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5. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Ikuta, Kevin S, Swetschinski, Lucien R, Robles Aguilar, Gisela, Sharara, Fablina, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Gray, Authia P, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Wool, Eve E, Han, Chieh, Gershberg Hayoon, Anna, Aali, Amirali, Abate, Semagn Mekonnen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abebe, Getachew, Abedi, Aidin, Abhari, Amir Parsa, Abidi, Hassan, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Absalan, Abdorrahim, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Adane, Tigist Demssew, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adnan, Mohammad, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Aghdam, Zahra Babaei, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Rizwan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Jivan Qasim, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aldeyab, Mamoon A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Syed Shujait, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Allel, Kasim, Almustanyir, Sami, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Anandavelane, Nivedita, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anggraini, Dewi, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Areda, Demelash, Aripov, Timur, Artamonov, Anton A, Arulappan, Judie, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Asaduzzaman, Muhammad, Ashraf, Tahira, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atlaw, Daniel, Attia, Sameh, Ausloos, Marcel, Awoke, Tewachew, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, B, Darshan B, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghcheghi, Nayereh, Bagherieh, Sara, Baig, Atif Amin, Banerjee, Indrajit, Barac, Aleksandra, Bardhan, Mainak, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Basu, Saurav, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Bedi, Neeraj, Belete, Melaku Ashagrie, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bender, Rose G, Bhandari, Bharti, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bitaraf, Saeid, Buonsenso, Danilo, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cai, Jiao, Calina, Daniela, Camargos, Paulo, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cevik, Muge, Chadwick, Joshua, Charan, Jaykaran, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Ching, Patrick R, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Dadras, Omid, Dagnaw, Fentaw Teshome, Dai, Xiaochen, Das, Saswati, Dastiridou, Anna, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Demisse, Fitsum Wolde, Demissie, Solomon, Dereje, Diriba, Derese, Msganaw, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Dessalegn, Fikadu Nugusu, Dessalegni, Samuel Abebe A, Desye, Belay, Dhaduk, Kartik, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhingra, Sameer, Diao, Nancy, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dora, Bezabih Terefe, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Dunachie, Susanna J, Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Ejigu, Habtamu Bekele, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, El-Abid, Hassan, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Emami, Amir, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Enyew, Daniel Berhanie, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Eshrati, Babak, Etaee, Farshid, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Falahi, Shahab, Fallahzadeh, Aida, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fekadu, Ginenus, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Allegra, Fetensa, Getahun, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gadanya, Muktar A, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Ganesan, Balasankar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Ghanbari, Reza, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golinelli, Davide, Goodridge, Amador, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Guta, Alemu, Habibzadeh, Parham, Haddadi Avval, Atlas, Halwani, Rabih, Hanif, Asif, Hannan, Md. Abdul, Harapan, Harapan, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hoogar, Praveen, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Hussein, Nawfal R, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imam, Mohammad Tarique, Immurana, Mustapha, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iradukunda, Arnaud, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, J, Linda Merin, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamshidi, Elham, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Javidnia, Javad, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh, Jebai, Rime, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joo, Tamas, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamal, Vineet Kumar, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karkhah, Samad, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khan, Abbas, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Moien AB, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khater, Mona M, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kompani, Farzad, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Krapp Lopez, Fiorella, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha, Kumar, Naveen, Kurmi, Om P, Kuttikkattu, Ambily, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lám, Judit, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lee, Sang-woong, Lenzi, Jacopo, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Wei, Lodha, Rakesh, Loftus, Michael J, Lohiya, Ayush, Lorenzovici, László, Lotfi, Mojgan, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Majeed, Azeem, Majidpoor, Jamal, Makki, Alaa, Mamo, Galana Ayana, Manla, Yosef, Martorell, Miquel, Matei, Clara N, McManigal, Barney, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehrotra, Ravi, Melese, Addisu, Mendoza-Cano, Oliver, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Micha, Georgia, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Mirghafourvand, Mojgan, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Misganaw, Abay Sisay, Misganaw, Awoke, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Syam, Mohseni, Mohammad, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Maryam, Moradi Sarabi, Mostafa, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Motaghinejad, Majid, Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mousavi-Aghdas, Seyed Ali, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mulita, Francesk, Mulu, Getaneh Baye B, Munro, Sandra B, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nair, Tapas Sadasivan, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narang, Himanshi, Natto, Zuhair S, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Naz, Shumaila, Negoi, Ionut, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Ngwa, Che Henry, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Noroozi, Nafise, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nutor, Jerry John, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obaidur, Rahman Md, Ojha, Vivek Anand, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Otstavnov, Nikita, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palicz, Tamás, Pana, Adrian, Pardhan, Shahina, Paredes, Jose L, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Seoyeon, Pathak, Ashish, Paudel, Rajan, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peng, Minjin, Pensato, Umberto, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Marcos, Peres, Mario F P, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Podder, Indrashis, Pokhrel, Nayanum, Poluru, Ramesh, Postma, Maarten J, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Prashant, Akila, Qattea, Ibrahim, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Raeghi, Saber, Rafiei, Sima, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahbarnia, Leila, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ram, Pradhum, Ranjha, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rasul, Azad, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Regasa, Misganu Teshoma, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Reta, Melese Abate, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezapour, Aziz, Riad, Abanoub, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rudd, Kristina E, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeed, Umar, Safaei, Mohsen, Safary, Azam, Safi, Sher Zaman, Sahebazzamani, Maryam, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Salahi, Saina, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salari, Hedayat, Salehi, Sana, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanadgol, Nima, Sankararaman, Senthilkumar, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Seylani, Allen, Shah, Pritik A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku, Sharifi-Razavi, Athena, Sharma, Purva, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Sheikhy, Ali, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin, Shivakumar, K M, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Sunil, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sikder, Mustafa Kamal, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, Siwal, Samarjeet Singh, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Socea, Bogdan, Solomon, Damtew Damtew, Song, Yimeng, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Suleman, Muhammad, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sultana, Saima, Szócska, Miklós, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabish, Mohammad, Taheri, Majid, Taki, Elahe, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tandukar, Sarmila, Tat, Nathan Y, Tat, Vivian Y, Tefera, Belay Negash, Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tharwat, Samar, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Tleyjeh, Imad I, Troeger, Christopher E, Umapathi, Krishna Kishore, Upadhyay, Era, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Van den Eynde, Jef, van Doorn, H. Rogier, Vaziri, Siavash, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Viswanathan, Harimadhav, Vo, Bay, Waris, Abdul, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhong, Chenwen, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Hay, Simon I, Dolecek, Christiane, Sartorius, Benn, Murray, Christopher J L, and Naghavi, Mohsen

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2022
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6. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Vongpradith, Avina, Sirota, Sarah Brooke, Novotney, Amanda, Troeger, Christopher E, Doxey, Matthew C, Bender, Rose G, Ledesma, Jorge R, Biehl, Molly H, Albertson, Samuel B, Frostad, Joseph Jon, Burkart, Katrin, Bennitt, Fiona B, Zhao, Jeff T, Gardner, William M, Hagins, Hailey, Bryazka, Dana, Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva, Abate, Semagn Mekonnen, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdoli, Amir, Abdoli, Gholamreza, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Vida, Abegaz, Tadesse M, Abidi, Hassan, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abtew, Yonas Derso, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Adamu, Kidist, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adnan, Mohammad, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Jivan Qasim, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Albano, Luciana, Aldeyab, Mamoon A, Alemu, Bezatu Mengistie, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Algammal, Abdelazeem M, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Musa Mohammed, Ali, Syed Shujait, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Al-Rifai, Rami H Hani, AlRyalat, Saif Aldeen S, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Aminian Dehkordi, Javad Javad, Amuasi, John H, Amugsi, Dickson A, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Areda, Demelash, Argaw, Ayele Mamo, Argaw, Zeleke Gebru, Arulappan, Judie, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atlaw, Daniel, Attia, Engi F, Attia, Sameh, Aujayeb, Avinash, Awoke, Tewachew, Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari, Samad, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghcheghi, Nayereh, Bagherieh, Sara, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Indrajit, Bardhan, Mainak, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Bashiri, Azadeh, Bassat, Quique, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belete, Melaku Ashagrie, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhatt, Parth, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bhuyan, Soumitra S, Bijani, Ali, Bitaraf, Saeid, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Buonsenso, Danilo, Butt, Muhammad Hammad, Cai, Jiao, Camargos, Paulo, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Chanie, Muluken Genetu, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Ching, Patrick R, Choi, Sungchul, Chong, Yuen Yu, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cobb, Natalie L, Cohen, Aaron J, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Dadras, Omid, Dagnaw, Fentaw Teshome, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dao, An Thi Minh, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Demisse, Biniyam, Demisse, Fitsum Wolde, Demissie, Solomon, Dereje, Diriba, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Desye, Belay, Dhingra, Sameer, Diao, Nancy, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Doan, Linh Phuong, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, Eini, Ebrahim, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, El Desouky, Eman D, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elkhapery, Ahmed Mahmoud Rabie, Emami, Amir, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Etaee, Farshid, Ezati Asar, Mohamad, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Falahi, Shahab, Fallahzadeh, Aida, Faraj, Anwar, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferrari, Allegra Allegra, Fetensa, Getahun, Fischer, Florian, Flavel, Joanne, Foroutan, Masoud, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaihre, Santosh, Galehdar, Nasrin, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Damtew, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw, Gemeda, Belete Negese Belete, Gessner, Bradford D, Getachew, Melaku, Getie, Asmare, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid, Ghosh, Rakesh, Ghozy, Sherief, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goulart, Alessandra C, Goyomsa, Girma Garedew, Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh, Gudisa, Zewdie, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Guta, Alemu, Habibzadeh, Parham, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Halwani, Rabih, Hamidi, Samer, Hannan, Md Abdul, Harorani, Mehdi, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasani, Hamidreza, Hassan, Abbas M, Hassani, Shokoufeh, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Mohammad, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hong, Sung Hwi, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Huang, Junjie, Hussein, Nawfal R, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jaafari, Jalil, Jamshidi, Elham, Jang, Sung-In, Javadi Mamaghani, Amirreza, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Javidnia, Javad, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh, Jayaram, Shubha, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jeong, Wonjeong, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, K, Vaishali, Kabir, Zubair, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanko, Tesfaye K, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karch, André, Karkhah, Samad, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Kaur, Harkiran, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Moien AB, Khan, Yusra H, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khosravifar, Mina, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Kochhar, Sonali, Kompani, Farzad, Koohestani, Hamid Reza, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G Anil, Kurmi, Om P, Kuttikkattu, Ambily, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lám, Judit, Landires, Iván, Ledda, Caterina, Lee, Sang-woong, Levi, Miriam, Lewycka, Sonia, Liu, Gang, Liu, Wei, Lodha, Rakesh, Lorenzovici, László, Lotfi, Mojgan, Loureiro, Joana A, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Mahmoudimanesh, Marzieh, Majidpoor, Jamal, Makki, Alaa, Malakan Rad, Elaheh, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain, Manla, Yosef, Matei, Clara N, Mathioudakis, Alexander G, Maude, Richard James, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Melese, Addisu, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza-Cano, Oliver, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Merid, Mehari Woldemariam, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Mijena, Gelana Fekadu Worku, Minh, Le Huu Nhat, Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Mirfakhraie, Reza, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirza, Agha Zeeshan, Mirza, Moonis, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Misganaw, Abay Sisay, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammed, Arif, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Syam, Mohseni, Mohammad, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moniruzzaman, Md, Montazeri, Fateme, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Abdolvahab, Morawska, Lidia, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Motaghinejad, Majid, Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh, Mousavi-Aghdas, Seyed Ali, Mubarik, Sumaira, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nair, Sanjeev, Nair, Tapas Sadasivan, Najafi, Houshang, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Natto, Zuhair S, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nguyen, Huy Van Nguyen, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Ochir, Chimedsuren, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Otstavnov, Nikita, Oulhaj, Abderrahim, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pakzad, Reza, Palicz, Tamás, Pandey, Anamika, Pant, Suman, Pardhan, Shahina, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Eun-Kee, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Paudel, Rajan, Pawar, Shrikant, Peng, Minjin, Pereira, Gavin, Perna, Simone, Perumalsamy, Navaraj, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Pigott, David M, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Podder, Vivek, Polibin, Roman V, Postma, Maarten J, Pourasghari, Hamid, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Qadir, Mirza Muhammad Fahd, Raad, Mathieu, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Raeghi, Saber, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Mehran, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Obaidur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Juwel, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rani, Usha, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashedi, Sina, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rasul, Azad, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Reitsma, Marissa B, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riad, Abanoub, Rikhtegar, Reza, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Rogowski, Emma L B, Ronfani, Luca, Rudd, Kristina E, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Saeed, Umar, Safary, Azam, Safi, Sher Zaman, Sahebazzamani, Maryam, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sakhamuri, Sateesh, Salehi, Sana, Salman, Muhammad, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sarkhosh, Maryam, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Seylani, Allen, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shamshad, Hina, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku, Sharhani, Asaad, Sharifi, Azam, Sharma, Purva, Sheidaei, Ali, Shenoy, Suchitra M, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin, Shivakumar, K M, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shobeiri, Parnian, Simegn, Wudneh, Simpson, Colin R, Singh, Harpreet, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Paramdeep, Siwal, Samarjeet Singh, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sood, Prashant, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Suleman, Muhammad, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tahamtan, Alireza, Taheri, Majid, Taheri Soodejani, Moslem, Taki, Elahe, Talaat, Iman M, Tampa, Mircea, Tandukar, Sarmila, Tat, Nathan Y, Tat, Vivian Y, Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfaye, Azene, Tesfaye, Degefa Gomora, Tessema, Belay, Thapar, Rekha, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tiyuri, Amir, Tleyjeh, Imad I, Togtmol, Munkhsaikhan, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tufa, Derara Girma, Ullah, Irfan, Upadhyay, Era, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Vardavas, Constantine, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vo, Bay, Vu, Linh Gia, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yu, Waris, Abdul, West, T Eoin, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zandifar, Alireza, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zar, Heather J, Zare, Iman, Zareshahrabadi, Zahra, Zarrintan, Armin, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zeng, Wu, Zhang, Mengxi, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Lim, Stephen S, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Brauer, Michael, Hay, Simon I, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2022
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10. Iranian Hydatid Disease Registry: Establishment and Implementation of a Neglected Tropical Disease Registry

Author

Nasibi, Saeid, primary, Mojarrab, Shahnaz, additional, Lashkarizadeh, Mohammad Reza, additional, Shafiei, Mohammad, additional, Saedi Dezaki, Ebrahim, additional, Mahmoudvand, Hossein, additional, Alizadeh, Ardeshir, additional, Mohammadzadeh, Alireza, additional, Adnani Sadati, Seyed Jafar, additional, Mirbadie, Seyed Reza, additional, Keighobadi, Masoud, additional, Gholami, Shirzad, additional, Raeghi, Saber, additional, Abbasi, Masoumeh, additional, Mohtasham, Fatemeh, additional, Ravari, Mehrnaz Sadat, additional, Dabirzadeh, Mansour, additional, Mosavi Anari, Seyed Alireza, additional, Mirjalali, Hamed, additional, Aliakbarian, Mohsen, additional, Abbasifard, Mitra, additional, and Fasihi Harandi, Majid, additional

Published
2023
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11. Anti-proliferative Effect of Satureja sahandica Extraction by Co-administration of Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanosheets on HepG2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line.

Author

Abdol, Hafez, Taghipour, Leila, Raeghi, Saber, Rad, Farzad Arjomandi, and Soltanzadeh, Hossein

Subjects
LAYERED double hydroxides, HEPATOCELLULAR carcinoma, CELL lines, SAVORY (Herb), NANOSTRUCTURED materials
Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is acommonsolid tumor and the third cause of cancer death worldwide. Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a serious challenge in the treatment of HCC. To address this challenge, therefore, attempts have been made to develop novel anticancer agents by using medicinal plants and producing novel natural chemical compounds. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of the Satureja sahandica extraction combined with layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets on the HepG2 HCC cell line. Methods: The anti-proliferative effects of S. sahandica extraction and LDH nanosheets on HCC cell line HepG2 were investigated by adopting the MTT method. The morphological alterations, migration, and apoptosis rates were also evaluated in the treated cancer cells. The apoptosis-related genes mRNA expressions (BAX and BCL2) were examined by performing real-time PCR. Results: According to the study results, the S. sahandica extraction treatments significantly decreased the viability and proliferation of the HCC cell line HepG2. However, the anticancer activity of the S. sahandica extraction and LDH nanosheet combination was significantly less than its monotherapy. Various morphological alterations and apoptosis rates increased in the cancer cells. However, the migration rate of the cancer cells significantly decreased. Furthermore, the expressions of BAX and BCL2 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Conclusions: In sum, the significant anti-proliferative activity of the S. sahandica extraction against the HCC cells was documented, which may have been due to the induction of apoptosis. However, LDH nanosheets decreased the anti-proliferative activity of S. sahandica extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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13. Morphological and molecular characterization of Fasciola isolates from livestock in Golestan province, northern Iran.

Author

Sharbatkhori, Mitra, Nasibi, Saeid, Mohammadi, Mohammad Ali, Aryaeipour, Mojgan, Raeghi, Saber, and Fasihi Harandi, Majid

Subjects
FASCIOLA, FASCIOLA hepatica, LIVER flukes, FASCIOLIASIS, LIVESTOCK, PHYTOPLASMAS
Abstract

Background: Fascioliasis, caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, is a global zoonotic helminthic disease. The livestock and human are the final hosts of the parasites. Northern Iran is an important endemic region for fascioliasis. Few studies have been conducted on the characterization of Fasciola isolates from eastern regions of the Caspian littoral of the country. Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify F. hepatica, F. gigantica and intermediate/hybrid forms of Fasciola isolates from livestock in Golestan province, northern Iran, using morphometric and molecular tools. Methods: Livestock livers naturally infected with Fasciola spp. were collected from Golestan slaughterhouse during 2019–2020. The worms were morphometrically studied using a calibrated stereomicroscope. Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples, and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) was performed on internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region using Rsa1 restriction enzyme. All the isolates were then analysed by multiplex PCR on Pepck region. Results: A total of 110 Fasciola isolates were collected from the infected livers, including 94 sheep, 12 cattle and 4 goats. Morphometric analysis of 61 adult Fasciola isolates indicated that, 44 and 17 isolates belonged to F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. Eighty‐one and 29 isolates belonged to F. hepatica and F. gigantica using ITS1‐RFLP, respectively. However, Pepck Multiplex PCR indicated 72 F. hepatica, 26 F. gigantica and 12 intermediate/hybrid forms. All 12 hybrid isolates were found in sheep host. Two isolates were identified as F. gigantica using morphometry and F. hepatica using both molecular methods. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the existence of both F. hepatica and F. gigantica species and reported the first molecular evidence of hybrid Fasciola isolates in ruminants of Golestan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. SARS-CoV-2 detection in hospital indoor environments, NW Iran

Author

Mohammadi, Amir, primary, Soleimani, Ali, additional, Abdolahnejad, Ali, additional, Ahmed, Morshad, additional, Akther, Tanzina, additional, Nemati-Mansour, Sepideh, additional, Raeghi, Saber, additional, Rashedi, Gholam Hossein, additional, and Miri, Mohammad, additional

Published
2022
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18. Genotype Distribution of Enterobius vermicularis Isolates from Northwest Provinces of Iran.

Author

Shilanabadi, Kaveh Figh, Derakhshan, Fatemeh Khadivi, and Raeghi, Saber

Subjects
ENTEROBIUS, CYTOCHROME oxidase, GENOTYPES, HAPLOTYPES, SYMPTOMS
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Human infection with Enterobius vermicularis occurs worldwide. The most common clinical manifestation of a pinworm infection is an itchy anal region. This parasite is incidentally found in appendicitis. This study aims to characterize and genotype this parasite from different samples inferred by mt-DNA. METHODS: Forty appendectomies for acute clinical appendicitis, 40 positive scotch-tape samples, and 10 adult females worm isolated from patients. Genetic differentiation, haplotype differences, and isolates population structure were analyzed based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. RESULTS: It has been demonstrated that all isolations in the appendectomies specimens are similar, and the genetic difference divergence is seen in adult worm specimens. The neutral indices of the samples did not show a significant difference and show that there is no intra-specific and population distribution diversity. CONCLUSION: Our results show different haplotypes in the B type of E. vermicularis population and add new information about genotyping of these parasites in Iran. In comparison with other studies, intra-specific variation of this parasite from Iran was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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21. Injury burden in individuals aged 50 years or older in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Al-Hajj, Samar, primary, Farran, Sarah H, additional, Sibai, Abla Mehio, additional, Hamadeh, Randah R, additional, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, additional, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, additional, Sadeghian, Farideh, additional, Ghodsi, Zahra, additional, Alhajyaseen, Wael, additional, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, additional, Abbasi, Behzad, additional, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, additional, Abdoli, Amir, additional, Abdulrahman, Salam Abdulqadir, additional, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, additional, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, additional, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, additional, Ahadinezhad, Bahman, additional, Ahmad, Sajjad, additional, Ahmadi, Ali, additional, Ahmed, Ali, additional, Ahmed, Haroon, additional, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, additional, Ajami, Marjan, additional, Al Hamad, Hanadi, additional, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, additional, Alanzi, Turki M, additional, Alghnam, Suliman A, additional, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Naji, additional, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, additional, Ali, Liaqat, additional, Alimohamadi, Yousef, additional, Alinia, Cyrus, additional, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, additional, Almustanyir, Sami, additional, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, additional, Amini, Saeed, additional, Amiri, Sohrab, additional, Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein, additional, Anoushirvani, Ali Arash, additional, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, additional, Anvari, Davood, additional, Aqeel, Muhammad, additional, Arabloo, Jalal, additional, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, additional, Arulappan, Judie, additional, Aryannejad, Armin, additional, Asgary, Saeed, additional, Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, additional, Ashraf, Tahira, additional, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, additional, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, additional, Azadmanjir, Zahra, additional, Azadnajafabad, Sina, additional, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, additional, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, additional, Azzam, Ahmed Y Y, additional, Bagherieh, Sara, additional, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, additional, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, additional, Bedi, Neeraj, additional, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, additional, Bibi, Sadia, additional, Bijani, Ali, additional, Butt, Nadeem Shafique, additional, Chegini, Zahra, additional, Da'ar, Omar B, additional, Dahlawi, Saad M A, additional, Delavari, Sajad, additional, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, additional, Didehdar, Mojtaba, additional, Djalalinia, Shirin, additional, Doaei, Saeid, additional, Dodangeh, Milad, additional, Eghbalian, Fatemeh, additional, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, additional, El Sayed, Iman, additional, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, additional, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, additional, Elhadi, Muhammed, additional, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, additional, Etemadimanesh, Azin, additional, Ezati Asar, Mohamad, additional, Falahi, Shahab, additional, Farzadfar, Farshad, additional, Fatehizadeh, Ali, additional, Fattahi, Hamed, additional, Foroutan, Masoud, additional, Ghafourifard, Mansour, additional, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, additional, Ghanbari, Reza, additional, Ghanei Gheshlagh, Reza, additional, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, additional, Gholamalizadeh, Maryam, additional, Ghorbani, Alireza, additional, Gilani, Syed Amir, additional, Gohari, Kimiya, additional, Goleij, Pouya, additional, Grivna, Michal, additional, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, additional, Haddadi, Rasool, additional, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, additional, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, additional, Halwani, Rabih, additional, Hameed, Sajid, additional, Hanif, Asif, additional, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, additional, Hassan, Amr, additional, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, additional, Hassanipour, Soheil, additional, Hassankhani, Hadi, additional, Hayat, Khezar, additional, Heidari, Mohammad, additional, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, additional, Hosseini, Mostafa, additional, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, additional, Househ, Mowafa, additional, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, additional, Huijer, Huda Abu-Saad, additional, Imani, Behzad, additional, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, additional, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, additional, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, additional, Jalili, Mahsa, additional, Javadi Mamaghani, Amirreza, additional, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, additional, Joukar, Farahnaz, additional, Kabir, Ali, additional, Kalankesh, Laleh R, additional, Kalankesh, Leila R, additional, Kalhor, Rohollah, additional, Kamran, Aziz, additional, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, additional, Keykhaei, Mohammad, additional, Khader, Yousef Saleh, additional, Khalilov, Rovshan, additional, Khammarnia, Mohammad, additional, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, additional, Khan, Maseer, additional, Khan, Moien AB, additional, Khanali, Javad, additional, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, additional, Khosravizadeh, Omid, additional, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, additional, Koohestani, Hamid Reza, additional, Koolaji, Sogol, additional, Lami, Faris Hasan, additional, Lasrado, Savita, additional, Madadizadeh, Farzan, additional, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, additional, Mahdavi, Mahdi, additional, Mahjoub, Soleiman, additional, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, additional, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, additional, Makki, Alaa, additional, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, additional, Malekzadeh, Reza, additional, Malih, Narges, additional, Malik, Ahmad Azam, additional, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, additional, Mansouri, Borhan, additional, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, additional, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, additional, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, additional, Menezes, Ritesh G, additional, Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, additional, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, additional, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, additional, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, additional, Mohammadi, Heidar, additional, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, additional, Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh, additional, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, additional, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, additional, Moludi, Jalal, additional, Momtazmanesh, Sara, additional, Moradi, Maryam, additional, Moradi, Masoud, additional, Moradpour, Farhad, additional, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, additional, Mortazavi, Nazanin, additional, Mortazavi, Seyede Salehe, additional, Najafi, Houshang, additional, Najafpour, Zhila, additional, Natto, Zuhair S, additional, Nazari, Javad, additional, Nouraei, Hasti, additional, Nouri, Fatemeh, additional, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, additional, Omar Bali, Ahmed, additional, Omer, Emad, additional, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, additional, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, additional, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, additional, Pourbagher-Shahri, AliMohammad, additional, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, additional, Rabiee, Mohammad, additional, Rabiee, Navid, additional, Raeghi, Saber, additional, Rafieemehr, Hassan, additional, Rafiei, Sima, additional, Rahim, Fakher, additional, Rahimi-Dehgolan, Shahram, additional, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, additional, Rahmanian, Vahid, additional, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, additional, Rao, Chythra R, additional, Rashedi, Vahid, additional, Rashidi, Amirfarzan, additional, Rashidi, Mahsa, additional, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, additional, Rasul, Azad, additional, Rawassizadeh, Reza, additional, Rayegani, Seyed-Mansoor, additional, Rezaei, Nazila, additional, Rezaei, Negar, additional, Rezaei, Saeid, additional, Rezaei, Zahed, additional, Rezaeian, Mohsen, additional, Rezapur-Shahkolai, Forouzan, additional, Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba, additional, Saadati, Mohammad, additional, Sabour, Siamak, additional, Saddik, Basema, additional, Saeed, Umar, additional, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, additional, Safarpour, Hamid, additional, Safdarian, Mahdi, additional, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, additional, Salamati, Payman, additional, Salem, Marwa Rashad, additional, Samy, Abdallah M, additional, Sanadgol, Nima, additional, Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem, additional, Sarikhani, Yaser, additional, Sarveazad, Arash, additional, Sathian, Brijesh, additional, Sayyah, Mehdi, additional, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, additional, Shahabi, Saeed, additional, Shaikh, Masood Ali, additional, Shaker, Elaheh, additional, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, additional, Sharifian, Sakineh, additional, Shati, Mohsen, additional, Shehata, Hatem Samir, additional, Sheidaei, Ali, additional, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, additional, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, additional, Shobeiri, Parnian, additional, Siabani, Soraya, additional, Sivandzadeh, Gholam Reza, additional, Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad, additional, Sohrabi, Ahmad, additional, Tabaeian, Seidamir Pasha, additional, Tabary, Mohammadreza, additional, Tabibian, Elnaz, additional, Taheri, Ensiyeh, additional, Taheri, Majid, additional, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, additional, Tiyuri, Amir, additional, Tohidast, Seyed Abolfazl, additional, Ullah, Saif, additional, Vahedi, Parviz, additional, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, additional, Valizadeh, Rohollah, additional, Varmaghani, Mehdi, additional, Vo, Bay, additional, Waheed, Yasir, additional, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, additional, Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh, additional, Yousefi, Zabihollah, additional, Yusefi, Hossein, additional, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, additional, Zandian, Hamed, additional, Zare, Iman, additional, Ziapour, Arash, additional, and Mokdad, Ali H, additional

Published
2022
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23. Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran.

Author

Nazari, Naser, Rokni, Mohamad Bagher, Ichikawa‐Seki, Madoka, Raeghi, Saber, Hajjaran, Homa, Falahi, Shahab, Hamzavi, Yazdan, Heydarian, Peyman, Davari, Afshin, Ghadiri, Keyphobad, and Bozorgomid, Arezoo

Subjects
FASCIOLA, GENETIC markers, FASCIOLA hepatica, GENETIC variation, HAPLOTYPES, GENE amplification
Abstract

Background: Several markers have been described to characterise the population structure and genetic diversity of Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica(F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica). However, sequence analysis of a single genomic locus cannot provide sufficient resolution for the genetic diversity of the Fasciola parasite whose genomes are ∼1.3 GB in size. Objectives: To gain a better understanding of the gene diversity of Fasciola isolates from western Iran and to identify the most informative markers as candidates for epidemiological studies, five housekeeping genes were evaluated using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach. Methods: MLST analysis was developed based on five genes (ND1, Pepck, Pold, Cyt b and HSP70) after genomic DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Nucleotide diversity and phylogeny analysis were conducted on both concatenated MLST loci and each individual locus. A median joining haplotype network was created to examine the haplotypes relationship among Fasciola isolates. Results: Thirty‐three Fasciola isolates (19 F. hepatica and 14 F. gigantica) were included in the study. A total of 2971 bp was analysed for each isolate and 31 sequence types (STs) were identified among the 33 isolates (19 for F. hepatica and 14 for F. gigantica isolates). The STs produced 44 and 42 polymorphic sites and 17 and 14 haplotypes for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. Haplotype diversity was 0.982 ± 0.026 and 1.000 ± 0.027 and nucleotide diversity was 0.00200 and 0.00353 ± 0.00088 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. There was a high degree of genetic diversity with a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.98 and 1 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. While HSP70 and Pold haplotypes from Fasciola species were separated by one to three mutational steps, the haplotype networks of ND1 and Cyt b were more complex and numerous mutational steps were found, likely due to recombination. Conclusions: Although HSP70 and Pold genes from F. gigantica were invariant over the entire region of sequence coverage, MLST was useful for investigating the phylogenetic relationship of Fasciola species. The present study also provided insight into markers more suitable for phylogenetic studies and the genetic structure of Fasciola parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. Toxoplasma gondii And Neospora caninum In Brain Tissue Of Rodents In North-West Iran

Author

Nazari, Naser, Shojaee, Saeedeh, Mohebali, Mehdi, Teimouri, Aref, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Raeghi, Saber, Shiee, Mohammad Reza, Azarakhsh, Yousef, and Bozorgomid, Arezoo

Subjects
PCR, rodents, parasitic diseases, prevalence, Neospora, Research and Reports [Veterinary Medicine], Iran, Toxoplasma, Original Research
Abstract

Naser Nazari,1 Saeedeh Shojaee,2 Mehdi Mohebali,2 Aref Teimouri,2,3 Keyghobad Ghadiri,4 Saber Raeghi,5 Mohammad Reza Shiee,2,3 Yousef Azarakhsh,6 Arezoo Bozorgomid4 1Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 5Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; 6Department of Biology, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Arezoo BozorgomidInfectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranTel +98 918 872 8269Email arezoobozorgomid@yahoo.comPurpose: Rodents live in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These creatures can serve as reservoir hosts for many zoonotic parasites; therefore, they increase the risk of human infections. The aim of this study was to investigate Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in rodents caught in Meshgin-Shahr District, Iran.Patients and methods: In a cross-sectional study, brain samples were collected from 70 rodents caught in Meshgin-Shahr District during March and December 2015. The specimens were examined for exposure to T. gondii and N. caninum with molecular methods.Results: Seventy rodents were caught, including 50 Meriones persicus, 11 Mus musculus and 9 Cricetulus migratorius. Thirty rodents were female and 40 were males. Using PCR (B1 gene), T. gondii was detected in 7.1% (5/70) of the rodents while N. caninum was not detected. The prevalence of Toxoplasma infection was higher in female rodents (4.28%) compared to male rodents (2.86%), but the difference was not significant.Conclusion: The results showed a low risk of T. gondii and N. caninum among rodents. Finally, further research is needed to understand the role of these rodent species in the transmission of the above protozoan pathogens to humans and livestock in this area.Keywords: rodents, Neospora, Toxoplasma, prevalence, PCR, Iran

Published
2019

28. Comments on 'Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola species based on ITS2 gene sequence, with first molecular evidence of intermediate Fasciola from water buffaloes in Aswan, Egypt'

Author

Rouhani, Soheila, Bozorgomid, Arezoo, Hossein, Galavani, and Raeghi, Saber

Subjects
Male, Fascioliasis, Buffaloes, Animals, Cattle Diseases, Cattle, Egypt, DNA, Helminth, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola, Phylogeny, Triclabendazole
Abstract

Dear Editor-in-Chief, In Annals of Parasitology 2021, 67(1), 55-65, a paper entitled "Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola species based on ITS2 gene sequence, with first molecular evidence of intermediate Fasciola from water buffaloes in Aswan, Egypt" was published with great interest [1]. After reading the article carefully and critically, we think some points should be noted. Fasciola species are meiotically functional diploid, can produce sperm and temporarily and store in the seminal vesicles. This type is named spermic fluke [2]. On the other hand, intermediate Fasciola with morphological characteristics intermediates between F. hepatica and F. gigantica with no sperm or aspermic and no sperm in seminal vesicles. However, this is also seen in older flukes [3-5]. It seems that morphological studies based on spermatogenesis ability were necessary for this study. Also, this parasite's anthelmintic resistance is due to aspects of biology, and population structure depends on genetic diversity [6]. We question whether there are any documents about and sequences of mitochondrial markers as COX (Cytochrome Oxidase) and NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to analyze intraspecific phylogenetic relationship in addition to nuclear gene? In Table 3, the pairwise distances between three groups of Fasciola spp. from different livestock animals were low, ranging from 0.004 to 0.01 with an overall mean of 0.008. Genetic diversity is described as a tendency of genetic characteristics to vary and serves as a way for the population to adapt to changing hosts and environments [7]. The nature of the nuclear gene (ITS) is instability. It is better to use mitochondrial sequence data to compare diversity. Also, genetic discrimination grade from infra population to meta population is annotated by Fst value ranging; 0 to 1. Fst values between 0-0.05 indicated a low genetic differentiation population [8]. It seems that by calculating Fst and showing the gene migration based on mitochondrial sequences data of specimens, this study's species population will be obtained. Also, Tajima's D and Fu's F in all loci populations based on GenBank data may show the Fasciola haplotypes' population proximity. Here we recommend, that Omar et al. [1] studies that molecular phylogeny with mitochondrial DNA efectively used for appropriate diferentiation of haplotypes and spermatogenic ability by carmen allium staining helps them find the physiological aspects. Of course, more prominent populations are needed to find intermediate types. [1] Omar M.A, Elmajdoub L.O., Ali A.O., Ibrahim D.A., Sorour S.S., Al-Wabel M.A., Suresh M., Metwally A.M. 2021. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola species based on ITS2 gene sequence, with first molecular evidence of intermediate Fasciola from water buffaloes in Aswan, Egypt. Annals of Parasitology 67: 55-65. doi:10.17420/ap6701.312 [2] Sanderson A. 1953. Maturation and probable gynogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L. Nature 172: 110-112. doi:10.1038/172110a0 [3] Hayashi K., Ichikawa-Seki M., Mohanta U.K., Singh T.S., Shoriki T., Sugiyama H., Itagaki T. 2015. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola flukes from eastern India. Parasitology International 64: 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2015.04.004 [4] Ichikawa-Seki M., Tokashiki M., Opara M.N., Iroh G., Hayashi K., Kumar U.M., Itagaki T. 2017. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola gigantica from Nigeria. Parasitology International 66: 893-897. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.010 [5] Rouhani S., Raeghi S., Mirahmadi H., Fasihi Harandi M., Haghighi A., Spotin A. 2017. Identification of Fasciola spp. in the east of Iran, based on the spermatogenesis and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS1) and mitochondrial (ND1) genes. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 12:e57283. doi:10.5812/archcid.57283 [6] Hodgkinson J., Cwiklinski K., Beesley N., Paterson S., Williams D., Devaney E. 2013. Identification of putative markers of triclabendazole resistance by a genome-wide analysis of genetically recombinant Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 140: 1523. doi:10.1017/S0031182013000528 [7] Bozorgomid A., Rouhani S., Harandi M.F., Ichikawa- Seki M., Raeghi S. 2020. Genetic diversity and distribution of Fasciola hepatica haplotypes in Iran: molecular and phylogenetic studies. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 19: 00359. [8] Rouhani S., Raeghi S., Spotin A. 2017. Spermatogenic and phylo-molecular characterizations of isolated Fasciola spp. from cattle, North West Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 20: 204-209.

Published
2021

35. Prevalence and subtype identification of Blastocystis isolated from humans in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran

Author

Salehi, Roya, Haghighi, Ali, Stensvold, C. Rune, Kheirandish, Farnaz, Azargashb, Eznelloah, Raeghi, Saber, Kohansal, Cobra, and Bahrami, Fares

Subjects
Subtypes. South western Iran, Blastocystis, Prevalence, Original Article
Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis and its relation with demographic data and symptoms in humans referred to medical centers in Ahvaz 2014-2015. Background: Infections with intestinal parasites are one of the most important threats to human health worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Blastocystis sp. is a common parasite of humans with a vast variety of non-human hosts. We aimed to study the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in individuals referred to medical laboratories in Ahvaz city, southwest Iran. Methods: From September 2014 to September 2015, 618 stool samples were collected from 16 medical laboratories in Ahvaz, and examined using direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, a modified version of the Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique, and cultivation in xenic HSr + S medium. Subtypes of positive Blastocysts sp. were obtained using the “barcoding” method. The results were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16, with Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Totally, 325 (52.6%) of the referred individuals were men and 293 (47.4%) were women. Blastocystis sp. was observed in 146 (23.6%) samples. Co-infections with other intestinal parasites were found in 32 (5.17%) cases. Out of the 146 positive isolates, 20.83%, 20.83% and 58.34% belonged to ST1, ST2, ST3 respectively. Conclusion: Blastocystis sp. was quite common in the study population, with a carrier rate corresponding to nearly one in every four individuals. The subtype distribution identified in the present study was largely identical to that reported from other studies in Iran, with ST3 being the most common.

Published
2017

37. Sequence Analysis of Pvama-1 among Plasmodium Vivax Isolates in Sistan-Baluchistan.

Author

Mirahmadi, Hadi, Safari, Tahere, Metanat, Malihe, Tabatabaei, Seyed Mehdi, Mehravaran, Ahmad, and Raeghi, Saber

Subjects
PLASMODIUM vivax, SEQUENCE analysis, AMINO acid sequence, NUCLEOTIDE sequence, ERYTHROCYTES, TRYPANOSOMA
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Apical Membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is an important membrane protein that presents in all Plasmodium species and participates in critical phases in the attraction of cells. In human, it is one of the most immunodominant antigens with a protective immune response simulation role Apical Membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is an important membrane protein which presents in all Plasmodium species and is located on the surface of merozoite and sporozoites that participates in critical phases in attraction of human red blood cells by merozoites and hepatocytes by sporozoites, so in human, it is one of the most immunodominant antigens with a protective immune response simulation role. Since extra information is necessary to lighten of AMA-1 scope, we equaled genetic variation in P.vivax AMA-1 from 40 Iranian isolates with those reported from the other malarious countries. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 40 patients' positive of P.vivax, and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood. The nucleotide sequence for 446 amino acid (AA) residues (42-488 of PvAMA-1) of AMA-1 gene was amplified via PCR and then sequenced. RESULTS: A total of 24 different haplotypes were recognized between samples. No new haplotype was determined in this research that was reported previously in other regions of Iran and the world. We detected 37-point mutations at the nucleotide level in their sequences and showed 43 amino acid variations, at 37 positions in which 6 sites demonstrate trimorphic polymorphism, and the others were dimorphic. CONCLUSION: Sequence analysis of the major haplotype showed 95% similarity with P.vivax Sal-1 AMA-1 gene and high level of allelic diversity at the domain I of PvAMA-1 among P. vivax isolates of Iran. Because PvAMA-1 is noticeable as vaccine candidate antigen, these documents provide valuable information for the development of malaria vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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38. Molecular phylogenetic and genetic variability of Fasciola gigantica in Kermanshah province, western Iran with an overview to understand haplotypes distribution in Asia and Africa.

Author

Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Bashiri, Homayoon, Raeghi, Saber, Teimouri, Aref, Shojaeimotlagh, Vahid, Shiee, Mohammad Reza, and Bozorgomid, Arezoo

Subjects
MOLECULAR phylogeny, SLAUGHTERING, GENOTYPES, DEHYDROGENASES, HAPLOTYPES
Abstract

Over the last decade, diagnostic tools to detect and differentiate Fasciola species have improved, but our understanding of the distribution of haplotypes and population structure of this parasite is less clear. This study was designed to survey this gap in the F. gigantica epidemiology in Kermanshah province, western Iran from 2015 to 2017. Sixty-eight Fasciola isolates were collected from slaughterhouses from this province. We evaluated the PCR-RFLP assay of the ITS1 genes for the identification of Fasciola species using the RsaI enzyme. After Fasciola species identification, the partial sequence of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene of F. gigantica was used for subsequent construction of the phylogenetic tree and network analysis. Based on the PCR-PRFLP profile, one (6.25%) of sheep isolates and 19 (39.60%) of cattle isolates were detected as F. gigantica, whereas 93.75% of sheep isolates, 60.40% of cattle isolates and all of the goat isolates were F. hepatica. In the 20 analyzed flukes, five ND1 haplotypes were detected. Statistically significant genetic differentiation was demonstrated between the Iran population and all the other populations. Evidence is presented for the existence of two well-separated populations: African and West Asian gigantica flukes and East Asian gigantica flukes. Genetic relationships among haplotypes were associated with geographical divisions. Also, our results have heightened our knowledge about the genetic diversity of F. gigantic, providing the first evidence for the existence of two well-separated populations of this parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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43. kDNA and Molecular Typing of Leishmania spp. of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients in Sistan and Baluchestan Province with Low Amount of Parasite.

Author

Mirahmadi, Hadi, Mehravaran, Ahmad, Rezaee, Nasrin, Gholizadeh, Saber, Raeghi, Saber, and Roointan, Elham-Sadat

Subjects
KINETOPLASTS, LEISHMANIA, CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis, RESTRICTION fragment length polymorphisms, POLYMERASE chain reaction
Abstract

Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, is endemically observed in different parts of Iran in two forms of anthroponotic and zoonotic. The identification of both species and the type of disease are beneficial for treatment and prevention. Microscopic identification of Leishmania species has not provided promising efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine the Leishmania species that are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Zahedan/ Iran by using PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. Method: Direct smears were obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis suspected individuals with low parasitemia in cutaneous lesions referred to Zahedan health centers. Eventually, the DNA was extracted from smears using DNA extraction kit. PCR was used to amplify both Leishmania kinetoplastic DNA (kDNA) and ITS1 locus of ribosomal DNA. Additionally, PCR-RFLP on ITS1 products was conducted to determine parasite species. Results: PCR-RFLP test (detecting ITS1 locus) on all positive samples in microscopic analysis led to the identification of Leishmania major in 52 samples (54.7%), and 43 cases were detected to have Leishmania tropica (45.3%). On the other hand, kDNA-PCR results indicated a frequency of 68 (55.7%) for L. major and 54 (44.3%) for L. tropica. Conclusion: Due to the high frequency of kDNA in parasitic genome, PCR-kDNA compared to PCR-RFLP shows a higher efficiency and accuracy not only in identifying infection, but also in determining parasite species, especially among the patients with fewer lesions. This study also indicates that both L. tropica and L. major could be found in Zahedan, with a greater tropical leishmaniasis endemicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

44. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitological, Serological, and Molecular Methods.

Author

Mohebali, Mehdi, Arzamani, Kourosh, Zarei, Zabiholah, Akhoundi, Behnaz, Hajjaran, Homa, Raeghi, Saber, Heidari, Zahra, Motavalli-Haghi, Seyed Mousa, Elikaee, Samira, Mousazadeh-Mojarrad, Ahmad, and Kakoei, Zahra

Subjects
LEISHMANIASIS, CANIDAE, PARASITOLOGY, AGGLUTINATION tests, HIV-positive persons
Abstract

Background: Although many studies had been conducted on various aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in domestic dogs in the endemic areas of Iran, investigations on CVL in wild canines are rare. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to 2013 in northeast of Iran where human VL is endemic. Wild canines were trapped around the areas where human VL cases had been previously identified. Wild canines were collected and examined both clinically and serologically using direct agglutination test (DAT). Microscopically examinations were performed in all the seropositive wild canines for the presence of the amastigote form of Leishmania spp. Some Leishmania sp. which had been isolated from the spleens of wild canines, were examined analyzed by conventional PCR and sequencing techniques using α-tubulin and GAPDH genes. Results: Altogether, 84 wild canines including foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n=21), Jackals (Canis aureus, n=60) and wolves (Canis lupus, n=3) were collected. Four foxes and seven jackals showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies with titers of 1:320-1:20480 in DAT. Furthermore, one fox and one jackal were parasitologically (microscopy and culture) positive and L. infantum was confirmed by sequence analysis. Conclusion: The present study showed that sylvatic cycle of L. infantum had been established in the studied endemic areas of VL in northeastern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016

45. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019

Author

Kevin S Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Gisela Robles Aguilar, Fablina Sharara, Tomislav Mestrovic, Authia P Gray, Nicole Davis Weaver, Eve E Wool, Chieh Han, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Amirali Aali, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Getachew Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Amir Parsa Abhari, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Alicia V Aleman, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kasim Allel, Sami Almustanyir, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Arianna Maever L Amit, Nivedita Anandavelane, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Dewi Anggraini, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Timur Aripov, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Sameh Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Indrajit Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Rose G Bender, Bharti Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Saeid Bitaraf, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jiao Cai, Daniela Calina, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Rosario Cárdenas, Muge Cevik, Joshua Chadwick, Jaykaran Charan, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Patrick R Ching, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Xiaochen Dai, Saswati Das, Anna Dastiridou, Sisay Abebe Debela, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Diriba Dereje, Msganaw Derese, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Belay Desye, Kartik Dhaduk, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Eleonora Dubljanin, Susanna J Dunachie, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur, Habtamu Bekele Ejigu, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Hassan El-Abid, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Amir Emami, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Shahab Falahi, Aida Fallahzadeh, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, João C Fernandes, Allegra Ferrari, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Balasankar Ganesan, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Reza Ghanbari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Amador Goodridge, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Md. Abdul Hannan, Harapan Harapan, Shoaib Hassan, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Jayarajah, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Samad Karkhah, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Patrick DMC Katoto, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mona M Khater, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Niranjan Kissoon, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Fiorella Krapp Lopez, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Naveen Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Stephen S Lim, Wei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Michael J Loftus, Ayush Lohiya, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Galana Ayana Mamo, Yosef Manla, Miquel Martorell, Clara N Matei, Barney McManigal, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Neda Milevska Kostova, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Catrin E Moore, Maryam Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Majid Motaghinejad, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye B Mulu, Sandra B Munro, Saravanan Muthupandian, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Himanshi Narang, Zuhair S Natto, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shumaila Naz, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Jerry John Nutor, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Rahman Md Obaidur, Vivek Anand Ojha, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Nikita Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Shahina Pardhan, Jose L Paredes, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Seoyeon Park, Ashish Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Minjin Peng, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Marcos Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Norberto Perico, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Indrashis Podder, Nayanum Pokhrel, Ramesh Poluru, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Ibrahim Qattea, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Saber Raeghi, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Leila Rahbarnia, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Melese Abate Reta, Nazila Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Abanoub Riad, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Mohsen Safaei, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Francesco Sanmarchi, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich 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Abdul, Harapan, Harapan, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hoogar, Praveen, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Hussein, Nawfal R, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imam, Mohammad Tarique, Immurana, Mustapha, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iradukunda, Arnaud, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, J, Linda Merin, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamshidi, Elham, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Javidnia, Javad, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh, Jebai, Rime, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamal, Vineet Kumar, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karkhah, Samad, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khan, Abba, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Moien AB, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khater, Mona M, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kompani, Farzad, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Krapp Lopez, Fiorella, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha, Kumar, Naveen, Kurmi, Om P, Kuttikkattu, Ambily, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lám, Judit, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lee, Sang-woong, Lenzi, Jacopo, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Wei, Lodha, Rakesh, Loftus, Michael J, Lohiya, Ayush, Lorenzovici, László, Lotfi, Mojgan, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Majeed, Azeem, Majidpoor, Jamal, Makki, Alaa, Mamo, Galana Ayana, Manla, Yosef, Martorell, Miquel, Matei, Clara N, McManigal, Barney, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehrotra, Ravi, Melese, Addisu, Mendoza-Cano, Oliver, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Micha, Georgia, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Mirghafourvand, Mojgan, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Misganaw, Abay Sisay, Misganaw, Awoke, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Syam, Mohseni, Mohammad, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Maryam, Moradi Sarabi, Mostafa, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Motaghinejad, Majid, Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mousavi-Aghdas, Seyed Ali, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mulita, Francesk, Mulu, Getaneh Baye B, Munro, Sandra B, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nair, Tapas Sadasivan, Naqvi, Atta Abba, Narang, Himanshi, Natto, Zuhair S, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Naz, Shumaila, Negoi, Ionut, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Ngwa, Che Henry, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Noroozi, Nafise, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nutor, Jerry John, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obaidur, Rahman Md, Ojha, Vivek Anand, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Otstavnov, Nikita, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palicz, Tamá, Pana, Adrian, Pardhan, Shahina, Paredes, Jose L, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Seoyeon, Pathak, Ashish, Paudel, Rajan, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peng, Minjin, Pensato, Umberto, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Marco, Peres, Mario F P, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Podder, Indrashi, Pokhrel, Nayanum, Poluru, Ramesh, Postma, Maarten J, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Prashant, Akila, Qattea, Ibrahim, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Raeghi, Saber, Rafiei, Sima, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahbarnia, Leila, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ram, Pradhum, Ranjha, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rasul, Azad, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Regasa, Misganu Teshoma, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Reta, Melese Abate, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezapour, Aziz, Riad, Abanoub, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rudd, Kristina E, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeed, Umar, Safaei, Mohsen, Safary, Azam, Safi, Sher Zaman, Sahebazzamani, Maryam, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Salahi, Saina, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salari, Hedayat, Salehi, Sana, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanadgol, Nima, Sankararaman, Senthilkumar, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Seylani, Allen, Shah, Pritik A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku, Sharifi-Razavi, Athena, Sharma, Purva, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Sheikhy, Ali, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin, Shivakumar, K M, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Sunil, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sikder, Mustafa Kamal, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigue, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, Siwal, Samarjeet Singh, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Socea, Bogdan, Solomon, Damtew Damtew, Song, Yimeng, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Suleman, Muhammad, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sultana, Saima, Szócska, Mikló, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabish, 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Rogier, Vaziri, Siavash, Verras, Georgios-Ioanni, Viswanathan, Harimadhav, Vo, Bay, Waris, Abdul, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhong, Chenwen, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Hay, Simon I, Dolecek, Christiane, Sartorius, Benn, Murray, Christopher J L, and Naghavi, Mohsen

Subjects
Male, Bacteria, Syndrome, Bacterial Infections, General Medicine, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Sepsis, Humans, Female, Mortality, Child, Africa South of the Sahara
Abstract

Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

Published
2022

46. Toxoplasma gondii And Neospora caninum In Brain Tissue Of Rodents In North-West Iran.

Author

Nazari N, Shojaee S, Mohebali M, Teimouri A, Ghadiri K, Raeghi S, Shiee MR, Azarakhsh Y, and Bozorgomid A

Abstract

Purpose: Rodents live in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These creatures can serve as reservoir hosts for many zoonotic parasites; therefore, they increase the risk of human infections. The aim of this study was to investigate Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in rodents caught in Meshgin-Shahr District, Iran., Patients and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, brain samples were collected from 70 rodents caught in Meshgin-Shahr District during March and December 2015. The specimens were examined for exposure to T. gondii and N. caninum with molecular methods., Results: Seventy rodents were caught, including 50 Meriones persicus , 11 Mus musculus and 9 Cricetulus migratorius . Thirty rodents were female and 40 were males. Using PCR (B1 gene), T. gondii was detected in 7.1% (5/70) of the rodents while N. caninum was not detected. The prevalence of Toxoplasma infection was higher in female rodents (4.28%) compared to male rodents (2.86%), but the difference was not significant., Conclusion: The results showed a low risk of T. gondii and N. caninum among rodents. Finally, further research is needed to understand the role of these rodent species in the transmission of the above protozoan pathogens to humans and livestock in this area., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2019 Nazari et al.)

Published
2019
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