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The aim of this study was to analyse the cytocompatibility of Surefil One (SuO) with respect to the release of monomers from the material. The following reference materials were chosen: SDR Flow Plus (SDR, Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany), One Q Bond (Q, Dentalica, Milan, Italy), and Ketac (K, 3M-ESPE, USA). Fifteen dentin discs (2 mm thickness and diameter) were obtained from 15 third molars and were used in this study. After dentin disc permeability measurement, murine fibroblasts were grown, and the pulp surface of the dentinal disc was placed in direct contact with the cells immersed in DMEM. The experimental materials were positioned on the occlusal side of each dentinal disc until a uniform thickness of 2 mm was obtained. Then, the discs were inserted into an artificial pulp chamber for 24 hours to assess the cytocompatibility. Afterwards, the moles of monomers leached from the specimens in DMEM were determined using HPLC. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA ( p < 0.05 ). Under the experimental conditions, the toxic effect induced by all tested materials was slight or absent. Diurethane dimethacrylate and acrylic acid were not found in the culture media. It is concluded that all materials have good cytocompatibility consistent with the nondeterminability of the monomers released after polymerization.

Dental caries is one of the most common diseases in the world, and global incidence rates are increasing. The early detection of dental lesions enables a conservative approach to be employed and represents a priority in modern dentistry. Recent studies have suggested that conventional diagnostic methods, such as visual tactile inspection and X-ray examination, exhibit low sensitivity and are not very effective in early diagnoses. Consequently, late detection of decay is associated with an increased loss of tooth structure. New diagnostic systems based on optical properties have been developed to facilitate early detection. Several studies have evaluated the performance of near-infrared imaging (NIRI) as an early diagnostic tool. NIRI using light ranging from 700 to 1700 nm has demonstrated better optical properties compared to conventional optical systems using light in the visible spectra. NIRI enables deeper penetration of the light in the tooth tissue, weak scattering with lower background noise and strong photon absorption with detailed images. Several in-vivo studies have demonstrated that NIRI technology has the potential to improve performance compared with current diagnostic methods. NIRI exhibits increased sensitivity compared to radiographs and is more suitable to identify approximal enamel lesions. This paper aimed to review these recent advances and their potential applications in daily clinical practice.

Pour la douce France is the title of a painting by Romaine Brooks, an American artist who lived in France during World War I, who became a close friend of D’Annunzio at the times of La Capponcina. The newspaper Le Figaro published a picture of the painting in its May 5, 1915 issue together with several poetical texts of D’Annunzio. These materials were then included into an elegant folder, put on sale the same year in order to raise funding for the Red Cross. However, that volume remained a project: the publication was supposed to bring together his other texts and lectures on war to be subsequently edited and published by the librarian and bibliophile Édouard Champion. The project eventually produced only some drafts, which are now preserved in a private collection in Switzerland.

To evaluate the efficacy of a stepwise intraoperative activation (SIA) of irrigants during and after the instrumentation compared with that of a conventional activation (CA) performed only after the instrumentation to remove smear layer and debris using different activation devices. A total of 70 single-rooted teeth were divided into a control group (no activation, n = 10) and two different experimental groups according to the irrigant activation protocol used: group 1 (CA), in which sodium hypochlorite was activated only after the use of the last mechanical file, and group 2 (SIA), in which activation was performed during and after the instrumentation. The two groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the activation device used (n = 10): passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, subgroup a), EndoActivator (EA, subgroup b), and EDDY (subgroup c). The roots were split longitudinally and observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the presence of debris and smear layer, and the results were statistically analyzed. All activation protocols and devices were more effective than control group in removing smear layer and debris from all root canal thirds (P < 0.05), except for CA-EA (group 1b) in the apical third. In the apical third, SIA was found to be more effective than CA (P < 0.05) to remove smear layer and residual debris when PUI was used, to remove the smear layer when EA was used (P < 0.05), and to remove residual debris when EDDY was used (P < 0.05). PUI and EDDY removed statistically more smear layer and debris than EA in the apical third (P < 0.05). The SIA technique improved the smear layer and debris removal from the apical third and debris removal from the coronal third, and PUI and EDDY were more effective than EA in the apical third. The stepwise intraoperative activation (SIA) technique may increase smear layer and debris removal.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw is considered the most severe long-term adverse effect that can occur in radiation therapy patients. Teeth extractions and dental diseases are the main risk factors for ORN in irradiated patients. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the outcome of primary root canal treatments performed on patients who underwent head and neck radiotherapy and to evaluate any ORN related to the endodontic treatment. In this case series, primary root canal therapies (absence of radiolucency) were performed on 10 teeth of 8 patients who underwent radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Radiation doses to the periapical area were calculated using the radiotherapy planning computed tomographic scan. After a 277-day mean follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic, no teeth showed periapical radiolucency, and no ORN was observed. Even if a limitation of buccal opening occurred after radiotherapy and complicated the endodontic procedures, root canal therapy seemed to be safe and a valid alternative to tooth extraction.

Este artículo se ha publicado de forma definitiva en: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/4240264/ En este artículo también participan: Giuseppina Nocca, Giulia Fiorenzano, Cinzia Callà, Raffaella Castagnola, Massimo Cordaro, Gaetano Paolone and Salvatore Sauro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light-curing protocols on two modern resin composites using different airinhibition coating strategies. This was accomplished by assessing the amount of monomer elution, surface microhardness, and composite discoloration in different storage conditions. A total of 120 specimens were prepared using Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and CeramX Universal (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). Specimens were light-cured in air as per manufacturer’s instructions or in the absence of oxygen. This latter condition was achieved using three different approaches: (i) transparent polyester strip; (ii) glycerin; (iii) argon gas. Specimens were assessed for release of monomers, Vickers hardness, and discoloration after storage in different solutions. The results were analyzed with ANOVA one-way test followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Moreover, multiple comparisons of means were performed using the Student t-test (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of graphene oxide (GO) against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro conditions and when used to coat dentin surface to prevent E. faecalis adhesion. The ATCC strain of E. faecalis 29212 has been used to perform a viability test. The pellet was suspended in ultrapure water, NaCl, PBS buffer, CaCl2 and MgCl2, Luria&minus, Bertani broth solutions. The viability was evaluated by the colony forming unit counting method. Atomic force microscopy images and the measure of surface zeta potential variation were analyzed. Dentin discs were covered with a film of GO (n = 15) or were not treated (n = 15). Bacterial suspension was added to each sample of dentine discs and microbial counts were calculated. Statistically significant differences between two groups were assessed by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. Bacteria cell morphology was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The highest growth inhibition was obtained in ddH2O and CaCl2 solution while, in PBS and NaCl, GO had poor antibacterial efficacy with a growth enhancing effect in the latter. GO on dentin discs demonstrated high antibacterial activity. GO film has demonstrated acceptable adhesion properties to root dentin and a role in the inhibition of bacterial film proliferation and biofilm formation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of ambient temperature on the life span of nickel-titanium (NiTi) files.Cyclic fatigue testing of NiTi instruments was performed in a stainless steel artificial canal. During the experiment, 4 different temperatures (0°C, 20°C, 35°C, and 39°C) were used in a thermostatic bath controlled using electronic and infrared controls. Eighty R25 Reciproc Blue (VDW, Munich, Germany) and 80 R25 Reciproc (VDW) instruments were reciprocated in the artificial canal until fracture occurred, and the time to fracture and the length of the fractured fragment were recorded. The phase transformation temperature for 3 instruments of each type was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used to statistically analyze the data at a 5% significance level (P .05).Reciproc Blue instruments were significantly more resistant to cyclic fatigue than Reciproc at all the temperatures tested (P .05). Fatigue resistance was proportionally higher as the environmental temperature decreased (0°C 20°C35°C 39°C). No significant difference was registered for the length of the fractured fragment of both instruments tested at all temperatures tested (P .05).Blue alloy significantly increases the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc files compared with M-Wire alloy. Temperature significantly affects the life span of NiTi files. When the ambient temperature increases between 0°C and 35°C, the fatigue resistance of the files statistically decreases.

This study examined the bactericidal effect of diode laser irradiation against intracanal Enterococcus faecalis.m total of 128 extracted single-rooted and single-canal teeth were treated with ProTaper instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). A total of 120 root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days, and the samples were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 (n = 24) samples were irrigated with only saline solution (positive controls); Group 2 (n = 24) was treated with only 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; Group 3 (n = 24) was irrigated with saline solutions activated by diode laser; Group 4 (n = 24) was treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite activated by diode laser; and Group 5 (n = 24) was irrigated with saline solution with methylene blue dye activated by the diode laser Fox (SwedenMartina, Padova, Italy); additionally, eight teeth were not contaminated and their canals were irrigated with saline solution and used as a negative control. The Uro-Quick system was used to determine the microbial residual charge. The data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test (p 0.001).A statistically significant reduction in bacterial count was observed in Group 2 and Group 4 (p 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences among the other groups (p 0.001).Evidence indicates that the diode laser was not more effective than sodium hypochlorite in reducing free bacteria.

Aim Aim of this study was to compare the removal of smear layer and organic debris within the tooth canal among conventional needle irrigation, EndoVac and Endoactivator. Methodology Eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were prepared with rotary NiTi instrumentation and randomly separated into 4 groups. Twenty teeth were used as positive control (Group 1), irrigated with only saline. Teeth assigned to Group 2 ( n = 20) received irrigation with a conventional syringe and a 30-gauge needle (NaviTip, Ultradent, South Jordan, UT); samples in Group 3 ( n = 20) were rinsed with an irrigation device based on apical negative pressure (EndoVac, Discus Dental, Culver City, CA) and teeth in Group 4 ( n = 20) were treated with a sonic irrigation system (EndoActivator, Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA). The amount of residual smear layer and debris was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope, and a semi-quantitative score was assigned to each root at the coronal, middle and apical thirds; the chi-square test was used to compare the results of the S.E.M. analysis. Results EndoActivator performed the best cleansing for both smear layer and organic debris in all root canal thirds, followed by EndoVac and conventional irrigation ( p > 0.001). EndoVac and conventional irrigation showed better cleaning in the coronal area, whereas EndoActivator performed an homogeneous cleansing at all levels. Conclusions The EndoVac system and the EndoActivator system demonstrated significantly more efficacy in cleansing root canal walls than conventional needle irrigation.

The microbial infection of the endodontic space occurs in a necrotic tooth as a result of dental caries, trauma, periodontal disease, or previous root canal therapy. The disruption of the biofilms and the reduction of the bacterial load inside root canals are crucial for the success of root canal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare, in vitro, the antibiofilm efficacy of a novel passive sonic irrigation (PSI) device with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Forty-four single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with a culture of E. faecalis for 28 days. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups: PUI, CNI, and PSI (n = 12). The activation protocols were performed using both 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl. Residual bacterial biofilm was taken by means of a canal brush and colony-forming unit (CFU) were counted. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games‐Howell&rsquo, s post hoc tests. A major reduction in CFU was observed in the PSI and PUI groups, in comparison with the CNI group. No difference was found (p &gt, 0.05) in terms of CFU reduction between PSI and PUI. PSI could be as effective as PUI in the removal of bacterial biofilms from straight root canals.

The aim of this study on human cadavers was to compare the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (EALs) Dentaport ZX (J. Morita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and Raypex 6 (VDW, Munich, Germany). Twenty-two single rooted teeth of four human cadaver heads were scheduled for this study. Before the extraction, an access cavity was opened and the crown was cut to establish a stable reference point for all measurements. The working length determination was performed with Dentaport ZX and Raypex 6 in the presence or not of 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite (SH) using a k-file 10. The teeth were then extracted and the real working length (RWL) was measured under a stereomicroscope at ×30 magnification. The difference between the two working lengths was calculated: positive values indicate measurements exceeding the foramen, while negative values indicated measurements short of the foramen. The data were analyzed with a t test analysis. The mean of distances was 0.33 ± 0.20 mm and 0.32 ± 0.2 mm for Dentaport ZX respectively in the presence or not of SH and 0.38 ± 0.20 mm and 0.39 ± 0.19 mm for Raypex 6. No statistical differences were found between the two devices (p > 0.05). Both apex locators showed a high accuracy in the presence or not of SH. Both electronic apex locators can be recommended for clinical use and their accuracy is not affected by SH.

Somma F, Castagnola R, Lajolo C, Paterno Holtzman L, Marigo L.In vivo accuracy of three electronic root canal length measurement devices: Dentaport ZX, Raypex 5 and ProPex II. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 552–556, 2012. Abstract Aim To compare in vivo three different electronic root canal length measurement devices: Dentaport ZX, Raypex 5 and ProPex II. Methodology Thirty single-rooted permanent teeth scheduled for extraction because of periodontal disease were selected from 10 adult patients (ranging from 45 to 67 years) and divided into three groups of 10 teeth. Before the extraction, an access cavity was prepared and the crown was adjusted to establish a stable reference point for all measurements. The working length in Group 1 was determined using the Dentaport ZX apex locator. A K-file with the largest diameter that could reach the last green bar on the screen was stabilized in the canal using a dual-curable flow resin composite. The same procedure was used for the Raypex 5 (the file reached the last yellow bar) and Propex II (0.0 orange bar) apex locators. The teeth were then extracted and cleared. The distance between the tip of the file and the major foramen was then calculated for each tooth using digital photography according to Axiovision AC software (Carl Zeiss). Positive values were assigned when the file tip passed beyond the major foramen, negative values when the tip was short of the foramen and zero value when the file tip and the foramen coincided. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test (P ≤ 0.05). Results Dentaport ZX, Raypex 5 and ProPex ΙΙ produced, respectively, 6, 2 and 4 out of 10 correct measurements, 0, 6 and 5 long measurements and 4, 2, and 1 short measurements. The differences between the three electronic root canal length measurement devices were not significant (P = 0.507). Conclusions Under the in vivo conditions of this study, the three electronic root canal length measurement devices were not significantly different in terms of locating the major foramen.

Aim To evaluate the 6-month outcome of endodontic treatment of periapical lesions with integrated systems by clinical examination and digital subtraction radiography (DSR). Methodology Eighty-four patients with chronic periapical pathosis were randomly allocated to two groups and received endodontic treatment with Revo-S/One Step Obturator (G1, n = 41) or GTX/GTX Obturator (G2, n = 43). Six months later, clinical examination and DSR analysis were performed. Non-parametric statistical methods were used (p Results Total healing, partial healing and failure occurred in 48.4%, 48.4% and 3.2% of cases in G1, in 50.0%, 43.8% and 6.2% of cases in G2, respectively. No significant difference was detected. Conclusions The integrated endodontic techniques allowed for a high 6-month success rate in both groups in accordance with literature data.

RiassuntoObiettiviValutare la guarigione di lesioni periapicali dopo sei mesi dal trattamento con sistemi integrati di strumentazione e otturazione canalare.Materiali e metodiSessanta pazienti con lesione periapicale sono stati assegnati a gruppi di trattamento (n=30) con sistema RevoS+One Step Obturator (G1) o con GTX+GTX Obturator (G2). La guarigione è stata valutata a sei mesi clinicamente e con Digital Subtraction Radiography (test non parametrici, p0,05).ConclusioniIl successo a sei mesi è alto e in linea coi dati della letteratura. Le tecniche semplificate considerate sono efficaci nel trattamento di lesioni periapicali.SummaryAimTo assess the healing of periapical lesions six months after the treatment with integrated systems for root canal shaping and filling.MethodologySixty patients with periapical lesion were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n=30) with RevoS+One Step Obturator (G1) or GTX+GTX Obturator (G2). Healing was assessed by clinical examination and Digital Subtraction Radiography after six months (non-parametric tests, p0.05).ConclusionsThe six-month success was high and consistent with previously reported findings. The considered simplified techniques are effective for the treatment of periapical lesions.

The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric evaluation of the resin-root canal dentine interface of four “etch and rinse” adhesive systems. Forty human teeth were restored through a fiber post insertion using: Group 1: XP Bond adhesive; Group 2: Prime & Bond NT; Group 3: Surgi Prime Bond adhesive; Group 4: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus. Two cross-sections (apical and coronal) were obtained and analyzed in morphological confocal laser scanning microscope. The numbers of resin tags (RT) and the thickness of the hybrid layer (HL) were evaluated. Quantitative variables were tested by a Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric variables by an Anova test. Group 4 produced the thickest HL and Group 1 showed the thinnest. Considering RT, Group 1 produced the highest density, while Group 3 the lowest density. All the adhesives produced good results in terms of HL thickness and RT density.

AIM: External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common complication that may occur during and after orthodontic treatment. In case of need of endodontic therapy for a tooth with EARR, it has not been clarified yet which benefits can be derived by the use of electronic apex locators (EALs). The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of EALs on extracted teeth before and after simulation of EARR subsequent to orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard access cavities were prepared on 64 single-rooted teeth. After working length (CWL) determination, specimens were embedded in an alginate mass, connected to two EALs (Apit, Osada, Tokyo, Japan; Root ZX, Morita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and the electronic working length (EWL) was measured. The apical portion of the specimens was then modified to simulate EARR, and the EWL was determined again. The discrepancy between CWL and EWL was regarded as statistical unit. Collected data underwent statistical analysis by means of non-parametric tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Within a range of ± 0.5 and ± 1.0 mm from CWL, the accuracies were 79.7% and 98.4% (Apit/intact tooth); 82.8% and 96.9% (Apit/simulated EARR); 81.3% and 98.4% (Root ZX/intact tooth); 76.6% and 96.9% (Root ZX/simulated EARR). No statistically significant differences in relation to device or apical condition emerged (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The two considered EALs showed similar accuracy, which was not affected by the EARR simulation. The use of EALs in the treatment of teeth with EARR following orthodontic treatment may be useful.

To evaluate the bond strength of resin dentin interfaces created with adhesives applied on root dentin using the water wet or ethanol wet bonding technique. The morphology of resin dentin interfaces was evaluated using confocal microscopy.Four experimental resin adhesives (R#A to R#D) and one commercial three-step/etch and rinse adhesive were applied to the root canal dentin of endodontically treated single canal incisors using the water (control) or ethanol wet bonding technique. The ethanol wet bonding substrate was achieved by keeping the root canal immersed in absolute ethanol (100%) for 3 minutes. The root dentin bonded specimens were sectioned into beams, stored in distilled water (24 hours) and finally tested for microtensile bond strengths (tTBS). Additional dentin surfaces were conditioned and bonded as previously described. They were prepared for the microscopy study and finally observed using confocal microscopy.The ethanol wet bonding technique gave higher bond strength values for all the adhesives tested: in Group 1 (water wet bonding technique) no significant difference was found between the resins tested; the only exception being the most hydrophilic Resin #4 showing the highest bond strength values (P0.05). In Group 2 (ethanol wet bonding technique) no statistical differences were present between Resin #A and Resin #D. Resin #C showed the highest bond strength values. Confocal microscopy showed better resin diffusion and hybrid layer formation when the ethanol wet bonding was used.

A focal infection is a localized or generalized infection caused by the dissemination of microorganisms or toxic products from a focus of infection in various organic districts, including the oral district. In the Part 1 of this two-part review article, after historical signs, the Authors describe the current pathogenic concepts like the "immuno-allergic theory" and the formation of auto-antibodies in human body, contributing to the genesis of autoimmune illnesses sustained by individual reactivity linked to eredo-constitutionality. Some theories suppose a focal origin even for general pathology such as cancer, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS), Tourette's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polycystic kidney disease, obesity, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. Laboratory analyses (leucocytic formula, protein electrophoresis, C-reactive protein, REUMA test VES, TAS, etc.) are suggestive of the presence of an inflammatory process or of the presence of an aspecific answer to an inflammatory situation. The DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction method (PCR) is fundamental for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, particularly for those that have non-culturable microorganisms or in cases where are present but in extremely small number in the sample to be analyzed. A positive result confirms the diagnosis, but negative result is not indicator of the absence of illness. Even for oral inflammatory lesions, different basic mechanisms concerning the possible association with systemic diseases exist. They concern local spread, metastatic spread or immunologic cross-reactivity. In this case we assume that most of the ailments come from dental or periodontal foci, as in the bacterial endocarditis, but instead of considering them as possible pathogenetic mechanism of an immune nature, we consider them as originated by the body's response to the presence of bacterial antigens through the formation of specific antibodies. Much researche, sometimes contrasting, has evaluated periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis. Oral inflammatory lesions have been shown unequivocally to contribute to elevated systemic inflammatory responses. In some researches intensive periodontal therapy showed a significant reduction of lymphocyte formula, of CRP levels, of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and of LDL cholesterol after two months.

Il saggio analizza la presenza e l'uso della fotografia nella vita di Luisa Amman Casati eccentrica e spregiudicata protagonista della stagione delle Avanguardie di primo Novecento.

La ricostruzione del ruolo europeo ricoperto da Baldassar Castiglione con il suo celeberrimo "Il Libro del Cortegiano"