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Maintenance of oral health and hygiene represents an essential condition in avoiding dental disease for humankind but also for the animal kingdom. This study aimed to present the importance of prevention techniques and treatment options for dental disease in pet rabbits. The research was focused on 16 rabbits that had been diagnosed with dental disease based on clinical and paraclinical examination, we obtained samples from the dental injury site using a sterile cotton swab and followed up with bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity testing for identifying the bacteria and the resistances. Out of 16 samples sent to the laboratory for testing, 4 were negative (25%), showing no bacterial growth, from the rest of the samples the following bacterial strains were identified: 18,75% Staphylococcus spp, 18,75% Streptococcus spp, 6,25% Streptococcus β hemolytic, 6,25% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6,25% Klebsiella spp. 3 cases presented with multiple-strain infection as follows: 6,25% Streptobacillus spp and Klebsiella spp; 6,25% Proteus spp and Streptoccus spp; 6,25% Pseudomonas spp and Streptoccus spp. After obtaining the antibiotic sensitivity test results, we found that the most efficient drug was Amikacin, no bacteria presented resistance to this medicine, and it was followed by Trimethoprim/sulfa (TMPS) and Ciprofloxacin. All the identified bacterial strains were presenting resistance to Amphotericin and Clindamycin. Antimicrobial resistance and the limited availability of veterinary-use-approved drugs constitute strong arguments that sustain the importance of this study in the management of dental disease in pet rabbits.

Rabbits became more and more popular pets these last few years. For assuring their good health and wellbeing both the owners and the veterinarians are equally responsible. Sudden change in diet or inadequate nutrients, poor husbandry or stressing factors can all cause complex systemic pathologies to appear that often start at the oral cavity and the teeth. The aim of this study was to identify and apply the most accurate methods of approach, restrain, examination and diagnosis in dental disease in pet rabbits. This study included 19 rabbits, one of them clinically healthy and 18 were identified with dental disease. The patients had multiple affections but we categorized them according to the primary disease. 6 of them presented with pathologies of the incisors (31.57%), 10 had issues starting with the premolars (52.63%) and 2 with the molars (10.52%). The highest rate was 52.63% represented by the ones that presented dental disease at the premolars. The most met pathology in this study was odontogenic abscess formation in 11 out of 19 cases (57.89%), in most cases the abscesses appeared secondary due to periodontal infections. Knowing the specific features of the oral cavity, of the approach and the restraining methods as well as the clinical and imagistic diagnosing can assure proper management of dental disease in pet rabbits.

Two medium-sized, 7-year-old dogs, with no previous history of pain, presented with acute neurologic symptoms consistent with intervertebral disk disease. Both cases had CT, where cervical pathology was identified. In one dog, the diagnosis was singular extensive cervical disk herniation with possible epidural hemorrhage and in the other, the diagnosis was multiple-site cervical disk herniation. The first dog, a Shar-Pei, underwent treatment with two standard adjacent ventral slots between the C4–C5 and C5–C6 intervertebral disk spaces and a fenestration between the C3 and C4 intervertebral disk spaces. The second case, a beagle, underwent a double adjacent standard ventral slot between the C5–C6 and C6–C7 intervertebral disk spaces. Both dogs recovered uneventfully after the surgery and showed no signs of recurrence during a 2-year follow-up period. This is the first detailed report of the use of a double adjacent ventral slot as a treatment for spinal decompression in medium-sized dogs with multiple-site spinal cord compression.

Abstract: This short communication describes the effect of Doxazosin in case of urinary retention in female dogs due to motor neuron lesions produced by spinal trauma or spinal compression consecutively to intervertebral disk degeneration and extrusion. The study aims to determine whether the treatment of urinary retention in case of neurogenic bladder in female dogs, using 1 adrenergic blocker is effective in spontaneous recovery of the examined patients. Ten female dogs presenting with urinary retention were examined in the laboratory of Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca. The patients were examined using CT, radiography and ultrasonography in order to identify the spinal cord injury that is responsible for neurogenic bladder. The dose of Doxazosin used in treatment of voiding problem in neurogenic bladder was 1mg/kg, single dose per day. Depending on the spinal cord compression cause, the urine retention symptom was resolved.

Introduction: PDA represents one of the most frequently diagnosed type of congenital heart disease. Ductus arteriosus is a normal structure in foetal life, which permits shunting of oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta. Failure of sealing after birth is an abnormal condition and is called patent ductus arteriosus. In normal PDA, due to fact that systemic pressure is fivefold higher than pulmonary circulation, blood is shunted from the aorta into the pulmonary artery. In reverse PDA, pulmonary artery pressure does not drop after birth, and blood will be shunted form right to left. Aims: We want to evaluate clinical, haematological, ECG and echocardiographic changes in case of reverse PDA. Materials and Methods: Two-year old female Bichon Frise was referred to our clinic with signs of effort intolerance and dyspnoea for more than a year. ECG was performed in the right lateral recumbency using a digital device and echocardiography was done with Esaote MyLab40 Vet with a phased array transducer matched with the size of the dog (7.5 MHz). Results: We identified a dog with a good body score, quite alert and without any sign of illness. Haematological investigation underlined polycythaemia and very high PCV. The ECG revealed a normal sinus rhythm with a deep S wave, changes consistent with right ventricle enlargement. Right atrial dilation and right ventricle hypertrophy were found on cardiac ultrasonography. The right ventricle free wall was hypertrophied and interventricular septum was flattened, changes consistent with increased pressure on the right side of the heart. The left heart was small. Positive diagnosis was done, performing “bubble study” and identification of contrast bubble within the abdominal aorta. Conclusion: Reverse PDA is a rarely diagnosed congenital heart disease. Polycythaemia in young dogs could raise the suspicion of reverse PDA. For positive diagnosis, echocardiography and bubble study are required. ECG is not a sensitive tool for diagnosis.

Abstract The body temperature of 10 clinically healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana) was measured using a thermographic camera (FLIR E6, Flir Systems Sweden) before and after the food was offered. For each animal there were performed a total of 6 measurements (3 before feeding and 3 after the food was offered). The purpose of this experiment was to observe the thermographic pattern of the body before and after the feeding, since herbivore reptiles tend to bask after the feeding to increase the body temperature that will help them afterwards digest the food. The animals were housed in individual vivariums with every animal having a basking spot available. The pictures were taken outside the vivarium in an adjacent room. The animals were handled with gloves and transported in a cardboard box in order to avoid heat transfer between the handler and the iguana that would have produced thermal artefacts. Each individual was placed on a table on a styrofoam slate, again, to avoid the heat transfer between the table and the animal`s body. For each animal a total of 4 pictures were taken (up, front, left and right). The pictures were analysed with the FLIR Tools program that is provided by the manufacturer and 3 temperatures were taken into consideration (the head temperature, body temperature on the right side and body temperature on the left side). The temperatures were compared between them and with the temperature of the vivariums that consisted of the average between the temperature in 3 different spots (basking spot, the feeding bowl site and the coldest spot) measured with an infrared thermometer GM300 (Benetech, China). The temperature of the body was dependent on the vivarium temperature and it was a significant temperature difference between the measurements before the feeding and after the feeding. Also we discovered a significant difference between the head temperature and the body temperature on the left side before the feeding that disappeared after the animals ate. There was also a significant difference between the temperature on right side and on left side of the animals both before and after the feeding. No significant temperature difference was observed between the head and the right side of the body neither before nor after the feeding.

The emergence of relatively recent date (1982) in the arsenal of methods to cover soft tissue defects, perforator flap quickly reached top choices surgeons from almost all surgical specialties. Unfortunately not as fast it could move in the direction of understanding and knowledge of physiology and dynamics of such flaps, especially in the venous drainage4. Those who practice it are still seeking ways of becoming more efficient preoperative detection of perforator vessels, for finding ways to mitigate the suffering of the vein which, unfortunately, is still quite a few case’s. That’s why the creation of experimental models to answer all these requirements was a major concern of specialists. But since there is no perfect animal model similar to human anatomy and physiology generally requires developing more experimental models. We aimed to develop an experimental model in pig, the animal relatively less demanding in terms of accommodation and feeding, but is an easy omnivorous compared with a real “eating machine” which, because it grows and gain weight very quickly; this is important in terms of experimental and especially in terms of research in the area of flaps, so that they may not be suitable for longer periods of 4-6 weeks. Pig is one of the best experimental animal models, especially for research in the area of flap. Although pigs and humans among numerous differences exist in terms of vascular, reflected especially in the microcirculation, the rest of anatomical characteristics have many similarities to those in the body uman. First, the pig has a skin covered with relatively little hair, pink - so easy to see changes in vascular territory; skin is largely fixed and intimate attachment to the subcutaneous cellular tissue, like the human body. Although the skin is thicker and on average less vascularized and shows some differences in terms of the microcirculation, its vasculature, as the sequence of wound healing processes is also similar. Among the most obvious differences are: this paniculata carnosus in some regions, namely the trunk; present in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the more numerous small perforator vessels, except for anterolateral trunk, such that the number of perforator vessels is similar in humans and pigs; the scapular-humeral articulation joints, as in areas adjacent to the anterior and posterior midlines the skin is very mobile and is vascularized by large vessels with a special distribution; contrary to the situation in man, pig superior deep epigastric artery territory is much larger than the inferior deep epigastric artery. Considering the above mentioned and the experience of other authors who have developed a number of models of axial flaps (based on internal thoracic penetrating the system, the deep iliac circumflex artery etc.), muscles, musculo-cutaneous flaps, our research team has directed attention to the study of cutaneous and fascio-cutaneous perforator flaps, deepening the results of previous studies and trying to develop new models applicable to humans.

Tissue defects still determine a high surgical interest in finding new and more efficient methods of covering. Perforator flaps are considered one of the most important methods of reconstruction, for defects all over the body. Anatomists, surgeons, radiologists are fervently searching ways to improve their reliability and also strategies to ensure that the chosen flap to be used is the best for that case. It has been proven that tissue defects’ reconstruction involves knowing the exact anatomy and physiology of various vascular sources, but there are still unknown factors that sometimes induce perforator flaps failure. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate by two imagistic methods the perforator vessels in an experimental model of perforator flaps in pig. Methods: The imagistic method employed was the X-ray angiography and Color Doppler vascular ultrasonography with high performance equipment. The explored perforators were located on the body of the experimental model, that was divided in 9 regions and the comparison was made between the perforators identified by imagistic methods and by microsurgical careful dissection. Results: This study revealed that the average sensibility of ultrasound per region was 52.66% and the average sensibility of angiography per region was 35.30% on the entire lot. Conclusion: The Color Doppler ultrasonography is a very reliable method for detection of the perforator vessels, with better results compared with X-ray angiography, detecting even the smaller perforators. So, the surgeon can rely the operative planning on this preoperative vascular exploration.

Coenurosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, typically found in the central nervous system of different livestock such as sheep and goats. The blood plasma from fifteen clinically healthy sheep and six sheep with neurological symptoms was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy in order to establish the contribution of kynurenic acid (KYNA), the neuroprotective metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, to the total fluorescence of the plasma. CT scans were used to confirm the presence of cysts in the central nervous system of sheep with neurological symptoms. The fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and further spectra deconvolution process revealed some significantly lower KYNA contributions to the total plasma fluorescence in sheep with coenurosis compared to healthy controls. Our results indicate that KYNA emission parameters could serve as valuable diagnostic markers, particularly for detecting preclinical cases of coenurosis, thus allowing for improved farm management practices.

Canine hip dysplasia is characterized by joint instability, subluxation, or even luxation of the femoral head, which causes a deformation of the joint with the early production of coxarthrosis. The main purpose of the paper was to determine the incidence of canine hip dysplasia from October 2019 until June 2021 in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca. A total of 173 X-rays on the canine hips were taken between October 2019 and June 2021 in the Radiology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine from Cluj-Napoca. X-rays were taken with the Roentgen TEMCO Grx machine, then imported into the RadiAnt DICOM™ program, and interpreted according to the FCI grading scheme. A total number of 88 X-rays were excluded due to different causes, thus our study presents 85 X-ray images of the hip from different breeds of dogs. From a total of 85 dogs presented in this study, 38 dogs were graded A, 10 dogs were graded B, 22 dogs were classified with grade C, with grade D were classified 6 dogs and with grade E were diagnosed 9 dogs. Out of 85 dogs examined (49 males and 36 females) more than half (N=48; 56,5%) were free from canine hip dysplasia.

Advances in veterinary ophthalmology in recent decades are primarily due to the development of eyeball examination techniques. One of the most advanced, non-invasive, non-contact, and high-resolution techniques is optical coherence tomography (OCT). With this technique, cross-sectional, in vivo images are provided, bringing new insights into the examination of eyeball structures. This technique complements the information provided by the clinical and paraclinical ophthalmic examination. Due to the structural complexity of the eyeball, the imaging examination plays an important role in diagnosing various ocular pathologies and monitoring these pathologies after interventional actions. This study aimed to present and apply this new method of eyeball examination in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of ocular disorders. The objectives of this study were to present the functioning elements, the working method of the tomograph, and the technique of examining the eye in dogs, as well as the analysis and interpretation of the changes found on the image obtained. The biological material used in this study consisted of 18 dogs of different ages and sexes. Eyeball examination was performed using the IVue-100 optical coherence tomography. The results are presented in the form of OCT images of normal and pathological aspects of the eyeball identified in the dogs consulted such as keratoglobus, corneal ulcer, corneal edema, retinal cyst, retinal edema In conclusion, examination of the eyeball with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a highly accurate technique for observing the physiological or pathological condition of the eyeball.

Water intended for human consumption called drinking water must have a neutral pH, that is a pH value of 7. Below this pH value, the water is considered acidic; above this value it becomes alkaline. The pH value range tolerated by the human body is between 6.5 and 9. Alkaline water with pH values between 8.0 and 9.5 is considered one of the best types of drinking water due to its hydrating, detoxifying, and antioxidant effect. This study aimed to follow the biological effect of alkaline water consumption on body weight, blood glucose, and some blood biochemical parameters in a population of 20 rats. Rats were divided into two equal groups, a control group, and an experimental group. Both groups of rats were given 300 ml of water 3 times a day for 40 days. The rats in the control group received tap water from the mains and the rats in the experimental group received alkaline water with a pH of 8.5. Analysis of the physicochemical parameters of the two types of water revealed that their values do not exceed the maximum allowed according to the drinking water quality standards, except for the chloride values and the temporary hardness in alkaline water. The values obtained were analyzed and statistically interpreted and showed that consumption of alkaline water with pH 8.5 does not affect usual water intake, body mass values, and biochemical parameters; it does not produce systemic adverse effects, having a hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, and immunostimulatory effect.

Assessing the behavior of a dog in a shelter is extremely important because the type of behavior can tell us if the animal can be given up for adoption, to whom it can be given up for adoption, if it cannot be given up for adoption and in which direction improvements in behavior need to be made to get it safely given up for adoption. This study aimed to assess the behavior of dogs in a public dog shelter by how a dog behaves towards a person (examiner) in a sequence of situations and to determine the number of individuals who responded with aggression. The behavior test was developed by The Rottweiler Rescue Society (Ontario, Canada) and John Rogerson, Blue Cross, Britain. Following minor modifications, has been used to examine dogs in public shelters. The test contains two additional assessment items from the article "An Evaluation of a Behavior Assessment to Determine the Suitability of Shelter Dogs for Rehoming" [1]. A total of 187 adult dogs were examined, of which 24 were identified with aggressive behavior and the types of aggression identified were dominance, interspecific, or territorial aggression. No behavioral test can show specifically how a dog will behave in a new environment, but the information obtained from the examination can indicate extreme manifestations of canine behavior, such as dominance aggression, possessive aggression, territorial aggression, and separation anxiety.

The present paper is a bibliographical research on canine hip dysplasia using imaging and molecular genetics techniques. Ever since the first description in 1935 made by Schnelle, canine hip dysplasia has remained one of the most diagnosed orthopedic conditions present in the dog breeds. The gold standard method of diagnosis of hip dysplasia is the radiological examination in hip-extended position. While the radiological examination focuses mainly on the individual for the diagnosis of this condition, methods of diagnosis of an entire population are sought, and these methods are represented by molecular genetics techniques. Naming the etiology of canine hip dysplasia and finding out the latest methods of genetically and radiologically diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia and the best alternatives of treatment for this disease. Canine hip dysplasia continues to be a major problem for owners, breeders and veterinarians. Currently, there are five standardized systems worldwide that deal with the grading of canine hip dysplasia. In addition to digital radiology, CT and ultrasonographic examination are feasible diagnosis methods. Even if the standard method of diagnosis remains the radiological examination in the present, the near future provides to be of the molecular genetic techniques.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission affecting the neuromuscular junction. The majority of cases involve an autoimmune attack against AChR, but a limited number of patients are seronegative for AChR antibodies. Viral infection is incriminated as a trigger for MG occurrence, and in a limited number of reports, infection with SARS-CoV-2 was found to be associated with MG expression in humans. In this report, we describe case of seronegative generalized MG in a 2-year-old crossbred female dog associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection due to close exposure to an infected owner.

Spinal cord lesion can be presented as acute, in cases of trauma such as fractures, hematomas and inflammation, or can progress slowly in some chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to identify the sensitivity and specificity of CT examination in diagnostics of different causes of spinal compression in dogs. In this study, different cases with same nature of progressed signs and no findings on x-ray imaging were presented for investigation. All cases were demonstrated for spinal impact sings according to the neurological examination and were good candidates for CT imaging. The study was conducted on 196 dogs, evaluated through CT examination between 2015 and 2017. All dogs arrived with signs suggesting spinal cord lesion of varying degrees, those sings progressed with time but had no evident of spinal lesion in x-ray imaging. Different diagnostics were made based on the CT scans and the cases were divided based on that. For the dogs in the study, signs of spinal compression were evaluated, being taken in consideration the presence of hypo or hyper attenuating material in the medullary canal, integrity of the spinal canal and the vertebral body, the values of A and H index, location of the spinal lesion and presence of vacuum phenomena. Computed tomography examination of the vertebral column proved to be a valuable tool that completed the neurologic examination and show a high sensitivity (94.48%) and a high specificity (87.88%) in diagnostic of spinal cord compression.

Experimental study in animal model - female Wistar rats – using two types of bisphosphonates (ibandronic acid and denosumab) for treating osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy, performing extractions in the maxillary central incisors and occurance of bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) after the dental extractions. The appearance of BRONJ in female Wistar rats which had undergone ovariectomy in advance and received two types of bisphosphonates and a comparison between 3 groups show that BRONJ it is first diagnosticated radiological, before it is first signs in oral cavity. Therefore, careful monitoring of patients undergoing bisphosphonate therapy is essential in the clear and accurate diagnosis of BRONJ. According to the experiment conducted by us, the administration of this class of bisphosphonates has antibacterial effects, decrease osteoclasts activity and thus decrease the bone resorption, but as a secondary main effect it induces BRONJ after performing routine dental surgeries.

The aim of the study was to identify the area and the radiological procedure and parameters for lungs and thorax examination in horses, using a mobile double arms X-Ray device. The study was conducted on 10 horses that were presented to the radiology clinic for pulmonary investigation. The study was conducted using a double arms X-Ray device. The patients were clinically evaluated and for the radiological investigation the horses were sedated and a helper restrained also the patient in a proper position. The mobile arms of the device give the possibility of adjusting the distance between the X-Ray tube and the detector, because of these one or two exposures were enough to examine the entire thoracic cavity. The interstitial patter is more evident in horses that in small mammals given the gross anatomy of the lungs. The radiological parameters were adjusted according to thoracic cavity depth. Radiographic examination is a necessary tool that completes the clinical examination. The up-to-date detectors used in veterinary radiology give the clinician the possibility of a detailed examination of the lung parenchyma and the thorax structures.

Numerous studies on heritage violins have shown that there are a number of factors that contribute to the acoustic quality of old violins. Among them are the geometric shape of the violin, the thickness of the tiles, the arching of the tiles, the dimensions and position of the bass bar, the size and position of the acoustic holes. Thus, the paper aims to compare the structural and constructive elements of old violins made in various famous violin workshops (Stainer, Klotz, Leeb, Babos Bela), using nondestructive and noncontact techniques based on image analysis. The violins that were studied date from 1716 to 1920, being in good condition, most of them being used by artists from the Brașov Philharmonic of Romania. In the first stage of the study, the violins were optically analyzed and scanned to identify the structure of the resonant wood, using the WinDENDRO Density 2007 program. X-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) were also used. Combining the types of analyses, capitalizing on the expertise of violin producers and the knowledge of researchers in the field, valuable data on the geometric and constructive characteristics of old violins were extracted.

Introduction: An essential quality of non-ionic contrast agents is that of containing in their chemical composition, elements with high atomic weight, which determine an increasing absorption of the X-ray beam and this will cause intense radiopacity. The possibilities for radiological exploration with non-ionic contrast agents are very wide. Currently the radiological examination with contrast agent no longer constitutes a risky step in medical diagnosis. Aims: To highlight the importance of using the non-ionic contrast agents Optiray 350 and Ultravist 370 in dog’s myelography and to compare the changes induced in cerebrospinal fluid and blood biochemical constituents by the administration of those non-ionic contrast substances. Materials and Methods: To determine the influence of non-ionic preparations Optiray 350 and Ultravist 370 on cerebrospinal fluid and on some haematological parameters were included in the study a total of 10 dogs. Results: Myelographies with Optiray 350 and Ultravist 370 in dogs with severe spinal condition negatively influence biochemical and haematological blood status, being necessary to take preventive measures. Optiray 350 and Ultravist 370 administration cause a slight sensitization of liver with blood biochemical parameters return to normal within 24-48 hours. Conclusion: Non-ionic contrast agents Optiray 350 and Ultravist 370 offer a very good opacification of the subarachnoidian space, but because it causes liver sensitization, we recommend using them with caution and only after a prior check of liver function.

The aim of this study was to establish a specific interdisciplinary protocol for evaluation of horses with spinal cord compression. A filly was presented with signs of ataxia at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. After neurological examination the presumptive diagnostic was spinal cord compression. Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed for radiological examination in lateral recumbency with head elevated. After antisepsia of cervical region, a Tuohy needle was inserted in atlanto-occipital space and contrast substance was administrated. Radiographic images of the cervical vertebral column were obtained in the neutral, flexed, and extended head positions. The anesthesia protocol was effective, the needle was placed safely in the subarachnoid space and the contrast substance flowed caudally. The obtained radiographic images confirmed spinal cord compressions at the level of cervical vertebrae C3, C4, C5. This working protocol was effective to obtain radiographical images with contrast substance in horses with neurological diseases.

The behavior of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil is determined by several factors including adsorption, mobility and degradation. Adsorption, directly or indirectly, influences the other factors. Adsorption process is generally evaluated by using adsorption isotherms representing the relationship between the quantity of substance adsorbed per unit weight and concentration of the substance in solution at equilibrium. They allow determination of the adsorption constant, which is directly proportional to the adsorption of PCBs in soil. PCBs are very insoluble in water, so they tend to accumulate in the lipids. This is the reason why polychlorinated biphenyls are more strongly adsorbed in soils with higher organic matter content. To obtain the adsorption isotherm were used standard solutions of PCB 101with initial concentrations: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/ml. The adsorption constants were in order: 3072 ml/g for chernozem, 2943 mg/l for chromic luvisol, 998 mg/l for aluviosol and 1443 mg/l for anthrosol. The values of adsorption constants depend on the organic matter and clay content.