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Celem badania było sprawdzenie związków między stylami humoru, retrospektywnie ocenianymi postawami rodzicielskimi i poczuciem szczęścia. Odwołano się do koncepcji stylów humoru Martina, który podzielił humor na adaptacyjny (w służbie ego i afiliacyjny) oraz nieadaptacyjny (samodeprecjonujący i agresywny). Założono m.in., że humor w służbie ego oraz afiliacyjny będą pozytywnie korelować z adaptacyjnymi postawami rodzicielskimi (akceptacji i autonomii), a humor agresywny i samodeprecjonujący będzie się wiązał pozytywnie z nieadaptacyjnymi postawami (nadmiernie wymagającą, niekonsekwentną i nadmiernie ochraniającą). W badaniu zastosowano: Kwestionariusz Stylów Hu¬moru (HSQ) Martina i współpracowników, w adaptacji Hornowskiej i Charytonik; Kwestionariusz Retrospektywnej Oceny Postaw Rodzicielskich (KPR-Roc) Plopy oraz Skalę Subiektywnego Szczęścia (SHS) Lyubomirsky i Lepper. Grupę badaną (N = 165) stanowiły osoby w wieku 17–25 lat. Hipotezy częściowo potwierdziły się, m.in. postawa nadmiernie wymagająca matki i ojca korelowała pozytyw-nie ze skłonnością dziecka do poniżania w żartach siebie (humor samodeprecjonujący) i innych (humor agresywny). Postawa autonomii ojca dodatnio wiązała się z humorem wzmacniającym Ja (humor w służbie ego) oraz budującym pozytywne relacje (humor afiliacyjny). Ponadto stwierdzono m.in., że im bardziej osoba skłonna jest do używania humoru w służbie ego, tym bardziej postrzega siebie jako szczęśliwą.

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a serious complication occurring more frequently in patients with thyroid cancer than in those with benign thyroid diseases. However, data on the risk factors for RLN injury among patients with thyroid cancer are scarce. Currently, RLN injury is diagnosed by laryngoscopy, but translaryngealultrasonography (TLUS), which is less invasive, appears to have a similar accuracy. Herein, we analysed risk factors ofintraoperative RLN injury in patients with thyroid cancer and assessed the diagnostic performance of TLUS.In this prospective study, we enrolled patients undergoing surgery for thyroid cancer from October 2020 to October 2021. Medical and surgical variables were analysed as risk factors of RLN injury. TLUS was compared with laryngoscopy in diagnosing RLN injury.There were 185 patients who underwent 196 surgeries. Of all surgeries, 23 (11.7%) caused RLN injury ascertained on laryngoscopy. Compared with laryngoscopy, TLUS displayed high sensitivity (97.7%; 95%CI: 94.3%-99.4%) and specificity (100%; 95% CI: 82.4%-100%). Before surgery, medical and surgical characteristics did not differ significantly between patients with or without RLN injury, but RLN entrapment by tumour was more frequent in those with the injury (P0.001). The risk of RLN injury was increased in patients undergoing thyroidectomy with lateral neck dissection (OR = 4.53; 95% CI: 1.29-14.32) and in those with lymph node metastases (OR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.03-7.01).Intraoperative RLN injury in patients with thyroid cancer is more common after operations requiringgreater resections and with lymph node involvement. TLUS could be used to diagnose RLN injury.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made security a central challenge in the service sector. It applies equally to customers and employees of service organizations. The article discusses the sources of security threats in services in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, which result from the feature of services, which is the interactivity of services and activities carried out to increase the level of security in services.

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to assess the value of translaryngeal ultrasound (TLUS) in assessing vocal fold (VF) function in patients after thyroid, parathyroid and neck lymph node surgery. Methods: A total of 219 patients that underwent 230 surgical procedures were enrolled in this prospective study. The study was conducted from October 2020 to October 2021. Patients’ VFs were analysed independently with TLUS and laryngoscopy before and after the surgery. Various TLUS variables, such as vocal folds displacement velocity (VFDV), arytenoids symmetry and angle between VFs, were measured. The questionnaire evaluating discomfort caused to patients by both methods was conducted. Results: Of the 230 surgeries in this study, 85% were from oncological indications. The incidence of RLN injury was 10.4%. The accuracy of TLUS compared to laryngoscopy was 98.3%, with sensitivity 98.1%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 83.3%. Laryngoscopy was found to cause significantly more discomfort than TLUS. VF visibility was lower in men; smokers; and patients with higher BMI (32 vs. 28 kg/m2), multifocal cancer, higher left lobe volume and higher fT3 levels. Arytenoid symmetry VFDV was lower for “e” and “i” right side and “i” left side in injured/disabled VFs/RLN. Conclusions: TLUS can be an excellent and non-invasive method of VF evaluation in most patients. There are some technical aspects that can improve its accuracy. Sometimes, RLN injury after the surgery, especially among oncological patients, is unavoidable. Therefore, it is vital to diagnose dysphonia early with convenient methods, such as TLUS.

Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the larynx (IONM) in thyroid surgery has been developed and improved from the last decade of the twentieth century. Our work presents the current state of knowledge about the use neuromonitoring in Poland, recommendations, tactics of using this tool and its advantages and disadvantages. It has been based on current research results and own experience. The latest data from the Endocrine, General and Vascular Surgery Department of Medical University of Lodz obtained from March 2010 to April 2019 were analysed. During this period 705 operations with neuromonitoring were carried out which is 7.49% of the total number of 9414 thyroid surgery. The amount of operations with the use of IONM is increasing from one year to another. It has reached the level of 27% in 2019.

The forest cover in Poland reaches almost 30% of the country’s area. Polish forests are characterized by high biodiversity. Unfortunately, in recent years, the forests of Central Europe have been affected by climate change problems, in particular meteorological drought. In Poland, even those stands which consist of species that were widely recognized as drought tolerant and easily adaptable to environmental changes are beginning to die. The article presents engineering methods applicable to forest environment protection, largely developed at the University of Life Sciences in Poznań and implemented by the State Forests—National Forest Holding in Poland, to minimize the effects of drought. Among the issues raised are ways to protect forests against fires, modern technologies for fire road surface construction and small-scale water retention in forests. A comprehensive solution to problems related to progressive drought is a must. Scientists and foresters are observing the dying of large areas of stands and, at the same time, intensification of wildlife migration due to the search for new habitats as a consequence of the drought. Therefore, the issue of building animal crossings during the current dynamic expansion of the road network in Poland has also been presented in the paper. Another subject pointed to in the text is forest tourism. Forests provide opportunities for recreation and rest to society. However, the increasing tourist pressure in some regions may cause adverse environmental effects. Finally, the paper shows some examples of supporting forest environment protection using remote sensing techniques. Generally, the aim of the paper is to present experiences and comprehensive solutions implemented in Poland.