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Este trabajo registra rasgos diferenciadores de talento matemático en estudiantes de primero y segundo de ESO que resuelven una prueba de acceso a un programa de estímulo del talento matemático. Se comparan los estudiantes admitidos en el programa y los no admitidos, centrando el análisis en la resolución de un problema de generalización que involucra una relación funcional. Los resultados revelan la aplicación de estrategias eficientes y la consistencia entre sus respuestas. Los estudiantes admitidos destacaron por realizar regularidades completas y representar simbólicamente sus generalizaciones evidenciando estructuras más variadas, coherentes y complejas que otros estudiantes.

El gobierno abierto, la transparencia y el derecho de acceso a la información, constituyen el centro neurálgico de un buen gobierno. Las estrategias del gobierno abierto se construyen día a día considerando aspectos económicos, sociales, políticos y técnicos. En esta investigación se eligió el enfoque cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo y explicativo, se recopiló información para elaborar el marco jurídico y se evaluó al Estado de Sonora[i]. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los antecedentes, evolución y los resultados de gobierno abierto en el Estado de Sonora en el ejercicio 2021, incluyendo la transparencia y acceso a la información pública. Dentro de los resultados se conoció que el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción que determina Transparency International. México se ubica en el lugar 124 de 180 países, en los años 2020 y 2021, con una puntuación de 31 puntos, donde los puntos van de 100 que denota ausencia de corrupción a 0 que revela mucha corrupción. También, se encontró que el Índice de Gobierno Abierto (IGA), que determina Métrica de gobierno abierto, con el apoyo del Instituto Nacional de Transparencia y el Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas en 2021, en México el IGA es de 0.48, donde 1 es un gobierno transparente y abierto a la participación ciudadana y 0 de un gobierno sin apertura. El Estado de Sonora, obtiene 0.51 y en comparación con el ÍGA de México que es de 0.48, el Estado de Sonora se encuentra por arriba de esa puntuación con 0.51.

La evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica asociada a las construcciones históricas representa diversos retos metodológicos y de escala. La no linealidad en el comportamiento estructural en edificios de mampostería no reforzada, la variedad de soluciones constructivas y las incertidumbres inherentes al período de vida de estos edificios dificultan enormemente la aplicación de métodos de análisis generalizadores y representativos. Sin embargo, existen métodos paramétricos que ofrecen la posibilidad de evaluar (de manera semicuantitativa) el nivel de seguridad de un edificio ante ciertas demandas sísmicas. Tales métodos han sido diseñados y calibrados sobre la evidencia empírica (daños y colapsos) recogida tras sismos de gran magnitud, destacando una serie de parámetros que influyen significativamente el comportamiento sísmico de edificios históricos. Los modelos semánticos apoyados en estos parámetros son lo suficientemente fáciles de construir como para considerar su aplicación a escala urbana, a través del uso de herramientas como las bases de datos geográficas, métodos de visualización remota e, incluso, catálogos existentes. Este trabajo presenta una serie de experiencias realizadas en ciudades históricas mexicanas para discutir la conveniencia, limitaciones y oportunidades que estas estrategias pueden significar para una gestión y mitigación más eficaz del riesgo sísmico.

ABSTRACT: The aim was to describe the incidence and lesions caused by metazoan and protozoan parasites in Didelphis virginiana opossums in Mexico. From 2019 to 2021, twenty D. virginiana were collected from the state of Colima, Mexico. Post mortem, parasitological, and histopathological studies were performed to identify and describe their lesions and findings. All opossums(20/20) presented at least one type of parasite of the twelve found; the most abundant were nematodes 58.33% (7/12) Didelphostrongylus hayesi, Turgida turgida, Cruzia sp., Viannaia sp., Trichuris didelphis, Trichostrongylidae and Gnathostoma sp. Protozoa 25% (3/12), including Sarcocystis sp., Besnoitia sp., and Sarcocystis sp. A single specimen of Mathevotaenia sp., 8.3% (1/12), and Paragonimus mexicanus 8.3%, were identified (1/12). The most affected systems were the digestive, respiratory, and musculoskeletal. The most abundant parasites were Turgida turgida (20/20) 100%, Cruzia sp., (16/20) 80%, and Viannaia sp. (6/20) 30%, followed by Sarcocystis sp. cysts, (6/20) 30%. The associated parasitic lesions were: D. hayesi produce eosinophilic granulomatous bronchopneumonia, P. mexicanus eosinophilic focal granulomatous pneumonia, and Besnoitia sp., focal eosinophilic lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia. Gnathostoma and T. turgida caused severe eosinophilic granulomatous focal gastritis. Viannaia sp., Sarcocystis sp., Mathevotaenia sp., and Trichostrongylidae; caused diffuse eosinophilic mucosal enteritis. Cruzia sp., and T. didelphis, induced diffuse eosinophilic mucosal typhlitis. Sarcocystis sp. cysts were detected in the cytoplasm of muscle fibers without histological changes.

Resumen: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene una alta incidencia mundial y una tendencia ascendente que afecta principalmente a personas de edad avanzada. Cuando la ERC está muy avanzada se requiere el uso de terapias renales sustitutivas para prolongar la vida (diálisis o trasplante renal) y, pese a que la diálisis mejora muchas complicaciones de la ERC, la enfermedad no revierte de manera completa. Estos pacientes presentan un aumento del estrés oxidativo, inflamación crónica y aumento de la liberación de vesículas extracelulares (VE), que provocan daño endotelial y el desarrollo de distintas enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). De hecho, los pacientes con ERC desarrollan de forma prematura enfermedades asociadas a una edad avanzada, como es el caso de las ECV. Las VE desempeñan un papel muy importante en el desarrollo de ECV en pacientes con ERC, ya que su número aumenta en el plasma y su contenido se modifica. Las VE de pacientes con ERC generan disfunción endotelial, senescencia y calcificación vascular. Además, los miRNA libres o transportados en las VE junto a otros componentes vehiculados en estas VE promueven disfunción endotelial, eventos trombóticos y calcificación vascular en los pacientes con ERC, entre otros efectos. En esta revisión se describen los factores clásicos y el papel de nuevos mecanismos que intervienen en el desarrollo de la ECV asociada a la ERC, con especial hincapié en el papel de las VE en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en un contexto de ERC. Además, se expone el papel de las VE como herramienta diagnóstica y como diana terapéutica, actuando sobre su liberación o contenido para intentar evitar el desarrollo de ECV en enfermos renales crónicos. Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathology with a high worldwide incidence and an upward trend affecting the elderly. When CKD is very advanced, the use of renal replacement therapies is required to prolong its life (dialysis or kidney transplantation). Although dialysis improves many complications of CKD, the disease does not reverse completely. These patients present an increase in oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which cause endothelial damage and the development of different cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CKD patients develop premature diseases associated with advanced age, such as CVD. EVs play an essential role in developing CVD in patients with CKD since their number increases in plasma and their content is modified. The EVs of patients with CKD cause endothelial dysfunction, senescence and vascular calcification. In addition, miRNAs free or transported in EVs together with other components carried in these EVs promote endothelial dysfunction, thrombotic and vascular calcification in CKD, among other effects. This review describes the classic factors and focuses on the role of new mechanisms involved in the development of CVD associated with CKD, emphasizing the role of EVs in the development of cardiovascular pathologies in the context of CKD. Moreover, the review summarized the EVs’ role as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, acting on EV release or content to avoid the development of CVD in CKD patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathology with a high worldwide incidence and an upward trend affecting the elderly. When CKD is very advanced, the use of renal replacement therapies is required to prolong its life (dialysis or kidney transplantation). Although dialysis improves many complications of CKD, the disease does not reverse completely. These patients present an increase in oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which cause endothelial damage and the development of different cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CKD patients develop premature diseases associated with advanced age, such as CVD. EVs play an essential role in developing CVD in patients with CKD since their number increases in plasma and their content is modified. The EVs of patients with CKD cause endothelial dysfunction, senescence and vascular calcification. In addition, miRNAs free or transported in EVs together with other components carried in these EVs promote endothelial dysfunction, thrombotic and vascular calcification in CKD, among other effects. This review describes the classic factors and focuses on the role of new mechanisms involved in the development of CVD associated with CKD, emphasizing the role of EVs in the development of cardiovascular pathologies in the context of CKD. Moreover, the review summarized the EVs’ role as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, acting on EV release or content to avoid the development of CVD in CKD patients. Resumen: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene una alta incidencia mundial y una tendencia ascendente que afecta principalmente a personas de edad avanzada. Cuando la ERC está muy avanzada se requiere el uso de terapias renales sustitutivas para prolongar la vida (diálisis o trasplante renal) y, pese a que la diálisis mejora muchas complicaciones de la ERC, la enfermedad no revierte de manera completa. Estos pacientes presentan un aumento del estrés oxidativo, inflamación crónica y aumento de la liberación de vesículas extracelulares (VE), que provocan daño endotelial y el desarrollo de distintas enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). De hecho, los pacientes con ERC desarrollan de forma prematura enfermedades asociadas a una edad avanzada, como es el caso de las ECV. Las VE desempeñan un papel muy importante en el desarrollo de ECV en pacientes con ERC, ya que su número aumenta en el plasma y su contenido se modifica. Las VE de pacientes con ERC generan disfunción endotelial, senescencia y calcificación vascular. Además, los miRNA libres o transportados en las VE junto a otros componentes vehiculados en estas VE promueven disfunción endotelial, eventos trombóticos y calcificación vascular en los pacientes con ERC, entre otros efectos. En esta revisión se describen los factores clásicos y el papel de nuevos mecanismos que intervienen en el desarrollo de la ECV asociada a la ERC, con especial hincapié en el papel de las VE en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en un contexto de ERC. Además, se expone el papel de las VE como herramienta diagnóstica y como diana terapéutica, actuando sobre su liberación o contenido para intentar evitar el desarrollo de ECV en enfermos renales crónicos.

Rupestrian cultural assets are remarkable examples of human occupation of the territory. As for any other cultural asset, the characterisation of rupestrian buildings is critical for their conservation and protection. However, there are a number of difficulties and challenges that are inherent in the physical singularities of these architectonic constructions, namely related to their geometrical irregularities. It is therefore important to use an appropriate approach to describe the geometry of these assets by overcoming some limitations that conventional measurement and surveying approaches have. The production of digital three-dimensional models is consequently a very useful and promising approach in this context. For most cultural assets and in particular geometrically complex objects, the approach is useful in reconstructing geometrical inner or exterior surfaces by means of photographic information. Photogrammetry is a technique used to acquire valuable and accurate three-dimensional information, which generates reliable models that also include integrated works, such as paintings or sculptures. The present work explores the suitability of this approach in the context of a remarkable case of rupestrian architecture, that of the church of San Pietro da Morrone. The building, located in the historical city of Matera (Italy), witnessed a series of transformations and varied uses, before it was abandoned in the middle of the 20th century. The experimental survey of this building provides a first insight into its geometry and a point of reference for discussing the implementation of a photogrammetric approach, its advantages, limitations and possibilities.

Glyphosate is a controversial herbicide. Its genotoxicity and presence in various ecosystems have been reported. The use of ascorbic acid and resveratrol could protect different organisms from glyphosate-induced genetic damage. In the present study, specific genetic damage induced by glyphosate was evaluated in erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus, Ambystoma mexicanum and human lymphocytes. Simultaneously, the antigenotoxic capacity of various concentrations of ascorbic acid and resveratrol was evaluated by means of pretreatment and simultaneous treatment protocols. The 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mM concentrations of glyphosate induced significant genotoxic activity (p < 0.05) in human lymphocytes and in erythrocytes of the species studied, and could cause genomic instability in these populations. The reduction in genetic damage observed in human lymphocytes exposed to high concentrations of glyphosate is only apparent: excessive genetic damage was associated with undetectable excessive tail migration length. A significant (p < 0.05) antigenotoxic effect of ascorbic acid and resveratrol was observed in all concentrations, organisms and protocols used. Both ascorbic acid and resveratrol play an important role in maintaining the integrity of DNA. Ascorbic acid in Oreochromis niloticus, Ambystoma mexicanum reduced glyphosate-induced genetic damage to a basal level. Therefore, our data indicate that these antioxidants could help preserve the integrity of the DNA of organisms exposed to glyphosate. The consumption of antioxidants is a useful tool against the genotoxicity of glyphosate.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of TiN hard coatings as a candidate reference material for surface metrology in chemistry. TiN coatings were grown on a silicon wafer with (111) orientation using dc reactive magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction confirms that the diffraction phase of TiN coatings is polycrystalline, electron microscopy demonstrates that the TiN coatings presents pyramidal-shaped grains ranging from sub-micrometer to nano-size scale and with an average thickness of 666 nm. According to micro Raman results, the presence of LO phonon modes confirms that the TiN coatings are crystalline in nature and no impurities are detected. The mechanical properties at the nanoscale are evaluated using resonance tracking acoustic force atomic microscopy. The chemical composition of the TiN reveals a close 1:1 atomic ratio. The ANOVA is used to evaluate the homogeneity of the TiN via a homogeneity test according to the ISO Guide 35:2017, while, regarding the chemical composition of the Ti, the Fisher’s test demonstrates that the batch can be considered as homogeneous.

Recent curricular regulations highlight the need to attend to high abilities, particularly students with mathematical talent. This proposal shows a training task example for future teachers to design enrichment tasks in an enhancement program. This work is based on didactic analysis as a teaching planning tool. Based on the characterization of mathematical talent and the notion of rich activities, some guidelines are established for the Primary Grade student analyze and design tasks for specially motivated or mathematical talented students in Primary Grade.

Identifying mathematically gifted students is an important objective in mathematics education. To describe skills typical of these students, researchers pose problems in several mathematical domains whose solutions require using different mathematical capacities, such as visualization, generalization, proof, creativity, etc. This paper presents an analysis of the solutions to two problems by 75 students (aged 11-14), as part of the selection test for a workshop to stimulate mathematical talent. These problems require the use of the capacity for mathematical generalization of solution methods. We define a set of descriptors of such capacity, use them to analyze students' solutions, and evaluate how well students with high capacity for generalization can be distinguished from average students. The results indicate that the two problems are suitable for identifying potential mathematically gifted students and several descriptors have high discriminatory power to identify students with high or low capacity for generalization.

Este trabajo describe los errores que han puesto de manifiesto un grupo de 27 estudiantes de la especialidad de Matemáticas del Máster de Formación de Profesorado de Secundaria en una tarea de modelización. A partir de la revisión de los antecedentes, se establece un sistema de categorías de los errores en las distintas fases del proceso de modelización y la coherencia entre las mismas. El análisis de los resultados muestra mayor frecuencia de errores en las fases en las que interviene la situación real original: la fase simplificación para obtener el modelo real y la fase de validación para interpretar los resultados obtenidos. Los tipos de errores manifestados aportan información para la formación de los futuros profesores de matemáticas.

Abstract Lipids are indispensable in the SARS-CoV-2 infection process. The clinical significance of plasma lipid profile during COVID-19 has not been rigorously evaluated. We aim to ascertain the association of the plasma lipid profile with SARS-CoV-2 infection clinical evolution. Observational cross-sectional study including 1411 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and an available standard lipid profile prior (n: 1305) or during hospitalization (n: 297). The usefulness of serum total, LDL, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol to predict the COVID-19 prognosis (severe vs mild) was analysed. Patients with severe COVID-19 evolution had lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels before the infection. The lipid profile measured during hospitalization also showed that a severe outcome was associated with lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher triglycerides. HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were correlated with ferritin and D-dimer levels but not with CRP levels. The presence of atherogenic dyslipidaemia during the infection was strongly and independently associated with a worse COVID-19 infection prognosis. The low HDL cholesterol and high triglyceride concentrations measured before or during hospitalization are strong predictors of a severe course of the disease. The lipid profile should be considered as a sensitive marker of inflammation and should be measured in patients with COVID-19.

In this work, a high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging technique is developed in order to obtain the local indentation modulus at the nanoscale level. The technique uses a model that gives a qualitative relationship between a set of contact resonance frequencies and the indentation modulus. It is based on white-noise excitation of the tip–sample interaction and uses system theory for the extraction of the resonance modes. During conventional scanning, for each pixel, the tip–sample interaction is excited with a white-noise signal. Then, a fast Fourier transform is applied to the deflection signal that comes from the photodiodes of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipment. This approach allows for the measurement of several vibrational modes in a single step with high frequency resolution, with less computational cost and at a faster speed than other similar techniques. This technique is referred to as stochastic atomic force acoustic microscopy (S-AFAM), and the frequency shifts of the free resonance frequencies of an AFM cantilever are used to determine the mechanical properties of a material. S-AFAM is implemented and compared with a conventional technique (resonance tracking-atomic force acoustic microscopy, RT-AFAM). A sample of a graphite film on a glass substrate is analyzed. S-AFAM can be implemented in any AFM system due to its reduced instrumentation requirements compared to conventional techniques.

Historic urban centres are, almost by definition, risk-prone areas. The buildings in the historical sites are often highly vulnerable to natural and human-made hazards, not only due to their construction and material characteristics but also because they are usually very degraded due to ineffective maintenance and conservation policies. Moreover, the recent world tourism boom has led to a significant increase in the number of people who live, work and visit these areas, which, together with land use and climate change-related impacts, make historic centres particularly exposed areas. This paper addresses the issue of assessing and managing risk in historic urban centres departing from the complexity of defining the historic city and the concept of risk, providing a comprehensive discussion on current trends and future research directions in this field. After analysing the most suitable methodologies to assess the vulnerability of these areas to different hazards, the focus is on data collection and organisation-related issues and how the different vulnerability assessment outputs can be used to manage and mitigate risk. Vulnerability and loss scenarios, evacuation and emergency planning, and retrofit and cost-benefit analyses are some of the aspects addressed herein. This discussion includes some considerations on the accuracy of these approaches and aspects related to their calibration and validation, covering from empirical calibration models to advanced artificial Intelligence-based techniques.

Initial staging of patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) can lead to negative results using conventional diagnostic imaging workup, including [18F]Fluorodesoxiglucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of [18F]Fluorocholine ([18F]FCH) PET/CT in the initial staging of MM patients who were candidates for autologous bone marrow transplant. Materials and Methods: The inclusion criteria of our study were: (a) patients diagnosed with MM; (b) candidates for autologous bone marrow transplant (AT); and (c) studied with [18F]FCH PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/CT for initial staging less than 4 weeks apart. Imaging analysis included the presence of: bone marrow infiltration, focal bone lesions, and para-medullary or extra-medullary disease, according to the proposed IMPeTus criteria. The analysis was performed per lesion, per patient, and per location. Results: The study population included ten patients. Globally, [18F]FCH PET/CT showed bone marrow uptake in all the patients and visualised 16 more focal lesions than [18F]FDG PET/CT. One patient presented a plasmacytoma, detected by both tracers. Extra-medullary and para-medullary disease was identified with different degrees of uptake by both tracers. In summary, [18F]FCH PET seemed to be superior to [18F]FDG PET/CT in detecting focal bone lesions. SUVmax values were slightly higher in [18F]FCH PET/CT than in [18F]FDG PET/CT. Conclusions: Taking into account the small study population, according to our results, [18F]FCH PET/CT could be a useful tool for staging MM patients.

Immunotherapy is based on manipulation of the immune system in order to act against tumour cells, with growing evidence especially in melanoma patients. The challenges faced by this new therapeutic tool are (i) finding valid evaluation criteria for response assessment; (ii) knowing and distinguishing between “atypical” response patterns; (iii) using PET biomarkers as predictive and response evaluation parameters and (iv) diagnosis and management of immunorelated adverse effects. This review is focused on melanoma patients analysing (a) the role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the mentioned challenges; (b) the evidence of its efficacy. For this purpose, we performed a review of the literature, including original and review articles. In summary, although there are no clearly established or globally accepted criteria, modified response criteria are potentially appropriate for evaluation of immunotherapy benefit. In this context, [18F]FDG PET/CT biomarkers appear to be promising parameters in prediction and assessment of response to immunotherapy. Moreover, immunorelated adverse effects are recognized as predictors of early response to immunotherapy and may be associated with better prognosis and clinical benefit.

The characterisation of the seismic vulnerability of historical constructions represents a complex problem in which the typological variability, the difficulty of performing reliable large-scale assessments and dealing with a large database all play a role. Nevertheless, reducing the uncertainty regarding the structural vulnerability of the existing building stock (mostly for small and/or isolated human settlements) is key for risk assessment and management. The present work proposes a novel approach based on the integration of a series of open-source tools for assembling a vulnerability-oriented database that is linked to a series of external services for increasing its capabilities. The database was implemented in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment and contains the survey of a seismic vulnerability index for masonry constructions based on an adapted version of the GNDT-II approach. A customised Python-based software for reading, managing and editing the database is herein presented. This program allows the execution of the most typical operations with no assistance from the GIS environment, facilitating user interaction. Furthermore, the calculations regarding the vulnerability index and levels of damage have been implemented in this program. Alternatives for distributing the database are implemented and discussed, such as cloud-based distribution and the use of the Transactional Web Feature Service (WFS-T) protocol for its virtual publishing. The entire framework herein presented is a replicable and feasible workflow that can be set even with reduced infrastructure, allowing a progressive enlargement.

We present a case study of proving by three 12-13-year-old students with different levels of mathematical giftedness. After analysing students' proofs, we conclude that: there was a relation on the consistency and the students' levels of mathematically giftedness, being the least consistent the student not mathematically gifted and the most consistent the student with the highest level of mathematical giftedness; the variability was greater in the arithmetical problems; the quality of the proofs produced increased as the level of mathematical giftedness did; the two students with a lower level did better proofs in the arithmetical than in the geometrical problems, while the student with the highest level did not show significant differences between the two areas.

Background: Age, sex, race and comorbidities are insufficient to explain why some individuals remain asymptomatic after SARS-CoV-2 infection, while others die. In this sense, the increased risk caused by the long-term exposure to air pollution is being investigated to understand the high heterogeneity of the COVID-19 infection course. Objectives: We aimed to assess the underlying effect of long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted with 2112 patients suffering COVID-19 infection. We built two sets of multivariate predictive models to assess the relationship between the long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 and COVID-19 outcome. First, the probability of either death or severe COVID-19 outcome was predicted as a function of all the clinical variables together with the pollutants exposure by means of two regularized logistic regressions. Subsequently, two regularized linear regressions were constructed to predict the percentage of dead or severe patients. Finally, odds ratios and effects estimates were calculated. Results: We found that the long-term exposure to PM10 is a more important variable than some already stated comorbidities (i.e.: COPD/Asthma, diabetes, obesity) in the prediction of COVID-19 severity and mortality. PM10 showed the highest effects estimates (1.65, 95% CI 1.32–2.06) on COVID-19 severity. For mortality, the highest effect estimates corresponded to age (3.59, 95% CI 2.94–4.40), followed by PM10 (2.37, 95% CI 1.71–3.32). Finally, an increase of 1 µg/m3 in PM10 concentration causes an increase of 3.06% (95% CI 1.11%-4.25%) of patients suffering COVID-19 as a severe disease and an increase of 2.68% (95% CI 0.53%-5.58%) of deaths. Discussion: These results demonstrate that long-term PM10 burdens above WHO guidelines exacerbate COVID-19 health outcomes. Hence, WHO guidelines, the air quality standard established by the Directive 2008/50/EU, and that of the US-EPA should be updated accordingly to protect human health.

A Buckley–Leverett analysis with capillary pressure to model the oil displacement in fractal porous media is herein presented. The effective permeability for a non-Newtonian micellar fluid is calculated by a constitutive equation used to describe the rheological properties of a displacement fluid. The main assumption of this model involves a bundle of tortuous capillaries with a size distribution and tortuosity that follow fractal laws. The BMP model predicts two asymptotic (Newtonian) regions at low and high shear and a power-law region between the two Newtonian regions corresponding to a stress plateau. Both the stress at the wall and the fluidity are calculated using an imposed pressure gradient in order to determine the mobility of the solution. We analyze different mobility ratios to describe the behavior of the so-called self-destructive surfactants. Initially, the viscosity of the displacing fluid (micellar solution) is high; however, interactions with the porous media lead to a breakage process and degradation of the surfactant, producing low viscosity. This process is simulated by varying the applied pressure gradient. The resulting equation is of the reaction–diffusion type with various time scales; a shock profile develops in the convective time scale, as in the traditional Buckley-Leverett analysis, while at longer times diffusion effects begin to affect the profile. Predictions include shock profiles and compressive waves. These results may find application when selecting surfactants for enhanced oil recovery processes in oilfields.

Vascular calcification (VC), an unpredictable pathophysiological process and critical event in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is the leading cause of morbi-mortality and disability in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients worldwide. Currently, no diagnostic method is available for identifying patients at risk of VC development; the pathology is detected when the process is irreversible. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from endothelial cells might promote VC. Therefore, their evaluation and characterization could be useful for designing new diagnostic tools. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether microvesicles (MVs) from endothelial cells damaged by uremic toxin and indoxyl sulfate (IS) could induce calcification in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs). Besides, we have also analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which these endothelial MVs can promote VC development. Endothelial damage has been evaluated according to the percentage of senescence in endothelial cells, differential microRNAs in endothelial cells, and the amount of MVs released per cell. To identify the role of MVs in VC, VSMCs were treated with MVs from IS-treated endothelial cells. Calcium, inflammatory gene expression, and procalcification mediator levels in VSMCs were determined. IS-treated endothelial cells underwent senescence and exhibited modulated microRNA expression and an increase in the release of MVs. VSMCs exposed to these MVs modulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and some mediators involved in calcification progression. MVs produced by IS-treated endothelial cells promoted calcification in VSMCs.

Backgrounds and purposes: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In CKD patients the mechanisms involved in, endothelial damage and the role of different drugs used on these patients are not completely understood. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of statins and platelet antiaggregant (PA) on endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) and other markers of endothelial dysfunction. Experimental approach: Cross-sectional study of 41 patients with CKD 3b-4 and 8 healthy volunteers. Circulating levels of EMVs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and advance oxidized protein products (AOPPS) were quantified and the correlation with different comorbidity variables and therapeutic strategies were evaluated. Results: EMVs are increased in CKD patients as compared with controls (171.1 vs. 68.3/μl, p

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: Los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) corren mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular. En los pacientes con IRC, los mecanismos implicados en la disfunción endotelial y el papel de los diferentes fármacos utilizados en estos pacientes no se conocen por completo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el efecto de las estatinas y los antiagregantes plaquetarios (AP) sobre las microvesículas endoteliales (MVE) y otros marcadores de la disfunción endotelial. Enfoque experimental: Estudio transversal con 41 pacientes con IRC 3b-4 y 8 voluntarios sanos. Se cuantificaron los niveles de MVE, factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial (FCVE) y productos avanzados de oxidación de proteínas (AOPP, por sus siglas en inglés) en la circulación y se evaluó la correlación con diferentes variables de comorbilidad y estrategias terapéuticas. Resultados: Las MVE aumentaron en pacientes con IRC al comparar los niveles con los controles (171,1 frente a 68,3/μl; p < 0,001). Se observó una correlación negativa entre la edad y las MVE. Las estatinas y los AP se asociaron con una reducción de los niveles de MVE y FCVE, independientemente de los niveles séricos de colesterol total (CT). Los niveles de AOPP y FCVE no fueron diferentes entre los pacientes con IRC y los controles. Conclusión: La IRC se asocia con un cambio de los niveles de MVE, FCVE y AOPP. El tratamiento con estatinas y AP normaliza estos valores a casi los observados en los controles y este efecto es independiente del nivel de CT predominante. Estos hallazgos explican la existencia de los efectos pleiotrópicos de las estatinas y los AP que merecen estudios adicionales. Abstract: Backgrounds and purposes: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In CKD patients the mechanisms involved in, endothelial damage and the role of different drugs used on these patients are not completely understood. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of statins and platelet antiaggregant (PA) on endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) and other markers of endothelial dysfunction. Experimental approach: Cross-sectional study of 41 patients with CKD 3b-4 and 8 healthy volunteers. Circulating levels of EMVs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and advance oxidized protein products (AOPPS) were quantified and the correlation with different comorbidity variables and therapeutic strategies were evaluated. Results: EMVs are increased in CKD patients as compared with controls (171.1 vs. 68.3/μl, P

Starch is a biocompatible and economical biopolymer in which interest has been shown in obtaining electrospun fibers. This research reports that cassava (CEX) and pea (PEX) starches pretreated by means of reactive extrusion (REX) improved the starches rheological properties and the availability of amylose to obtain fibers. Solutions of CEX and PEX (30–36% w/v) in 38% v/v formic acid were prepared and the rheological properties and electrospinability were studied. The rheological values indicated that to obtain continuous fibers without beads, the entanglement concentration (Ce) must be 1.20 and 1.25 times the concentration of CEX and PEX, respectively. In CEX, a higher amylose content and lower viscosity were obtained than in PEX, which resulted in a greater range of concentrations (32–36% w/v) to obtain continuous fibers without beads with average diameters ranging from 316 ± 65 nm to 394 ± 102 nm. In PEX, continuous fibers without beads were obtained only at 34% w/v with an average diameter of 170 ± 49 nm. This study showed that starches (20–35% amylose) pretreated through REX exhibited electrospinning properties to obtain fibers, opening the opportunity to expand their use in food, environmental, biosensor, and biomedical applications, as vehicles for the administration of bioactive compounds.

(1) Background: Early response after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) prevents extensive cardiac necrosis, in which inflammation resolution, including expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10), may play a key role. (2) Methods: We synthesized NIL10, a micelle-based nanoparticle, to target IL-10 receptor in mice and pigs subjected to AMI. (3) Results: Administration of NIL10 induced cardiac protection of wild-type and IL-10 knockout mice and pigs subjected to AMI. Cardiac protection was not induced in IL-10-receptor null mice, as shown by a significant recovery of cardiac function, in which inflammatory foci and fibrosis were strongly reduced, together with the finding that resolving M2-like macrophage populations were increased after day 3 of reperfusion. In addition, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, IL-16, and IL-27 were also elevated. Mechanistically, NIL10 induced activation of the IL-10 receptor/STAT-3 signaling pathway, and STAT3-dependent inhibition of nuclear translocation of pro-inflammatory NF-ĸB transcription factor. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, we propose using NIL10 as a novel therapeutic tool against AMI-induced cardiac damage.

Repetitive practice is one of the most important factors in improving the performance of motor skills. This paper focuses on the analysis and classification of forearm gestures in the context of violin playing. We recorded five experts and three students performing eight traditional classical violin bow-strokes: martelé, staccato, detaché, ricochet, legato, trémolo, collé, and col legno. To record inertial motion information, we utilized the Myo sensor, which reports a multidimensional time-series signal. We synchronized inertial motion recordings with audio data to extract the spatiotemporal dynamics of each gesture. Applying state-of-the-art deep neural networks, we implemented and compared different architectures where convolutional neural networks (CNN) models demonstrated recognition rates of 97.147%, 3DMultiHeaded_CNN models showed rates of 98.553%, and rates of 99.234% were demonstrated by CNN_LSTM models. The collected data (quaternion of the bowing arm of a violinist) contained sufficient information to distinguish the bowing techniques studied, and deep learning methods were capable of learning the movement patterns that distinguish these techniques. Each of the learning algorithms investigated (CNN, 3DMultiHeaded_CNN, and CNN_LSTM) produced high classification accuracies which supported the feasibility of training classifiers. The resulting classifiers may provide the foundation of a digital assistant to enhance musicians' time spent practicing alone, providing real-time feedback on the accuracy and consistency of their musical gestures in performance.

El presente artículo aborda la importancia de la Defensoría de los Derechos Humanos y sus implicaciones en el entorno universitario. Se planteó como objetivo explorar el nivel de información, y conocimiento sobre los derechos humanos en un sector de estudiantes de la Universidad de Sonora, México.Se seleccionaron seis grupos del Programa de licenciatura en derecho de las asignaturas Ética y Desarrollo Profesional, Seminario de Derecho Fiscal y Seminario de Derecho Administrativo,se abordaron temas relativos a los derechos humanos dentro de sus programas y el impacto que representa en la educación Superior.Los principales hallazgos: amplio conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre temas relacionados con ordeamientos jurídicos y acuerdos relativos a los derechos humanos,especialmente en el ámbito universitario así como la fuente de la que proviene dicho conocimiento

El derecho a una educación de calidad (CPEUM:3; PNUD,2020:4), obliga a Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES), a formar estudiantes científicamente. Formar en ciencias a un estudiante de Derecho es formar Juristas o profesionales capaces de operar sobre las Normas jurídicas para que en su confección y vigencia lleguen a generar justicia y equidad evitando impunidades y tantos objetivos ulteriores que impactan a la vez al resto de los Derechos humanos.Diferenciar definitoriamente los conceptos de “Jurista” y el de “Abogado litigante” parece sencillo, pero requiere de analizar la factibilidad metodológica de una práctica formativa extraordinaria que permita a estudiantes aspirar a ser amorosos amantes de la Norma Jurídica (como objeto de estudio del Derecho), y no solo “usuarios” a conveniencia de la misma. En un contexto de pandemia, mediante clases virtuales vía TEAMS, se opera este paquete didáctico innovador que ha generado hallazgos que podrían permitir la réplica de este ejercicio en otra institución de enseñanza del Derecho interesada.

Philosophers, composers, and musicians have long argued whether instrumental music finds meaning in its formal structure and musical content (Hanslick, 1986) or through reference to extra-musical elements, like narratives, emotions, or memories (Meyer, 1956). While the use of extra-musical elements appears grounded in individual musicians’ priorities for performance and teaching (Héroux, 2018), the impact of emotional indications on expressivity has not previously been studied in a large-scale experiment. The aim of this pilot study was to construct the methodology for a larger project to study the impact of the use of extra-musical elements on the sound results of guitarists. We asked guitar students to record one short newly composed piece, Evocation 1, according to the following conditions: (A) in a non-expressive manner, (B) according to the notated musical indications, and (C) with the addition of suggested contextual and emotional extra-musical elements to the musical instructions. We asked two expert guitarists to evaluate the level of expressiveness for conditions B and C and conducted interviews with participants to collect data on the experimental process to refine protocol. To more objectively measure manifestations of objectivity from the recorded performances, we extracted data from each recording about pitch, dynamics, and timing, as well as expressive dynamic deviations. The impact of both recording conditions and the expertise level of performers on the quality of this audio data led us to change the analysis design from a comparative design (with other participants) to a self-comparative design (each participant with himself) for the larger study.

Size, shape and hot spots are crucial to optimize Raman amplification from metallic nanoparticle (NPs). The amplification from radius = 1.8 ± 0.4 nm ultra-small silver NPs was explored. Increasing NP density redshifts and widens their plasmon that, according to simulations for NPs arrays, is originated by the reduction of the interparticle distance, d, becoming remarkable for d ≤ R. Inter-particle interaction red-shifts (>130 nm) and widens (>90 nm) the standard plasmon of non-interacting spherical particles. Graphene partly delocalizes the carriers enhancing the NIR spectral weight. Raman amplification of graphene phonons is moderate and depends smoothly on d while that of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) varies almost exponentially due to their location at hot-spots that depend strongly on d. The experimental correlation between amplification and plasmon position is well reproduced by simulations. The amplification originated by the ultra-small NPs is compared to that of larger particles, granular silver films with 7

En el documento se ordena los resultados obtenidos del analisis (a 5 años de distancia) de la implementación del Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción mediante el cual se instituyó un nuevo modelo de responsabilidad administrativa de los servidores públicos en el que se elevó a rango constitucional la distinción, entre faltas administrativas graves y no graves; se ampliaron las facultades de las autoridades encargadas de prevenir, investigar, sancionar y corregir actos de corrupción, que podrán también investigar e imponer sanciones a los particulares, personas físicas o morales, que participen en la comisión de faltas administrativas graves y en actos de corrupción; que las faltas graves serán investigadas y substanciadas por los órganos Internos de control de las instituciones de orden federal o local, en tanto que la determinación de la sanción correspondiente será competencia de los Tribunales Locales y/o Federal de Justicia Administrativa y/o de los juzgados en los que las Fiscalías Especailizadas en Anticorrupción Locales y Federal presenten sus denuncias según corresponda. Por lo que respecta a las faltas administrativas no graves, estas serán investigadas, sustanciadas y resueltas por los Órganos Internos de control, es decir, de estas no conoceran-- en uso de facultades materialmente administrativas las salas especializadas en materia anticorrupción de los Tribunales Locales y Federal de Justicia Administrativa.

Introduction: Solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma is an uncommon neoplasm that accounts for only 1–2% of all soft tissue tumors. To the best of our knowledge only three cases of this tumor have been described in the external auditory canal in the past. Case presentation: We report the case of a 60 years old man with a 6 months history of progressive swelling of the left auditory canal. After resection under general anaesthesia, the immunohistochemical staining showed positivity to CD34, CD99, vimentin and bcl2 with the typical spindle-shaped cells organized in a patternless pattern. The tumor was also positive to specific STAT6 nuclear expression. Therefore, the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma was made. Conclusions: The possibility of a STF/HPC should be considered among the differential diagnosis of tumors in the external auditory canal and, due to its malignant potential, a close and long follow up should be done in all the patients.

Mathematical problem-solving and spatial visualization are areas in which performance has been shown to vary with sex. This article describes the impact of gender on spatial relations measured in 331 secondary school students (202 males, 129 females), 145 (105 males, 40 females) of whom had been selected to participate in a mathematical talent stimulation project after passing a complex problem-solving test. In the two tests administered, the Differential Aptitude Tests-Space Relations (DAT-SR) and the Primary Mental Abilities-Space Relations (PMA-SR), performance was assessed on the grounds of both absolute scores and the ratio to the number of items answered. The students participating in the talent program earned higher scores on both tests, although no interaction was identified between mathematical abilities and gender in connection with the differences in spatial habilities observed. In PMA-SR, boys answered more items and scored higher, whereas in DAT-SR girls tended to omit more items. None of the indicators studied exhibited differences between the sexes in both tests and in some cases the differences in the absolute values of the indicators were absent when expressed as ratios.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially those involving a systemic inflammatory process such as atherosclerosis, remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a systemic condition affecting approximately 10% of the general population. The prevalence of CKD has increased over the past decades because of the aging of the population worldwide. Indeed, CVDs in patients with CKD constitute a premature form of CVD observed in the general population. Multiple studies indicate that patients with renal disease undergo accelerated aging, which precipitates the appearance of pathologies, including CVDs, usually associated with advanced age. In this review, we discuss several aspects that characterize CKD-associated CVDs, such as etiopathogenic elements that CKD patients share with the general population, changes in the cellular balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the associated process of cellular senescence. Uremia-associated aging is linked with numerous changes at the cellular and molecular level. These changes are similar to those observed in the normal process of physiologic aging. We also discuss new perspectives in the study of CKD-associated CVDs and epigenetic alterations in intercellular signaling, mediated by microRNAs and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs), which promote vascular damage and subsequent development of CVD. Understanding the processes and factors involved in accelerated senescence and other abnormal intercellular signaling will identify new therapeutic targets and lead to improved methods of diagnosis and monitoring for patients with CKD-associated CVDs.

Proof, a key topic in advanced mathematics, also forms an essential part of the formal learning experience at all levels of education. The reason is that the argumentation involved calls for pondering ideas in depth, organizing knowledge, and comparing different points of view. Geometry, characterized by the interaction between the visual appearance of geometric elements and the conceptual understanding of their meaning required to generate precise explanations, is one of the foremost areas for research on proof and argumentation. In this qualitative analysis of the arguments formulated by participants in an extracurricular mathematics stimulus program, we categorized students’ replies on the grounds of reasoning styles, representations used, and levels of generality. The problems were proposed in a lesson on a quotient set based on the similarity among triangles created with Geogebra and the responses were gathered through a Google form. By means a content analysis, the results inform about the reasoning style, the scope of the argumentation, and the representation used. The findings show that neither reasoning styles nor the representations used conditioned the level of generality, although higher levels of argumentation were favored by harmonic and analytical reasoning and the use of algebraic representations.

European countries are affected by various levels of seismic hazard, including many areas with medium to high seismicity. Heavy damage over large areas has been observed in past earthquakes in these countries, particularly in masonry buildings located in historical centers, confirming the need for enhancing the current knowledge on the seismic vulnerability of these constructions, so more informed technical and political decisions towards the mitigation of the risk can be taken. However, the characterization of building stocks for engineering purposes is still an open issue due to the enormous amount of resources that such a project would require. Nevertheless, the availability of virtual images and maps represents an outstanding opportunity for having remote approaches to urban environments. The role of on-site inspections can be complemented or even substituted by means of these remote approaches, provided it is complemented with suitable approaches. The use of these resources is not new, but the critical assessment of their capabilities and limitations deserves a critical discussion. The present paper aims at assessing the opportunities offered by web-based mapping platforms in the context of seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings in old urban areas. After evaluating the advantages and shortcomings of some of the most popular web-based mapping services, an explanatory application to a set of 39 buildings located in the historic center of the city of Leiria (Portugal) is presented and critically discussed, contrasting the results obtained by using on-site and remote inspections. Two different seismic vulnerability assessment approaches are applied and analyzed herein, confirming that web-based mapping platforms can represent an efficient and cost-effective complement to traditional field surveys when the large-scale seismic vulnerability of old urban areas is of interest.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de pacientes con probable miocardiopatía diabética (sin exigir biopsia endomiocárdica), analizando sus características y comparándolas con pacientes no diabéticos con insuficiencia cardiaca idiopática. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo sobre una cohorte de 270 pacientes que ingresaron de manera consecutiva por insuficiencia cardiaca. De estos se excluyeron del estudio todos aquellos que tuvieran una causa conocida de insuficiencia cardiaca (cardiopatía isquémica, hipertensiva, hipertrófica, valvular u otras). En total 58 pacientes, 18 de los cuales eran diabéticos (la causa de la insuficiencia cardiaca pudo ser la miocardiopatía diabética) y 40 sin diabetes (insuficiencia cardiaca idiopática). Se procedió a comparar las características entre ambos grupos. El análisis estadístico y la comparación de las distintas variables se realizó mediante el programa SPSS versión 20.0. Resultados: De 270 pacientes estudiados, 18 podrían haber sido diagnosticados con miocardiopatía diabética, lo que supone hasta un 6% de la insuficiencia cardiaca en esta serie. Conclusiones: Se considera que este estudio puede hacer reflexionar sobre la prevalencia global de la miocardiopatía diabética, sus características y sus dificultades diagnósticas.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine disruptor affecting many organs and systems. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that BPA could induce death due to necroptosis in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAECs). This work aims to evaluate the possible involvement of BPA-induced senescence mechanisms in endothelial cells. The β-Gal assays showed interesting differences in cell senescence at relatively low doses (100 nM and 5 µM). Western blots confirmed that proteins involved in senescence mechanisms, p16 and p21, were overexpressed in the presence of BPA. In addition, the UPR (unfolding protein response) system, which is part of the senescent phenotype, was also explored by Western blot and qPCR, confirming the involvement of the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway (related to pathological processes). The endothelium of mice treated with BPA showed an evident increase in the expression of the proteins p16, p21, and CHOP, confirming the results observed in cells. Our results demonstrate that oxidative stress induced by BPA leads to UPR activation and senescence since pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in BPA-treated cells reduced the percentage of senescent cells prevented the overexpression of proteins related to BPA-induced senescence and reduced the activation of the UPR system. The results suggest that BPA participates actively in accelerated cell aging mechanisms, affecting the vascular endothelium and promoting cardiovascular diseases.

A single effect LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration system coupled with a solar collector and a storage tank was studied to develop an assessment tool using the built-in App Designer in MATLAB®. The model is developed using balances of mass, energy, and species conservation in the components of the absorption cooling system, taking into account the effect of external streams through temperature and pressure drop. The whole system, coupled with the solar energy harvesting arrangement, is modeled for 24 h of operation with changes on an hourly basis based on ambient temperature, cooling system load demand, and hourly solar irradiation, which is measured and recorded by national weather institutes sources. Test through simulations and validation procedures are carried out with acknowledged scientific articles. These show 2.65% of maximum relative error on the energy analysis with respect to cited authors. The environmental conditions used in the study were evaluated in Barranquilla, Colombia, with datasets of the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM), considering multiannual average hourly basis solar irradiation. This allowed the authors to obtain the behavior of the surface temperature of the water in the tank, COP, and exergy efficiency of the system. The simulations also stated the generator as the biggest source of irreversibility with around 45.53% of total exergy destruction in the inner cycle without considering the solar array, in which case the solar array would present the most exergy destruction.

Increased acetataemia during haemodialysis sessions has been associated with a number of abnormalities, including increased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthesis. Citric acid may play an alternative role to acetate as a dialysate stabilizer given that the effect of citrate on complement and leukocyte activation is different to that of acetate. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory effect in immunocompetent blood cells of acetate dialysate and citrate dialysate. Materials and methods: The effect of acetate and/or citrate was investigated in the whole blood of uremic patients and in healthy in vitro samples. Four types of dialysate were tested: dialysate 1, acetate-free with 1 mmol/L of citrate; dialysate 2, with 0.8 mmol/L of citrate and 0.3 mmol/L of acetate; dialysate 3, citrate-free with 3 mmol/L of acetate; and dialysate 4, citrate-free with 4 mmol/L of acetate. The cell types used were: human monocyte culture (THP-1); and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy subjects and uremic patients on haemodialysis. ICAM-1 was determined and levels of reactive oxygen species and total microvesicles were quantified. Results: Unlike the citrate dialysates, the dialysates with acetate (dialysate 3 and dialysate 4) induced increased ICAM-1 expression density in THP-1 cells; an increase in ICAM-1 expression was observed in the immunocompetent cells of healthy subjects with acetate dialysate (dialysate 3 and dialysate 4) but not with citrate dialysate (dialysate 1 and dialysate 2). No significant ICAM-1 differences were found between the different dialysates in the cells of haemodialysed patients. Reactive oxygen species expression and the number of microvesicles increased significantly with acetate dialysate but not with citrate dialysate in the cells of both healthy subjects and haemodialysed patients. Conclusion: At the concentrations in which it is generally used in clinical practice, acetate-based dialysate increases oxidative stress and the total number of microvesicles and may induce another pro-inflammatory stimuli in uremic patients on haemodialysis. Citrate dialysates do not induce this activation, which could make them a suitable alternative in clinical practice. Resumen: El líquido de diálisis con citrato no induce in vitro estrés oxidativo ni inflamación en comparación con el acetato.El incremento de la acetatemia durante la sesión de hemodiálisis se ha asociado a una serie de alteraciones: aumento del estrés oxidativo, de las citocinas proinflamatorias y de la síntesis de óxido nítrico. El ácido cítrico puede jugar un papel alternativo al acetato como estabilizante del líquido de diálisis (LD). El citrato en comparación con el acetato tiene un patrón diferente en cuanto a la activación leucocitaria y del complemento. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el acetato con el citrato en el LD respecto a su efecto inflamatorio en las células inmunocompetentes de la sangre. Material y métodos: El efecto del acetato o citrato fue investigado en sangre completa de pacientes urémicos y controles sanos in vitro, enfrentada a 4 tipos de LD: el LD 1, con 1 mmol/L de citrato y libre de acetato; LD 2, con 0,8 mmol/L de citrato y 0,3 mmol/L de acetato; LD 3, con 3 mmol/L de acetato sin citrato y LD 4, con 4 mmol/L de acetato sin citrato. Los tipos de células utilizados fueron: cultivo de monocitos humanos (THP-1); células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMC) de controles sanos y pacientes urémicos en HD. Se determinó ICAM-1, la cuantificación de los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y la cuantificación de microvesículas totales. Resultados: Los LD con acetato (L3 y L4) indujeron un incremento en la densidad de expresión de ICAM-1 en las células THP-1, no así los de citrato; con células inmunocompetentes de sujetos sanos los LD con acetato (L3 y L4) respecto a los con citrato (L1 y L2) observamos un incremento en la expresión de ICAM-1; con células de pacientes en hemodiálisis no existían diferencias significativas entre los diferentes LD. Tanto en las células de sujetos sanos como en las de los dializados, se incrementaron significativamente la expresión de especies reactivas de oxígeno y las microvesículas con los LD con acetato y no con citrato. Conclusiones: El acetato en el LD, en las concentraciones que se utilizan habitualmente en la práctica clínica, aumenta el estrés oxidativo y las microvesículas totales, y puede actuar como coadyuvante de los otros estímulos proinflamatorios a los que están sometidos los pacientes urémicos en hemodiálisis. Los LD con citrato no producen esta activación, por lo que podrían ser una alternativa en la clínica. Keywords: Haemodialysis, Dialysate, Acetate, Citrate, Inflammation, Biocompatibility, Palabras clave: Hemodiálisis, Dializado, Acetato, Citrato, Inflamación, Biocompatibilidad

El líquido de diálisis con citrato no induce in vitro estrés oxidativo ni inflamación en comparación con el acetato. El incremento de la acetatemia durante la sesión de hemodiálisis se ha asociado a una serie de alteraciones: aumento del estrés oxidativo, de las citocinas proinflamatorias y de la síntesis de óxido nítrico. El ácido cítrico puede jugar un papel alternativo al acetato como estabilizante del líquido de diálisis (LD). El citrato en comparación con el acetato tiene un patrón diferente en cuanto a la activación leucocitaria y del complemento. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el acetato con el citrato en el LD respecto a su efecto inflamatorio en las células inmunocompetentes de la sangre. Material y métodos: El efecto del acetato o citrato fue investigado en sangre completa de pacientes urémicos y controles sanos in vitro, enfrentada a 4 tipos de LD: el LD 1, con 1 mmol/L de citrato y libre de acetato; LD 2, con 0,8 mmol/L de citrato y 0,3 mmol/L de acetato; LD 3, con 3 mmol/L de acetato sin citrato y LD 4, con 4 mmol/L de acetato sin citrato. Los tipos de células utilizados fueron: cultivo de monocitos humanos (THP-1); células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMC) de controles sanos y pacientes urémicos en HD. Se determinó ICAM-1, la cuantificación de los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y la cuantificación de microvesículas totales. Resultados: Los LD con acetato (L3 y L4) indujeron un incremento en la densidad de expresión de ICAM-1 en las células THP-1, no así los de citrato; con células inmunocompetentes de sujetos sanos los LD con acetato (L3 y L4) respecto a los con citrato (L1 y L2) observamos un incremento en la expresión de ICAM-1; con células de pacientes en hemodiálisis no existían diferencias significativas entre los diferentes LD. Tanto en las células de sujetos sanos como en las de los dializados, se incrementaron significativamente la expresión de especies reactivas de oxígeno y las microvesículas con los LD con acetato y no con citrato. Conclusiones: El acetato en el LD, en las concentraciones que se utilizan habitualmente en la práctica clínica, aumenta el estrés oxidativo y las microvesículas totales, y puede actuar como coadyuvante de los otros estímulos proinflamatorios a los que están sometidos los pacientes urémicos en hemodiálisis. Los LD con citrato no producen esta activación, por lo que podrían ser una alternativa en la clínica.

De la revisió de les recerques es desprèn que no hi ha una postura unificada en la relació entre talent matemàtic i visualització. Un factor que s'ha de considerar és la diversitat d'instruments utilitzats per caracteritzar la visualització. En aquest treball es comparen els resultats obtinguts en dos test visuals amb les habilitats de visualització posades en joc en tres sessions d'enriquiment curricular. Els resultats d'un grup de 25 estudiants que participen en un projecte d'estimulació del talent matemàtic no evidencien relació entre la visualització manifestada en els test i l'ús de les habilitats de visualització registrat en la resolució de tasques geomètriques.

El reciente proceso de consolidación democrática experimentado por México en la última década ha estado acompañado de una serie de políticas públicas encaminadas a fortalecer la participación ciudadana dentro de la toma de decisiones, así como la rendición de cuentas gubernamental. Una de esas acciones consistió en la promulgación, durante el sexenio del Presidente Fox, de la Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública Gubernamental. Lo anterior, además, se inscribió en el contexto de un movimiento global a favor del derecho a saber, impulsado por diversas organizaciones internacionales. Parece ser que la transparencia llegó para quedarse, lo cual no significa que la tarea de consolidación y desarrollo democrático haya terminado. El presente artículo forma parte de una serie de entregas que pretenden aportar una visión interdisciplinaria del concepto. Corresponde esta primera colaboración a un análisis descriptivo de la transparencia a partir de su dimensión jurídica.

En este documento se propone que Mediante un Plan Estratégico la Universidad de Sonora UNISON conjunte su Capital Humano y sus Recursos Materiales, especificamente, la Herramienta TIC (plataforma sivea) conforme al marco ampliado de la Agenda Mundial Educación 2030,, para contribuir de manera permanente, con el Estado Mexicano, al objetivo de concretar --- si se repica la experiencia en las restantes 31 entidades federativas--- el derecho humano a la educación inclusiva y equitativa de calidad para todos y el compromiso de México con la UNESCO en tiempo y forma.

Background: Expression is a key skill in music performance, and one that is difficult to address in music lessons. Computational models that learn from expert performances can help providing suggestions and feedback to students.Aim: We propose and analyze an approach to modeling variations in dynamics and note onset timing for solo violin pieces with the purpose of facilitating expressive performance learning in new pieces, for which no reference performance is available.Method: The method generates phrase–level predictions based on musical score information on the assumption that expressiveness is idiomatic, and thus influenced by similar–sounding melodies. Predictions were evaluated numerically using three different datasets and against note–level machine–learning models, and also perceptually by listeners, who were presented to synthesized versions of musical excerpts, and asked to choose the most human–sounding one. Some of the presented excerpts were synthesized to reflect the variations in dynamics and timing predicted by the model, whereas others were shaped to reflect the dynamics and timing of an actual expert performance, and a third group was presented with no expressive variations.Results: surprisingly, none of the three synthesized versions was consistently selected as human–like nor preferred with statistical significance by listeners. Possible interpretations of these results include the fact that the melodies might have been impossible to interpret outside their musical context, or that expressive features that were left out of the modeling such as note articulation and vibrato are, in fact, essential to the perception of expression in violin performance. Positive feedback by some listeners toward the modeled melodies in a blind setting indicate that the modeling approach was capable of generating appropriate renditions at least for a subset of the data. Numerically, performance in phrase–level suffers a small degradation if compared to note–level, but produces predictions easier to interpret visually, thus more useful in a pedagogical setting.

Gestures in music are of paramount importance partly because they are directly linked to musicians' sound and expressiveness. At the same time, current motion capture technologies are capable of detecting body motion/gestures details very accurately. We present a machine learning approach to automatic violin bow gesture classification based on Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models (HHMM) and motion data. We recorded motion and audio data corresponding to seven representative bow techniques (Détaché, Martelé, Spiccato, Ricochet, Sautillé, Staccato, and Bariolage) performed by a professional violin player. We used the commercial Myo device for recording inertial motion information from the right forearm and synchronized it with audio recordings. Data was uploaded into an online public repository. After extracting features from both the motion and audio data, we trained an HHMM to identify the different bowing techniques automatically. Our model can determine the studied bowing techniques with over 94% accuracy. The results make feasible the application of this work in a practical learning scenario, where violin students can benefit from the real-time feedback provided by the system.