A, Montagnani, C, Valentini, Piero, Rossi, N, Garazzino, S, Raffaldi, I, Di Gangi, M, Esposito, S, Vecchi, B, Melzi, Ml, Lanari, M, Zavarise, G, Bosis, S, Valenzise, M, Cazzato, S, Sacco, Monica, Govoni, Mr, Mozzo, E, Cambriglia, Md, Bruzzese, E, Di Camillo, C, Pata, Davide, Graziosi, A, Sala, D, Magurano, F, Villani, A, Guarino, A, Galli, L, SITIP Measles Study, Group., Lo Vecchio, A, Krzysztofiak, A, Montagnani, C, Valentini, P, Rossi, N, Garazzino, S, Raffaldi, I, Di Gangi, M, Esposito, S, Vecchi, B, Melzi, Ml, Lanari, M, Zavarise, G, Bosis, S, Valenzise, M, Cazzato, S, Sacco, M, Govoni, Mr, Mozzo, E, Cambriglia, Md, Bruzzese, E, Di Camillo, C, Pata, D, Graziosi, A, Sala, D, Magurano, F, Villani, A, Guarino, A, Galli, L, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Krzysztofiak, Andrzej, Montagnani, Carlotta, Valentini, Piero, Rossi, Nadia, Garazzino, Silvia, Raffaldi, Irene, Di Gangi, Maria, Esposito, Susanna, Vecchi, Barbara, Melzi, Maria Luisa, Lanari, Marcello, Zavarise, Giorgio, Bosis, Samantha, Valenzise, Mariella, Cazzato, Salvatore, Sacco, Michele, Govoni, Maria Rita, Mozzo, Elena, Cambriglia, Maria Donata, Bruzzese, Eugenia, Di Camillo, Chiara, Pata, Davide, Graziosi, Alessandro, Sala, Debora, Magurano, Fabio, Villani, Alberto, Guarino, Alfredo, and Galli, Luisa

Subjects
Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neutropenia, genotype, severe outcome, complication, Intensive Care Units, Pediatric, Measles, Severity of Illness Index, children, measles, Risk Factors, Intensive care, medicine, measle, Humans, Viral, Encephalitis, Viral, Preschool, Child, Pediatric, biology, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, C-reactive protein, Child, Preschool, Female, Infant, Italy, Measles virus, Pancreatitis, ROC Curve, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Settore MED/38, Intensive Care Units, Settore MED/38 - PEDIATRIA GENERALE E SPECIALISTICA, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, biology.protein, Encephalitis, Complication, business
Abstract

Objective and designRisk factors for severe measles are poorly investigated in high-income countries. The Italian Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases conducted a retrospective study in children hospitalised for measles from January 2016 to August 2017 to investigate the risk factors for severe outcome defined by the presence of long-lasting sequelae, need of intensive care or death.ResultsNineteen hospitals enrolled 249 children (median age 14.5 months): 207 (83%) children developed a complication and 3 (1%) died. Neutropaenia was more commonly reported in children with B3-genotype compared with other genotypes (29.5% vs 7.7%, p=0.01). Pancreatitis (adjusted OR [aOR] 9.19, p=0.01) and encephalitis (aOR 7.02, p=0.04) were related to severe outcome in multivariable analysis, as well as C reactive protein (CRP) (aOR 1.1, p=0.028), the increase of which predicted severe outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.67, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.82). CRP values >2 mg/dL were related to higher risk of complications (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.7, p=0.01) or severe outcome (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.8, pConclusionThe risk of severe outcome in measles is independent of age and underlying conditions, but is related to the development of organ complications and may be predicted by CRP value.

Published
2018

50. Recommendations for treating children with drug-resistant tuberculosis

Author

Galli L., Lancella L., Garazzino S., Tadolini M., Matteelli A., Migliori G. B., Principi N., Villani A., Esposito S. Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini, Alfredo Guarino, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Riccardo Scotto, Fi lippo Bernardi, Elisa Bertazzoni, Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino, Luca Assante, Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo, Giannina Gaslini, Luigi Codec, Giuseppe Di Mauro, Marino Faccini, Clara Gabiano, Daniele Le Serre, Irene Raffaldi, Regina Margherita, Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo, Mauro Stronati, Rosella Centis, Lia D'Ambrosio, Angela Pasinato, Cristina Russo, Franco Scaglione, Elisabetta Scala, Paolo Tomà, Susanna Esposito, Luisa Galli, Laura Lancella, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Silvi a Garazzino, Alberto Villani, Filippo Bernardi, Luigi Codecasa, Alberto Matteelli, Enrico Tortoli, Francesco Scaglione, Daniela Cirillo, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, L., Galli, L., Lancella, S., Garazzino, M., Tadolini, A., Matteelli, G. B., Migliori, N., Principi, A., Villani, Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Samantha Bosis, Esposito S., Tagliabue, Claudia, Senatore, Laura, Ascolese, Beatrice, Cursi, Laura, Grandin, Annalisa, Marabotto, Caterina, de Martino, Maurizio, Chiappini, Elena, Montagnani, Carlotta, Ciofi, Daniele, Festini, Filippo, Anziati, Martina, Becciani, Sabrina, Remaschi, Giulia, Sollai, Sara, Tersigni, Chiara, Venturini, Elisabetta, Guarino, Alfredo, LO VECCHIO, Andrea, Scotto, Riccardo, lippo Bernardi, Fi, Bertazzoni, Elisa, Blasi, Francesco, Bocchino, Marialuisa, Assante, LUCA ROSARIO, Castagnola, Elio, Losurdo, Giuseppe, Gaslini, Giannina, Codec, Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Faccini, Marino, Gabiano, Clara, Le Serre, Daniele, Raffaldi, Irene, Margherita, Regina, Marseglia, Gianluigi, Mascolo, Amelia, Stronati, Mauro, Centis, Rosella, D'Ambrosio, Lia, Pasinato, Angela, Russo, Cristina, Scaglione, Franco, Scala, Elisabetta, Tomà, Paolo, Esposito, Susanna, Galli, Luisa, Lancella, Laura, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Principi, Nicola, Bosis, Samantha, a Garazzino, Silvi, Villani, Alberto, Bernardi, Filippo, Assante, Luca, Codecasa, Luigi, Matteelli, Alberto, Tortoli, Enrico, Scaglione, Francesco, Cirillo, Daniela, Battista Migliori, Giovanni, Tadolini, Marina, Garazzino, Silvia, and Migliori, Giovanni Battista

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 030106 microbiology, Antitubercular Agents, Pediatric tuberculosi, Anti-tuberculosis drugs, MDR-TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Therapeutic approach, Antitubercular Agent, 0302 clinical medicine, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Children, Pediatric tuberculosis, XDR-TB, Pharmacology, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Adverse effect, Child, Cause of death, biology, business.industry, Anti-tuberculosis drug, Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Settore MED/38, Systematic review, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosi, Practice Guidelines as Topic, business, Human
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the most difficult infectious diseases to treat, and the second most frequent cause of death due to infectious disease throughout the world. The number of cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which are characterised by high mortality rates, is increasing. The therapeutic management of children with MDR- and XDR-TB is complicated by a lack of knowledge, and the fact that many potentially useful drugs are not registered for pediatric use and there are no formulations suitable for children in the first years of life. Furthermore, most of the available drugs are burdened by major adverse events that need to be taken into account, particularly in the case of prolonged therapy. This document describes the recommendations of a group of scientific societies on the therapeutic approach to pediatric MDR- and XDR-TB. On the basis of a systematic literature review and their personal clinical experience, the experts recommend that children with active TB caused by a drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis should always be referred to a specialised centre because of the complexity of patient management, the paucity of pediatric data, and the high incidence of adverse events due to second-line anti-TB treatment.

Published
2016

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