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Description, Expression of miR-3607 in embryonic mammalian cerebral cortex was lost in rodents, limiting progenitor cell proliferation., The evolutionary expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex resulted from amplification of progenitor cells during embryonic development. This process was reversed in the rodent lineage after splitting from primates, leading to smaller and smooth brains. Genetic mechanisms underlying this secondary loss in rodent evolution remain unknown. We show that microRNA miR-3607 is expressed embryonically in the large cortex of primates and ferret, distant from the primate-rodent lineage, but not in mouse. Experimental expression of miR-3607 in embryonic mouse cortex led to increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling, amplification of radial glia cells (RGCs), and expansion of the ventricular zone (VZ), via blocking the β-catenin inhibitor APC (adenomatous polyposis coli). Accordingly, loss of endogenous miR-3607 in ferret reduced RGC proliferation, while overexpression in human cerebral organoids promoted VZ expansion. Our results identify a gene selected for secondary loss during mammalian evolution to limit RGC amplification and, potentially, cortex size in rodents.

Many different constitutive models that describe the behaviour of metal powder during hot isostatic processes are found in literature. A quantitative comparison of these material laws shows a huge discrepancy among the different existing models. This reveals the high sensitivity of the mechanical behaviour of porous materials to the shape, arrangement and distribution of particles and pores. In order to clarify these discrepancies, the compaction behaviour under high temperature hydrostatic loads for a Nickel-based superalloy has been experimentally characterized. In parallel, three different particle/pore configurations have been analysed at a mesoscopic scale by means of FEM using representative volume elements (RVEs) with periodic boundary conditions. The overall macroscopic response of each RVE has been obtained by a homogenization procedure. The results confirm the high sensitivity of the overall mechanical response to the microscopic arrangement of pores and particles.

Frontiers in Materials 7, 89 (2020). doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00089, Published by Frontiers Media, Lausanne

The mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are still not deeply understood. Detailed knowledge of the strengthening mechanism, especially, the atomistic origin of solid solution hardening and its interplay with dislocation plasticity is needed. Here, we report on the dislocation glide behavior of a FeCoCrNiMn face-centered cubic (FCC) single crystal studied by in situ deformation in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The threshold shear stress for dislocation glide in a thin foil is measured from dislocation curvature as exceeding 400 MPa. Interestingly, dislocations are prevented from straightening upon unloading due to high frictional stresses.

Structural integrity and cellular homeostasis of the embryonic stem cell niche are critical for normal tissue development. In the telencephalic neuroepithelium, this is controlled in part by cell adhesion molecules and regulators of progenitor cell lineage, but the specific orchestration of these processes remains unknown. Here, we studied the role of microRNAs in the embryonic telencephalon as key regulators of gene expression. By using the early recombiner Rx‐Cre mouse, we identify novel and critical roles of miRNAs in early brain development, demonstrating they are essential to preserve the cellular homeostasis and structural integrity of the telencephalic neuroepithelium. We show that Rx‐Cre;DicerF/F mouse embryos have a severe disruption of the telencephalic apical junction belt, followed by invagination of the ventricular surface and formation of hyperproliferative rosettes. Transcriptome analyses and functional experiments in vivo show that these defects result from upregulation of Irs2 upon loss of let‐7 miRNAs in an apoptosis‐independent manner. Our results reveal an unprecedented relevance of miRNAs in early forebrain development, with potential mechanistic implications in pediatric brain cancer., V.F. was recipient of an FPI fellowship from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), and A.P.‐C. was recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno. This work was supported by grants to V.B. from AEI (SAF2015‐69168‐R, PGC2018‐102172‐B‐I00) and European Research Council (309633). V.B. acknowledges financial support from the AEI, through the “Severo Ochoa” Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D (Ref. SEV‐2017‐0723).

The current COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unusual challenge to health services in all countries.

The microstructural and mechanical characterization of an equiatomic YGdTbDyHo high entropy alloy with hexagonal close-packed structure was performed. The phase state and chemical homogeneity of the solid solution were analysed with respect to crystal structure, phase stability, and oxide formation. It was found that Y-rich precipitates form at grain boundaries and that the alloy is prone to oxidation, leading to a homogeneous distribution of ∼10 nm-sized oxides in the grain interiors. The plastic response at the sub-grain level was studied in terms of the activated slip systems, critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS), and strain hardening using micropillar compression tests. We observe plastic slip on the basal system, with a CRSS of 196 ± 14.7 MPa. Particle strengthening and strength dependence on sample size are discussed on the basis of dislocation particle interaction and mechanical size effects.

El objetivo de este artículo es exponer y esclarecer conceptos básicos de los riesgos e incentivar, en los directivos y miembros de las empresas, el aprendizaje, específicamente, de los riesgos empresariales. De igual forma se ha realizado un análisis histórico lógico para llegar hasta la gestión de riesgos contemporánea. Cómo principales guías se toman los documentos normativos del control interno, las normas de la gestión de riesgos y la literatura especializada en este tema. El desconocimiento de esta temática hace que los planes de riesgos empresariales posean problemas conceptuales que perjudican la gestión y prevención de riesgos en las organizaciones. AbstractThe objective of this article is to expose and clarify basic concepts of risks and to encourage, in the managers and members of the companies, the learning, specifically, of the business risks. Likewise, a logical historical analysis has been carried out to reach contemporary risk management. The main guidelines are the normative documents of the internal control, the norms of the risk management and the literature specialized in this subject. The ignorance of this issue makes the business risk plans have conceptual problems that harm the management and prevention of risks in organizations.

Summary: Direct bacterial recognition by innate receptors is crucial for bacterial clearance. Here, we show that the IgA receptor CD89 is a major innate receptor that directly binds bacteria independently of its cognate ligands IgA and c-reactive protein (CRP). This binding is only partially inhibited by serum IgA and induces bacterial phagocytosis by CD11c+ dendritic cells and monocytes and/or macrophages, suggesting a physiological role in innate host defense. Blood phagocytes from common variable immunodeficiency patients bind, internalize, and kill bacteria in a CD89-dependent manner, confirming the IgA independence of this mechanism. In vivo, CD89 transgenic mice are protected in two different models of sepsis: a model of pneumonia and the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) polymicrobial model of infection. These data identify CD89 as a first-line innate receptor for bacterial clearance before adaptive responses can be mounted. Fc receptors may emerge as a class of innate receptors for various bacteria with pleiotropic roles. : de Tymowski et al. demonstrate that CD89 serves as an innate receptor during the early phase of infection. During the late phase, the receptor acts in both innate and adaptive immune responses through double interaction with IgA- or CRP-opsonized and non-opsonized bacteria. Keywords: Fc receptor, innate receptor, sepsis, ITAM, host defense

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an increasingly used method of respiratory support. The use of NIV is expanding over the time and if properly applied, it can save patients' lives and improve long-term prognosis. However, both knowledge and skills of its proper use as life support are paramount. This systematic review aimed to assess the importance of NIV education and training. Literature search was conducted (MEDLINE: 1990 to June, 2018) to identify randomized controlled studies and systematic reviews with the results analyzed by a team of experts across the world through e-mail based communications. Clinical trials examining the impact of education and training in NIV as the primary objective was not found. A few studies with indirect evidence, a simulation-based training study, and narrative reviews were identified. Currently organized training in NIV is implemented only in a few developed countries. Due to a lack of high-grade experimental evidence, an international consensus on NIV education and training based on opinions from 64 experts across the twenty-one different countries of the world was formulated. Education and training have the potential to increase knowledge and skills of the clinical staff who deliver medical care using NIV. There is a genuine need to develop structured, organized NIV education and training programs, especially for the developing countries. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

En el presente artículo caracteriza el proceso de consultoría organizacional con la finalidad de proponer un modelo para sistematizarlo. Se aplica la metodología clúster y el análisis de clasificación por conglomerados jerárquicos por casos, para obtener, desde la perspectiva teórica las variables más representativas existentes en los modelos y procedimientos precedentes, con la asistencia del software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics (SPSS), versión 21. En su conformación se utilizan técnicas cualitativas como la tormenta de ideas, encuesta y el trabajo en grupo.Como principal resultado se presenta un modelo conceptual para desarrollar los servicios de consultoría organizacional que se sustenta en los elementos esenciales más repetitivos e invariantes de los 21 modelos y procedimientos analizados, que integra las etapas generalmente aceptadas y las mejores prácticas del equipo consultor.El modelo propuesto, logra uniformidad al sistematizar la forma de desarrollar los servicios de consultoría, que se articula con el merco legal y está orientado al cliente, quedando constituido por cinco fases: concertación del servicio, exploración, planificación, ejecución e informe gerencial, entrega y conformación del expediente.

The micromechanical fracture behavior of Si [100] was investigated as a function of temperature in the scanning electron microscope with a nanoindenter. A gradual increase in KC was observed with temperature, in contrast to sharp transitions reported earlier for macro-Si. A transition in cracking mechanism via crack branching occurs at ∼300 °C accompanied by multiple load drops. This reveals that onset of small-scale plasticity plays an important role in the brittle-to-ductile transition of miniaturized Si.

La presente investigación está relacionada con la medición del grado de competencias que tienen los docentes de una Escuela de Ingeniería Financiera, con el fin de realizar un análisis de cumplimiento de acuerdo a las 16 competencias determinadas por el Concejo de Evaluación, Acreditación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior (CEAACES) del Ecuador. Para este análisis se utilizaron herramientas relacionadas con la lógica difusa y su objetivo fue conocer el estado general de las competencias de los docentes en la Escuela de Ingeniería en Finanzas, para diseñar una acertada estrategia de mejoramiento académico. Este artículo forma parte de una investigación realizada en una Facultad de Administración de Empresas, donde fueron evaluadas las cinco Escuelas que la conforman. AbstractThis research is related to the measurement of the degree of skills that teachers have a School Financial Engineering, in order to perform an analysis of compliance according to the 16 competencies identified by the Council of Evaluation, Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education (CEAACES) of Ecuador. For this analysis related to fuzzy logic and its objective was to determine the overall competence of teachers in the School of Engineering Finance to design a successful strategy Improvement tools they were used. This article is part of an investigation into a College of Business Administration, where they were evaluated the five schools that constitute it.

In hard coating development there is a need for fast and efficient screening methods to assess the influence of changes in composition and structure evolution on the mechanical behavior. Nanoindentation constitutes a method that allows fast and efficient probing of mechanical properties. For another important mechanical characteristic of hard coatings, the fracture toughness, no quick benchmark test to compare coatings with various compositions and/or morphologies, exist. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to determine if a tensile test setup allows for fast and efficient qualitative screening of fracture toughness trends in hard coatings compared to accurate but time consuming micro-bending beam experiments. TiAlN and VAlN, each deposited on ductile Cu-substrates, were chosen for this investigation. In situ scanning electron microscopy tensile tests were performed. Here, the strain at crack initiation of the coating was utilized as the experimental parameter, which is most representative for the fracture toughness. The experiments indicate that TiAlN exhibits a higher fracture toughness than VAlN. This was confirmed using time demanding in situ micro-bending beam fracture experiments. Hence, it is established that under the given conditions macroscopic in situ SEM tensile tests can be used as a fast and efficient screening method for fracture toughness trends of hard coatings.

Materials and design 186, 108327 - (2020). doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108327, High fracture toughness is crucial for the application of metallic glasses as structural materials to avoid catastrophicfailure of the material in a brittle manner. One fingerprint for fracture toughness in metallic glasses isthe fraction of hybridized bonds, which is affected by alloying Pd57.4Al23.5Y7.8M11.3 with M = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Os,Ir, Pt, and Au. It is shown that experimental fracture toughness data is correlated to the fraction of hybridizedbondswhich scalewith the localized bonds at the Fermi level. Thus, the localized bonds at the Fermi level are utilizedquantitatively as a measure for fracture toughness. Based on ab initio calculations, the minimum fraction ofhybridized bonds was identified for Pd57.4Al23.5Y7.8Ni11.3. According to the ansatz that the crystal orbital overlappopulation at the Fermi level scales with fracture toughness, for Pd57.4Al23.5Y7.8Ni11.3 a value of around 95 ±20 MPa·m0.5 is predicted quantitatively for the first time. Consistent with this prediction, in micro-mechanicalbeam bending experiments Pd57.4Al23.5Y7.8Ni11.3 thin films show pronounced plasticity and absence of crackgrowth., Published by Elsevier Science, Amsterdam [u.a.]

The design of multilayer stacks in the semiconductor industry requires knowledge of the delamination quantities. Previously, the determination of the mode-II failure has been problematic since the success-rate of current methods is low or the samples require superlayers that potentially alter the stack. We develop a method for mode-II testing that applies an additional normal force, which prevents mode-I opening and buckling. This method requires a nanoindenter with lateral force measurement capabilities and a FIB or lithographically structured sample. The experiments are fast, allowing for high-throughput testing. The method is applied to quantify the mode-II fracture of the Cu–SiO2 interface and we show the origins of the observed size-effect.

Transient liquid phase bonding offers one option to generate a robust lead-free die attach with sound thermal and electrical conductivity in microelectronic packages. However, it is a challenge to characterize the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the bonding layer because of its ultra-thin thickness and its nano-sized constituents. We show that microstructure s and local mechanical properties of such a modern solder systems are accessible with state-of-the-art methods including transmission electron microscope, synchrotron X-ray nano-beam diffraction as well as micro-scale mechanical testing. Three sub-regions with different morphologies have been identified within the bonding area, and their contained phases have been mapped. Two of the sub-regions contain nano-sized intermetallic compounds (IMC) while the third one is mostly composed of an FCC Au–Cu solid solution with a Cu concentration gradient. On top of that, micro-cantilever bending testing has been conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of the bonding region. The two IMC sub-regions show brittle behavior while the Au–Cu sub-region is ductile.

Scripta materialia 155, 73 - 77 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.015, We report the enhancement of fracture toughness and strength of a cobalt tantalum-based metallic glass thinfilm with increasing boron content. The improvement of the mechanical performance is attributed to the formationof a compositionally lamellar compared to uniform glass microstructure, which becomes thinner with increasingboron content as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Compositional variations across thelamellar structure are revealed by atomprobe tomography. Cobalt- and boron-rich regions alternate sequentially,whereas tantalumexhibits slight variations across the lamellae. Our results can be utilized in future design effortsfor metallic glass thin films with outstanding mechanical performance., Published by Elsevier Science, Amsterdam [u.a.]

A reduction in synthesis temperature is favorable for hard coatings, which are designed for industrial applications, as manufacturing costs can be saved and technologically relevant substrate materials are often temperature-sensitive. In this study, we analyzed Mo2BC hard coatings deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperatures, ranging from 380 °C to 630 °C. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed that a dense structure of columnar grains, which formed at a substrate temperature of 630 °C, continuously diminishes with decreasing substrate temperature. It almost vanishes in the coating deposited at 380 °C, which shows nanocrystals of ~1 nm in diameter embedded in an amorphous matrix. Moreover, Argon from the deposition process is incorporated in the film and its amount increases with decreasing substrate temperature. Nanoindentation experiments provided evidence that hardness and Young's modulus are modified by the nanostructure of the analyzed Mo2BC coatings. A substrate temperature rise from 380 °C to 630 °C resulted in an increase in hardness (21 GPa to 28 GPa) and Young's modulus (259 GPa to 462 GPa). We conclude that the substrate temperature determines the nanostructure and the associated changes in bond strength and stiffness and thus, influences hardness and Young's modulus of the coatings. Keywords: Mo2BC hard coating, Direct current magnetron sputtering, Substrate temperature, Transmission electron microscopy, Nanostructure evolution, Mechanical properties

El planteamiento de la empresa como sistema, dentro de la perspectiva económica y empresarial, es el objeto de estudio del presente trabajo donde realizamos una revisión de las distintas corrientes epistemológicas de la disciplina de la Economía de la Empresa. Se analiza su potencial carácter científico y la evolución histórica acontecida a partir de su especialización. La redefinición le proporciona esa dimensión sistémica (que la Economía general estaría perdiendo en sus formulaciones más teóricas y puristas) que le permitiría captar toda la complejidad relacional de la empresa y posibilitar su percepción como una realidad inmersa en el cambio y la continuidad. De ese modo, la teoría general de sistemas, entendida como método transdisciplinario, parece constituirse como el marco más adecuado para el estudio de la empresa, siguiendo el denominado enfoque sistémico. This paper reviews the origin and history of the thinking of the enterprise or firm as a system, studying the different epistemological currents of the discipline of Business and Economics, with the main purpose being the consideration of the discipline of Business Administration from a Systems Science approach. This revisioning or redefinition engaging the systemic dimension enables one to capture all the relational complexity of the company and its conceptualization as a reality steeped in change and continuity. Therefore, general systems theory, understood as a transdisciplinary approach, seems to be the most appropriate framework for the study of the company, following the so-called systemic approach.

En el marco del Proyecto Prometeo, la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) inicia la implementación del Balanced Scorecard (BSC) o Cuadro de Mando Integral, como modelo de Gestión Universitaria. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es implementar en la ESPOCH, el BSC como Modelo de Gestión y establecer Cuadros de Mando para sus Subsistemas y Facultades. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se tuvo en cuenta las teorías de Robert Kaplan y David Norton respecto al BSC, la utilización del Cuadro de Mando ODUN, además, de utilizar métodos comparativos y de análisis con otras experiencias en la gestión universitaria. Finalmente se implementó el BSC que facilitó el Control de Gestión en la ESPOCH.Palabras Clave: Balanced Scorecard, Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad, Cuadro de Mando. Within the Prometeo Project, the Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) started implementing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a model of University Management. The objectives of this project are to implement BSC in the ESPOCH, in its five subsystems and seven faculties. In order to develop of the research, we considered the theories of Robert Kaplan and David Norton and the use of the dashboard ODUN. A comparative analysis with other university management methods was carried out. Finally, the BSC was implemented; this benefitted the operational management of ESPOCH.

The domes studied, widespread in a large area of the Mediterranean, constitute an architectural heritage of great value to the history of architecture and construction. They were all built using brick masonry and ceramic tile roofs. Restoration work has made it possible to define their geometry, including the construction layouts of the buildings. In addition, on inspection it can be seen that common construction problems tend to be located at specific critical points. The restoration process of different cases sharing the same methodology, construction criteria, and solutions is accurately described. Following international charters, there is minimal intervention and maximum respect for the original solutions, but also a carefully considered incorporation of new materials and technologies to improve the critical points.

Compression tests of 〈1 1 1〉-oriented LiF single-crystal micropillars 1–5 μm in diameter were carried out from 25 °C to 250 °C. While the flow stress at ambient temperature was independent of the micropillar diameter, a strong size effect developed with elevated temperature. This behavior was explained by rigorously accounting for the different contributions to the flow stress of the micropillars as a function of temperature and pillar diameter: the lattice resistance, the forest hardening; and the size-dependent contribution as a result of the operation of single-arm dislocation sources. This was possible because the micropillars were obtained by chemically etching away the surrounding matrix in directionally solidified LiF–NaCl and LiF–KCl eutectics, avoiding any use of focused ion beam methods, yielding micropillars with a controlled dislocation density, independent of the sample preparation technique. In particular, the role of the lattice resistance on the size effect of micrometer-size single crystals was demonstrated unambiguously for the first time. This result rationalizes the different values of power-law exponent for the size effect found in the literature for face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic metals as well as for covalent and ionic solids.

Galiellalactone (GL) is a metabolite produced by the fungus Galiella rufa that presents antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. GL interferes with the binding to DNA of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 and also inhibits other signal pathways such as NF-κB, but the mechanism of action in this pathway remains unknown. In this study we report that GL inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus-recombinant HIV-1 infection and the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity of the HIV-LTR promoter. We found that GL prevents the binding of NF-κB to DNA but neither affects the phosphorylation and degradation of NF-κB inhibitory protein, IκBα, nor the phosphorylation and acetylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit. However, GL prevents the association of p65 with the importin α3 impairing the nuclear translocation of this transcription factor. Using a biotinylated probe we found that GL binds to p65 but not to importin α3. Therefore, GL is a dual NF-κB/STAT3 inhibitor that could serve as a lead compound for the development of novel drugs against HIV-1, cancer and inflammatory diseases.

Porous and nanoporous aluminum have been fabricated via selective dissolution. Al-Zn alloys were dealloyed in an aqueous solution of nitric acid to selectively dissolve zinc. Fast solidification methods permitted to adjust the precursor microstructure of the parent alloy in order to induce supersaturation of zinc in aluminum. An electric potential applied during corrosion affected the final morphology of porosity. Electronic imaging evinced the presence of regions with less than 100 nm diameter pores. This nanoporosity was only present in electrochemically dealloyed samples. We observed two types of porosity in dealloyed samples: a primary porosity resulting from the selective removal of zinc-rich interdendritic phases and a secondary porosity resulting from nanoporosity evolution inside zinc-supersaturated dendrites.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of practice for assessing axillary spread in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. On the other hand, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is the ideal procedure for patients with SLN metastasis. Different studies over the last few years have suggested that some patients with positive SLN can be treated without ALND. This article presents a literature review carried out by our multidisciplinary group and its strategy for avoiding routine ALND in women with SLN metastases. In this new strategy ALND should not be performed on women with T1 tumours, with 1-2 positive SLN and undergoing breast conservative surgery. On the other hand, ALND would be indicated in those patients with three or more positive SLN, presence of extracapsular invasion, mastectomised women and triple negative subtype or HER2+ tumours that have not received biological treatment with antibodies.

Resumen.Este artículo es el producto de una investigación realizada en la Facultad de Administración de Empresa (FADE) de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), situada en la ciudad de Riobamba, respecto de las competencias del grupo de docentes de la citada facultad. Las competencias de las personas poseen aspectos que no es posible medir con herramientas determinísticas empleadas en la mayoría de los casos. Esta situación crea un problema, pues no permite conocer el lado intangible de las competencias que caracterizan a un trabajador y sus posibles falencias. Esta problemática es crítica en el caso de los docentes de cualquier tipo de educación; por tal motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una metodología para medir las competencias de los docentes de la Facultad de Administración de Empresas (FADE) y tomar las estrategias más eficaces para el mejoramiento académico. Este trabajo fue realizado en el año 2014 como parte del trabajo final de pregrado de seis alumnas y liderado por los autores y autora de este artículo. El resultado obtenido fue la determinación del grado de competencia de 161 docentes, así como los grados de competencias de las Escuelas y la Facultad, dejando el camino expedito para la elaboración de estrategias de mejora continua. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la necesidad de cambiar los métodos deterministas de evaluación del docente, pues no reflejan la realidad de la práctica académica en la FADE. Abstract.This article is the result of research conducted at the Faculty of Business Administration (FADE) of at the Polytechnic Superior School of Chimborazo (ESPOCH), at the city of Riobamba, regarding the competencies of the faculty. The skills of people present aspects that cannot be measured with deterministic tools used in most cases. This situation creates a problem, because it makes not possible to know the intangible side of competencies that characterize an employee and his/her possible shortcomings. This issue is critical in the case of teachers in any type of education; therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a methodology to measure the skills of teachers in the Business Administration Faculty (FADE) and make strategies more effective for academic improvement. This work was done in 2014 as part of the final undergraduate project of six students and led by the authors of this article. The result was the determination of the competence degree of 161 teachers and

Incorporating new statistical applications in the archaeological research as a means of studying absolute dates, particularly the Summed Calibrate Date Probability Distributions and the Bayesian Inference, has allowed us to overcome at some extent the traditional dichotomy between absolute and relative chronologies. Using these tools, we carried out a review of the radiocarbon data between 3600–2600 cal BC in order to acquire a deeper understanding of the transition to the Copper Age in Andalusia. In this sense, a type of study has been proposed based on diachronic analysis of fortified settlements, funerary ritual and pottery productions., La incorporación a la investigación arqueológica de nuevas aplicaciones estadísticas al estudio de las dataciones absolutas, en especial la Suma de Probabilidades y la Inferencia Bayesiana, ha permitido superar en cierta medida la dicotomía tradicional entre cronologías absolutas y cronologías relativas. A partir de dichas herramientas, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión del registro radiocarbónico entre 3600–2600 cal BC con el objetivo de profundizar en la transición a la Edad del Cobre en Andalucía. Para ello, hemos realizado una propuesta de estudio partiendo del análisis diacrónico de los asentamientos fortificados, el ritual funerario y las producciones cerámicas.

Incorporating new statistical applications in the archaeological research as a means of studying absolute dates, particularly the Summed Calibrate Date Probability Distributions and the Bayesian Inference, has allowed us to overcome at some extent the traditional dichotomy between absolute and relative chronologies. Using these tools, we carried out a review of the radiocarbon data between 3600–2600 cal BC in order to acquire a deeper understanding of the transition to the Copper Age in Andalusia. In this sense, a type of study has been proposed based on diachronic analysis of fortified settlements, funerary ritual and pottery productions.

The effect of crystal misorientation, geometrical tilt, and contact misalignment on the compression of highly anisotropic single crystal micropillars was assessed by means of crystal plasticity finite element simulations. The investigation was focused in single crystals with the NaCl structure, like MgO or LiF, which present a marked plastic anisotropy as a result of the large difference in the critical resolved shear stress between the “soft” {110}〈110〉 and the “hard” {100}〈110〉 active slip systems. It was found that contact misalignment led to a large reduction in the initial stiffness of the micropillar in crystals oriented in the soft and hard direction. The crystallographic tilt did not modify, however, the initial crystal stiffness. From the viewpoint of the plastic response, none of the effects analyzed led to significant differences in the flow stress when the single crystals were oriented along the “soft” [100] direction. Large differences were found, however, if the single crystal was oriented in the “hard” [111] direction as a result of the activation of the soft slip system. Numerical simulations were in very good agreement with experimental literature data.

Coupling reactions of CO2 and epoxides to produce either cyclic carbonates or polycarbonates are environmentally friendly reactions that allow the use of an inexpensive and renewable feedstock while achieving carbon efficiency. In this study, density functional theory calculations were used to understand the role the metal(salen) catalyst on CO2 adsorption. We have performed a systematic analysis of the plausible interactions of CO2 with metal(salen) catalysts and ethylene oxide/metal(salen) complexes. Adsorption reactions were analyzed on six metal(salen) complexes: Co, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Al, using the unrestricted OPBE functional. Geometry optimizations were carried out beginning with a variety of different conformations and frequency calculations were used to verify that structures lie in an energy minimum. Our results demonstrate that CO2 does not bind to the metal atom of the bare metal(salen). The adsorption of CO2 onto metal(salen) complexes is an endothermic reaction and the lowest energy adsorbed complex involves the interaction of CO2 with the adsorbed opened-epoxide.

Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se utilizaron las recomendaciones de Norton & Kaplan para la implementación del Balanced Scorecard (BSC), además herramientas novedosas de diagnóstico como SISTRAT, el software para mapas estratégicos DC Map.xls y LINUX UBUNTU para el desarrollo del Cuadro de Mando. Una vez implementado el BSC se hizo un estudio longitudinal de datos en el Cuadro de Mando, se analizó en qué medida la aplicación del BSC en la Empresa de Diseño e Ingeniería (EDIN) tenía coincidencia con los siete principios de las normas de integración PAS 99:2006. Para esta comparación se utilizó como herramienta de medición las Distancias Relativas de Hamming en su perfil ideal. En la medida que las distancias relativas fueron disminuyendo se realizaron los análisis respectivos que demostraron que el BSC implementado en EDIN era compatible con PAS 99:2006.Palabras clave: Sistemas Integrados de Gestión, Cuadro de Mando Integral, Distancias Relativas de Hamming