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3. Sunflower crop: environmental-friendly and agroecological

Author

Debaeke Philippe, Bedoussac Laurent, Bonnet Catherine, Bret-Mestries Emmanuelle, Seassau Célia, Gavaland André, Raffaillac Didier, Tribouillois Hélène, Véricel Grégory, and Justes Eric

Subjects
cultural control, intercropping, ecosystem services, cropping systems, low-input, Oils, fats, and waxes, TP670-699
Abstract

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop is often labelled as environmental-friendly for many objective reasons: limited amounts of N fertiliser, no irrigation, and limited use of pesticides. In addition, sunflower has a potential for providing multiple ecosystem services in diverse cropping systems (e.g. pollinators feeding). However agroecological innovations have been less developed or disseminated than for cereals or oilseed rape. Based on results from the sunflower research consortium in Toulouse (Mestries and Debaeke. 2016. Journées d’échanges Tournesol, 28 et 29 juin 2016, Toulouse (France)), we illustrate some innovating and promising approaches for more agroecological practices in sunflower cropping. Our results suggested that: integrated crop management could be proposed to limit the use of pesticides and mitigate crop damages; cover crops could be used as biofumigants to control soilborne diseases in sunflower; intercropping sunflower with soybean could be a valuable option for maximizing resource-use efficiency in low-input environments; sunflower yield could be maintained at good level in very low input cropping systems. Previous examples point out how agroecological principles could be applied to sunflower crop to improve its production in low-input conditions, and enhance the ecosystem services deliverable by this oilseed crop.

Published
2017
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4. Contribution of cereal-legume intercropping agroecological weed management

Author

Forestier, Thomas, Bedoussac, Laurent, Bonnet, Catherine, Raffaillac, Didier, Journet, Etienne-Pascal, Justes, Eric, Colbach, Nathalie, Raynaud, Christelle, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

6. Projet SYSTEM-ECO4 : Évaluation de systèmes de grandes cultures à faible usage de pesticides

Author

Munier-Jolain, Nicolas, Abgrall, Maïwen, Adeux, Guillaume, Alletto, Lionel, Bonnet, Catherine, cordeau, Stéphane, Darras, Sébastien, Deswarte, Cyrielle, Farcy, Pascal, Gavaland, André, Justes, Eric, Sciara, Giuliano, Meunier, Dominique, Pernelle, Julie, Raffaillac, Didier, Gleizes, Benoit, Tison, Gilles, Ubertosi, Marjorie, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture d'Occitanie (CRA Occitanie), UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Domaine expérimental de Brunehaut (LILL MONS UE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Domaine expérimental d'Époisses (DIJ EPOISSES), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Agro-Transfert Ressources et Territoires, Domaine expérimental d'Auzeville (UE AUZEVILLE), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Domaine expérimental d'Époisses - UE0115 U2E (DIJ EPOISSES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, lysimètre, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], H02 - Pesticides, H60 - Mauvaises herbes et désherbage, Performance de culture, Pollution par l'agriculture, Désherbage, adventices, système de culture, multiperfor mance, protection intégrée, Eau de drainage, Herbicide, P02 - Pollution, Mauvaise herbe
Abstract

National audience; 19 prototypes de systèmes de culture ont été testés sur quatre sites contrastés (Picardie, Bourgogne et deux sites dans la région de Toulouse). Ces systèmes de grandes cultures ont été conçus selon les principes de Protection Intégrée pour limiter l’usage des pesticides en général et des herbicides en particulier. Les combinaisons de leviers alternatifs ont permis de gérer durablement la flore adventice avec peu d’herbicides, et de baisser l’usage de l’ensemble des pesticides. Certains systèmes permettent de concilier faible IFT et bonne performance économique. Trois sites ont été instrumentés pour collecter des eaux de drainage et mesurer les transferts de substances actives. Ces dispositifs ont permis d’établir un lien entre les IFT cumulés et les quantités de substance transférées dans les eaux, à l’échelle d’un site et sur trois années de mesure, confirmant ainsi le lien entre l’usage de pesticides et leur impact. Les prototypes fondés sur le semis direct ont été décevants: ils ont nécessité beaucoup d’herbicides pour maîtriser les adventices, les quantités de substances actives transférées sous ces parcelles ont été importantes, et les performances économiques ont été moyennes.

Published
2018

8. Carbon footprint of cropping systems with grain legumes and cover crops: A case-study in SW France

Author

European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Universidad de Lleida, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel [0000-0003-4998-8585], Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel, Nogué-Serra, Irene, Raffaillac, Didier, Cantero-Martínez, Carlos, Justes, Éric, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Universidad de Lleida, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel [0000-0003-4998-8585], Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel, Nogué-Serra, Irene, Raffaillac, Didier, Cantero-Martínez, Carlos, and Justes, Éric

Abstract

Agriculture contributes to a significant proportion of global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) but can also participate in climate change mitigation. The introduction of legumes in crop rotations reduces the dependence on N fertilizers and may mitigate the carbon (C) footprint of cropping systems. The aim of this study was to quantify the C footprint of six low-input arable cropping systems resulting from the combination of three levels of grain legumes introduction in a 3-yr rotation (GL0: no grain legumes, GL1: 1 grain legume, GL2: 2 grain legumes) and the use of cover crops (CC) or bare fallow (BF) between cash crops, covering two rotation cycles (6 years). The approach considered external emissions, on-site emissions and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes, and prioritized (i) field observations and (ii) simulation of non-measured variables with the STICS model, rather than default emission factors. As expected, fertilizers accounted for 80–90% of external emissions, being reduced by 50% and 102% with grain legumes introduction in GL1-BF and GL2-BF, compared to the cereal-based rotation (GL0-BF). Cover crops management increased machinery emissions by 24–35% compared to BF. Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were low, ranging between 205 and 333 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in GL1-BF and GL0-BF, respectively. Nitrate leaching represented the indirect emission of 11.6 to 27.2 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in the BF treatments and 8.2 to 10.7 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in the CC treatments. Indirect emissions due to ammonia volatilization ranged between 8.4 and 41.8 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1. The introduction of grain legumes strongly influenced SOC changes and, consequently, the C footprint. In the BF systems, grain legumes introduction in the rotations led to a significant increase in the C footprint, because of higher SOC losses. Contrarily, the use of cover crops mitigated SOC losses, and lowered the C footprint. These results indicated the need of CC when increasing the number of

Published
2018

9. Synthesis on the effects of grain legume insertion and cereal-grain legume intercrops in low input cropping systems in Southern France

Author

Justes, Eric, Plaza Bonilla, Daniel, Bedoussac, Laurent, Gavaland, André, Journet, Etienne-Pascal, Léonard, Joël, Mary, Bruno, Nolot, Jean Marie, Perrin, Pierre, Peyrard, Céline, Raffaillac, Didier, Tribouillois, Hélène, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), Domaine expérimental d'Auzeville (UE AUZEVILLE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Six cropping systems (CS) of three 3-year rotations based on durum wheat and sunflower inserting 0, 1 (pea or fababean) and 2 grain legumes (GL) (pea and soybean), and with or without cover crops (CC) were compared at INRA Toulouse from 2004. This experiment is still on going for a twelfth year. We demonstrated that 6 key points. 1) Pea as a preceding crop increased durum wheat grain production by 8% compared to sunflower as a preceding crop with a mean reduction of N fertilization of 45 kg N ha-1. 2) Inserting GL in the rotations significantly affected the amount of C and N inputs to the soil that were lower than with cereals and consequently led to a decrease in soil organic-C (SOC) and –N contents. 3) N leaching simulated using the STICS model was higher when increasing the number of GL (from 22 to 52 kg N ha-1 after two rotation cycles of 6 years, for 0 to 2 GL respectively). 4) However, CC insertion i) reduced N leaching (from 15 to 18 kg N ha-1), ii) mitigated SOC loss, and iii) did not affect durum wheat grain protein concentration or yield. 5) Daily measured N2O emissions over the whole 3-year rotation were low but significantly higher under the CS including fababean than for the cereal-based CS (1.12 vs. 0.78 kg N2O-N ha-1 year- 1) despite a lower N fertilization. Then, in such conventionally-tilled systems, properly designed cropping systems that simultaneously insert grain legumes and cover crops reduce N requirements of the following durum wheat, stabilize SOC content but do not decrease N2O emissions at the rotation level.

Published
2016

11. N2O Emissions in low input cropping systems aiming at environmental impacts reduction in the south of France

Author

PEYRARD, Céline, Justes, Eric, Mary, Bruno, Vericel, Grégory, Gréhan, Eric, Perrin, Pierre, Raffaillac, Didier, Léonard, Joël, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2014

13. Evaluation of cropping systems adapted to water availability: lessons from the SGCI experiment in Toulouse (1995-2002)

Author

Debaeke, Philippe, Nolot, Jean Marie, Raffaillac, Didier, ProdInra, Migration, Agrosystèmes Cultivés et Herbagers (ARCHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Domaine expérimental d'Auzeville (UE AUZEVILLE), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences
Abstract

National audience; La recherche d'économies d'eau en grande culture est une préoccupation grandissante dans le Sud-Ouest de la France pour des raisons économiques et environnementales. Pour concrétiser une démarche de conception et d'évaluation de systèmes de culture adaptés à la ressource en eau, le dispositif expérimental "Systèmes de Grandes Cultures Intégrés" a été conduit de 1995 à 2002 par l'INRA à Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). L'expérimentation en grandes parcelles a permis de valider globalement les stratégies agronomiques et les règles de décision proposées ex ante pour chacun des 3 systèmes variant par la disponibilité en eau d'irrigation. En particulier, il a été montré la nécessité d'un rationnement des besoins en eau et en azote pour les systèmes peu ou pas irrigués, avec des conséquences positives sur la réduction des risques phytosanitaires. Dans le contexte actuel de la grande culture (intérêt des conduites à faibles niveaux d'intrants), cette étude apporte des éléments de jugement technico-économiques et agri-environnementaux originaux. Une méthodologie d'évaluation des systèmes de culture à valeur générale est proposée combinant expérimentation systémique, expérimentation factorielle et simulation.

Published
2005

14. Evaluation d'itinéraires techniques pour le blé dur dans le Sud-Ouest de la France

Author

Debaeke, Philippe, Nolot, J.M., Bataillon, Paul, Raffaillac, Didier, ProdInra, Migration, Agrosystèmes Cultivés et Herbagers (ARCHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CHOIX VARIETAL, AGRONOMIE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
1999

16. Grain legume-based rotations managed under conventional tillage need cover crops to mitigate soil organic matter losses

Author

Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel, Nolot, Jean-Marie, Passot, Sixtine, Raffaillac, Didier, and Justes, Eric

Subjects
Legumes, Agricultural industry, Business, international
Abstract

Abstract Inserting legumes in low-input innovative cropping systems can represent a good strategy to reduce current N fertilizer dependency while enhancing ecosystem services. However, although the impact of the use [...]

Published
2015

17. A rule-based method for the development of crop management systems applied to grain sorghum in south-western France

Author

Debaeke, Philippe, Nolot, Jean-Marie, and Raffaillac, Didier

Subjects
*SORGHUM, *CROP management, *PLANT spacing
Abstract

Abstract: A generic approach is proposed for the development and testing of crop management systems in contrasting situations of water availability. Ecophysiological knowledge, expertise, regional references and simulation models are combined to devise management strategies adapted to production targets and constraints. The next stage consists of converting these crop management strategies into logical and consistent sets of decision rules. Each rule describes the reasoning which is used to apply a technical decision by taking account of observed or simulated environmental conditions or predicted agronomic risks. This approach was applied to design crop management systems for grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) in south-western France. For spring-sown crops, management (sowing date, plant density, varietal choice, N fertilizer rate and timing) was based on water availability, both for economic and environmental reasons. Specific sets of decision rules were written for irrigated and rainfed conditions. The establishment of rules was based on agronomic principles (e.g. for plant density) or on the application of a simulation model (e.g. for sowing date, variety). N fertilization and irrigation were applied using combined N and water dynamic models. A novel methodology combining crop diagnosis, analytical trials and crop simulation was developed to evaluate the management systems. An irrigated and a rainfed rule-based management system were compared near Toulouse (S.W. France) from 1995 to 2002. The profitability of rainfed low-input management was confirmed for sorghum in spite of high yields under irrigation (up to 10 t ha−1). The adaptation of sorghum management in rainfed conditions was mainly achieved through early maturing cultivars and by reducing N applications by 65%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2006
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