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Poljoprivredna proizvodnja je u velikoj meri uslovljena klimatskim faktorima. Scenario globalne promene klime predviđa da će naredne godine biti sušne, sa toplijom klimom, koja će imati negativan uticaj na visinu prinosa ratarskih biljaka. Alternativne biljne vrste-ABV, zahvaljujući tolerantnosti prema suši i visokim temperaturama, imaju perspektivu u strukturi ratarske proizvodnje. Za dobijanje visokog i stabilnog prinosa semena alternativnih biljnih vrsta neophodno je pored kvalitetnog sertifikovanog semena primeniti i odgovarajuću sortnu tehnologiju gajenja, prilagođenu zahtevima pojedinih sorti, klimatskim uslovima lokaliteta gajenja i osobinama zemljišta. U ovoj studiji su ispitivani prinosi sorti: prosa (Biserka i Rumenka), heljde (Novosadska), sirka za zrno (Alba i Gold), sirka metlas a (Prima i Reform), konoplje (Helena i Marina), facelije (NS Priora), uljanog lana (NS Primus i NS Marko) i uljane tikve (Olivija i Olinka). Ostvareni prosečni prinosi ABV u 2022. godini bili su na nivou višegodišnjeg proseka. Visoke temperature i nedostatak padavina u kritičnim fazama rasta biljaka su uslovili prosečne i nešto niže prinose. Evidentne su velike i fluktuacije prinosa u zavisnosti od primenjenih agrotehničkih mera u toku vegetacionog perioda: vremena setve i navodnjavanja.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta jare obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of spring common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta jarog proteinskog krmnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) NS Labud priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of spring protein forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) NS Labud released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Management is the process of planning, organizing, motivating (leadership, leadership) and control in the direction of achieving certain company goals: preventive control - before work, current control - during work and subsequent control - after work. The basic economic principles are: productivity, economy and profitability. Effectiveness is a prerequisite for the successful operation of any organization, because it involves choosing the right goals. By applying management, sowing the most productive genotypes and respecting all aspects of cultivation technology, profitable sunflower production will be achieved. The aim of the study was to evaluate the production and management of sunflower in the five-year period. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the important raw material used to produce oil in the world and Serbia.Production parameters were analysed: grain yield, area and total production. The results of the research showed that the growth trend of sunflower areas is evident. The largest areas under sunflowers, in the world and Serbia were in 2020 (27,874,284 ha; 221,149 ha) while the highest yields were achieved in 2019 (2.04 t ha-1; 3.32 t ha-1). The trend of growth of areas in the world and Serbia under these crop in the coming period is predicted. Achieved yields in 2019 of 3.32 t ha-1 indicate that Serbia, in addition to excellent soil and agro-ecological conditions, also has excellent domestic high-yielding and stable genotypes, where the top NS assortment of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad dominates.

Organic farming preserve and upgrade the biodiversity of the soil and biodiversity of the entire ecosystem by protecting the environment, plants, and human health. This study analyses organic plant production worldwide and in Montenegro (2000-2020) and discusses the prospects and challenges in developing organic plant production. Geographically, Montenegro has a diverse climate, suitable for the production of more types of fields crops, vegetables and fruits throughout the year. The paper compares the area of organic farms, the number of farmers, and share of organic in the overall agricultural land in the world and Montenegro, Europe, and several European countries similar to Montenegro in terms of relief or area (Switzerland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Serbia, and Cyprus). Data were also analysed for a mountainous state, such as Switzerland, and a Mediterranean one, as Cyprus, as by its position and relief, Montenegro is at the same time a mountainous (northern) and a Mediterranean country (southern region). Shows are trends in plant production areas in Montenegro since it gained independence (2006) and comparison with the EU countries. Grassland production prevails in Montenegro with 85.89%, followed by fruit (12.26%) and cereals (1.62%). The total area under organic vegetable covered a small area compared to the production of fodder crops (3951.84 ha), fruit (563.98 ha), medicinal and aromatic plants (232.46 ha) and field crops (74.49 ha). Organic fruit production has the largest share in the northern part of Montenegro. Certified organic production brings benefits because health-safe products are a condition for preserving the environment and health.

Rye is a dual-purpose crop, for nutrition but also for bioenergy. The selection of rye is aimed at its improvement as a plant for human and animal consumption, but also it is interesting for bioenergy production as it combines high biomass production with low environmental impact. There is a growing demand for sustainable sources of biomass worldwide. Directions for achieving rye selection for energy purposes include selection to increase biomass yield and corresponding physiological properties. During three years (2019-2021), four rye genotypes were examined. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of genotype (G), year (Y) and their interaction (G×Y) on rye productivity parameters: plant height (PH), spike length (SL), 1000-grain weight (TGW), hectoliter mass (HM), green biomass yield (GBY), biogas yield (BGY) as well as the possibility of using rye as an alternative fuel. Rye is an excellent raw material for the production of healthy food, but also for the production of biofuels. The study discussed the potential use of four high yielding genotypes for biofuel production. Genotype G1 (25.29 t ha-1) had a statistically significantly higher average green biomass yield compared to genotypes G2, G3 and G4 (22.98 t ha-1, 23.56 t ha-1 and 23.76 t ha-1). Significant G×Y interactions demonstrate differences between rye genotypes in response to environmental conditions. Plant height was directly proportional to biomass yield. As one of the targets in breeding programs, to develop taller cultivars as biofuel feedstock. Screening and selection of appropriate rye varieties for each region is critical for optimum results., Raž je usev dvostruke namene, za ishranu i za bioenergiju. Selekcija raži ima za cilj, unapređenje biljke za ishranu ljudi i životinja, ali je interesantna i za proizvodnju bioenergije, jer kombinuje veliku proizvodnju biomase sa malim uticajem na životnu sredinu. Širom sveta postoji rastuća potražnja za održivim izvorima biomase. Pravci kojima se postiže selekcija raži u energetske svrhe obuhvata selekciju na povećanje prinosa biomase i odgovarajućih fizioloških svojstava. U trogodišnjim mikroogledima (2019-2021.) ispitivana su četiri genotipa raži. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita uticaj genotipa (G), godine (Y) i njihove interakcije (G×Y) na parametre produktivnosti raži: visinu biljaka (PH), dužinu klasa (SL), masu 1000 semena (TGW), hektolitarsku masu (HM), prinos zelene biomase (GBY), i prinos biogasa (BGY). Raž je odlična sirovina za proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbedne hrane ali i za proizvodnju biogoriva. Studija razmatra potencijalnu upotrebu visokoprinosnih genotipova za proizvodnju biogoriva. Genotip G1 (25.29 t ha-1) imao je statistički značajno veći prosečni prinos zelene biomase u odnosu na genotipove G2, G3 i G4 (22.98 t ha-1, 23.56 t ha-1 i 23.76 t ha-1). Interakcija G × Y pokazuje razliku između genotipova raži, kao odgovor na uslove životne sredine. Korelacija između testiranih parametara bila je značajna, ali ne posebno visoka. Visina biljaka bila je direktno proporcionalna prinosu biomase. Kao jedan od ciljeva u programima oplemenjivanja je da se kao sirovina za biogorivo stvaraju više sorte. Selekcija i odabir odgovarajućih sorti raži za svaki region je od ključnog značaja za postizanje optimalnih rezultata.

The circular economy is an approach that integrates the economy, the waste management system and protects the environment. The goal of the circular economy is to optimize the existing system and increase welfare. The growth trend of alternative fuels is evident in the world from year to year, thanks to the development of new technologies for processing biological waste into energy sources. Commercial production needs to be economically and environmentally friendly so that biofuels from renewable sources are an adequate substitute for fossil fuels. In this study, two winter grains, wheat and rye, were examined, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, in order to obtain biogas from plant biomass. The results showed that wheat had a statistically significantly higher production of biomass and biogas compared to rye. Based on the analysis of variance, it can be concluded that there are highly significant differences in biomass yield in regard to the genotype (Fexp=937.75**) and years (Fexp=28.07**) of investigation. There is a strong positive correlation between biomass and biogas yields.

With a circular economy, biodegradable waste – plant biomass can be reused as: compost, for soil fertilization, and for biogas production, as an affordable bioenergy source. In this study, the productivity of two hybrids of fodder sorghum, grown in Ilandza, Serbia, was examined. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the tested hybrids, for leaf mass. A positive highly significant correlation was found between plant mass and leaf mass. Fodder sorghum is a species with C4 photosynthesis, which has a high degree of photosynthetic activity and has a high production of organic matter resulting in high biomass yield. Sorghum is a productive and cost-effective plant suitable for production: animal feed, and for energy purposes., Cirkularnom ekonomijom, biorazgradivi otpad-biomasa biljaka može se koristiti i kao: kompost ali i za proizvodnju biogasa, kao pristupačan izvor bioenergije. U ovoj studiji ispitivana je produktivnost dva hibrida krmnog sirka, gajenog u Ilandži u Srbiji. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između testiranih hibrida. Pronađena je pozitivna značajna korelacija između mase biljke i mase lista. Krmni sirak je vrsta sa S4 fotosintezom, ima visok stepen fotosintetske aktivnosti i visoku proizvodnju organske materije što rezultira visokim prinosom biomase. Produktivna je vrsta pogodna za proizvodnju: hrane za životinje i energetske svrhe.

Alfalfa is the most important forage legume in our agroecological conditions for feeding cattle. In the area of Jablanica district, alfalfa occupies a considerable place in the total plant production. The restrictive factor in the establishment and short durability of alfalfa stand is the low pH of arable agricultural soil. Within the three-year field trial on Vertisol soil type (pH in KCl 4.9), from 2016 to 2018, alfalfa plot yield has been analyzed with different fertilization variants. The research results indicate that alfalfa provides a significantly higher yield on the plot where amelioration measures were applied, through the application of limestone and manure, with the addition of mineral fertilizer. A barely lower yield was achieved on the calcified and manured plot, while the lowest yield was on the control plot, where a generous amount of mineral fertilizer was added, which is a common practice of agricultural producers in the area of Jablanica district., Lucerka je najvažnija leguminoza za ishranu stoke u našim agroekološkim uslovima. Na području Jablaničkog okruga lucerka zauzima značajno mesto u ukupnoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Ograničavajući faktor u formiranju i kratkom veku trajanja lucerke je nizak pH obradivog poljoprivrednog zemljišta. U trogodišnjem terenskom istraživanju zemljišta tipa Vertisol (pH u KCl 4,9) od 2016. do 2018. godine analiziran je prinos lucerke na parcelama sa različitim varijantama prihrane. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da lucerka daje znatno veći prinos na parceli na kojoj su primenjene mere sanacije melioracije, primenom krečnjaka i stajskog đubriva uz dodatak mineralnog đubriva. Nešto niži prinos postignut je na parceli na kojoj je zemljište kalcifikovano i sanirano stajskim đubrivom, dok je najmanji prinos postignut na kontrolnoj parceli, gde je primenjena veća količina mineralnog đubriva, što je zapravo uobičajena praksa poljoprivrednih proizvođača Jablaničkog okruga.

Gustina sklopa, odnosno broj biljaka po jedinici površine je veoma važan činilac u proizvodnji kukuruza. Gustina useva ispoljava veliku varijabilnost i zavisi od većeg broja faktora: dužine vegetacionog perioda hibrida, morfoloških osobina i habitusa biljke, količine i rasporeda padavina u toku vegetacije, rezervi zimske vlage u zemljištu, nivoa plodnosti zemljišta, vremena setve, smera proizvodnje (zelena biomasa ili zrno) i dr. Uvođenjem u proizvodnju hibrida kukuruza većeg genetičkog potencijala rodnosti i boljih agronomskih osobina, savremene mehanizacije i intenzivne agrotehnike, gustine useva su povećavane. Svako smanjenje broja biljaka od optimalnog dovodi do smanjenja prinosa, jer je gustina useva jedan od najvažnijih preduslova za formiranje visokih i stabilnih prinosa. Smatra se da će se u proizvodnji kukuruza u budućnosti gustine sklopova i dalje povećavati kao jedan od mogućnosti u okviru doprinosa agrotehničkih rešenja u povećanju prinosa., Maize density is an important factor in cultivation which has significant effect on growth parameters. Newer hybrids have greater grain yield at higher plant densities than older hybrids. Differences in grain yield between older and newer maize hybrids were shown to be a function of plant population density. Optimum plant density for maximum grain yield per unit area may differ from hybrid to hybrid on account of significant interactions between hybrids and densities. Modern hybrids have shown tendencies to withstand higher levels of stress (i.e.- low N, high plant densities), which allow them to better sustain suitable photosynthetic rates, appropriate assimilate supplies, and maintain plant growth rates attributable to enhanced mineral nutrition and water use efficiency.

The first local cultivar of winter pea for grain, 'NS MRAZ', was developed by pedigree selection from the hybrid population created by crossing local populations and one French line of pea. The cultivar has a high seed yield potential, exceptional earliness and tolerance to low temperatures. Its average plant height is 75-85 cm; it is of the afila type of pea, tolerant to lodging and of uniform maturity. Its genetic potential for seed yield is more than 7,000 kg ha-1, and it achieved an average seed yield of 5,110 kg ha-1 in three-year trials, while seed yield in production conditions was above 5,500 kg ha-1. Thousand-grain weight is about 200 g, which was the goal achieved in reducing the amount of seed per unit area. Protein yield ranged from 1,100 to 1,200 kg ha-1., Prva domaća sorta ozimog graška za zrno, NS MRAZ, nastala je pedigre metodom selekcije iz hibridne populacije nastale ukrštanjem domaćih populacija i jedne francuske linije graška. Sorta se odlikuje visokim potencijalom rodnosti zrna, izuzetnom ranostasnošću i otpornošću na niske temperature. Prosečna visina stabljike je 75 do 85 cm, afila tipa, tolerantna na poleganje i ujednačenog sazrevanja. Genetički potencijal za prinos zrna je iznad 7 000 kg ha -1 , a u trogodišnjim ogledima ostvarila je prosečan prinos zrna od 5 110 kg ha -1 , dok je u proizvodnim uslovima prinos semena bio iznad 5 500 kg ha -1 . Masa 1000 zrna je oko 200 grama, što je i bio cilj, kako bi se smanjila količina semena po jedinici površine. Prinos proteina kretao se od 1 100 do 1 200 kg ha -1 .

Predmet disertacije predstavlja istraživanje tržišta organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda i analiza mera za poboljšanje proizvodnje i potrošnje istih u Republici Srbiji. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je sagledavanje trenutnog stanja na međunarodnom i domaćem tržištu organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda i ispitivanje i jasnije definisanje određenih grupacija i stavova potrošača u vezi potrošnje istih. Za potrebe ovakvog cilja istraživane su navike potrošača, mišljenja, motivi, iskustva i stavovi u vezi potrošnje organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda u Republici Srbiji. Ovo istraživanje sprovedeno je da bi se utvrdile karakteristike tržišta organskih proizvoda u Srbiji, stavovi, praksa i osobine različitih grupa potrošača organskih prehrambenih proizvoda, kao i faktori koji utiču na kupovinu ovih proizvoda. Jedan deo istraživanja posvećen je i analizi kretanja proizvodnje i tržišta hrane proizvedene u organskom sistemu proizvodnje u Evropskoj uniji i na globalnom nivou. Organska proizvodnja u odnosu na konvencionalnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ima čitav niz prednosti, naročito ukoliko se sektor posmatra iz ugla multifunkciolalnosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Multifunkcionalnost poljoprivrede ne mora da se posmatra samo sa aspekta tržišnih relacija, već čitavog niza drugih funkcija koje poljoprivreda, kao delatnost, ostvaruje u ruralnim područjima. Proizvodnja organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda u svetu u konstantnom je porastu jer je u svetu evidentan značajan rast u površinama pod organskom proizvodnjom. Promet organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda, očekivano, uglavnom raste u zemljama sa višom kupovnom moći, ekološkom i prehrambeno-zdravstvenom svešću i navikama proizvođača. U isto vreme, značajno raste i tražnja za ovakvom vrstom poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda. Republika Srbija poseduje značajne potencijale za proizvodnju organskih poljoprivrednoprehrambenih proizvoda. Mogu se istaći prirodni potencijali, The subject of the dissertation is the research of the market of organic agricultural food products and the analysis of the measures for improving the production and consumption of these products in the Republic of Serbia. The main goal of the research is to gain insight into the current situation in the international and domestic market of organic agricultural food products and to examine and more clearly define certain consumers’ groups and attitudes related to the consumption of these products. In order to achieve this research goal, the dissertation examined consumers' habits, opinions, motives, experiences and attitudes regarding the consumption of organic agricultural food products in the Republic of Serbia. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of the market of organic products in Serbia, the attitudes, practices and features of different groups of organic food consumers, as well as the factors that influence the purchase of these products. One part of the research is devoted to the analysis of the trends in the production and the market of the food produced in the organic production system in the European Union and the world. Compared to conventional agricultural production, organic production has a number of advantages, especially if the sector is viewed from the perspective of multifunctionality of agricultural production. Multifunctionality of agriculture does not have to be viewed only from the point of view of market relations, but also within the whole range of other functions that agriculture, as a business activity, realizes in rural areas. Production of organic agricultural food products in the world is constantly increasing, as the areas used for organic production are significant growing globally. The trade of organic agricultural food products, as expected, grows mainly in the countries with higher purchasing power, and higher environmental and food health consciousness and habits of the VI producers. At the same time, ther

We analysed the grain yield and quality in common vetch accessions to assess their breeding potential. A small-plot trial was carried out in 2005 and 2006 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Sanevi. 14 accessions, of diverse geographic origin and status, from the Novi Sad Vicia collection were tested. The highest grain yield was in accession VIC 006 (2205 kg ha(-1)), while the highest grain dry matter crude protein was in accession Topaze (329 g kg(-1)). Significant positive correlations were found between the time from sowing to harvest and grain dry matter crude protein content (r(gxy) = 0.754). A cluster analysis of the tested common vetch accessions showed four main groups that are assumed to correlate with geographic and biological origin. The variability measured offers a basis for developing novel common vetch cultivars that could increase the use of this crop among the farmers in Serbia and the Balkans.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a grain and forage legume crop. A small-plot trial was carried out from 2004 to 2006, comprising ten grass pea accessions from the Annual Forage Legumes Collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. PL 114 615 had the highest green forage yield (50.7 t ha(-1)), while Le Cambou had the highest hay yield (9.0 t ha(-1)). Green forage yield (t ha(-1)) was highly correlated with number of internodes (r = 0.947 and r = 0.820), while hay yield (t ha(-1)) was highly correlated with green forage yields (r = 0.835 and r = 0.898). Grass pea has considerable potential to produce high yields of green forage and hay under conditions in Serbia, especially its northern province of Vojvodina with its rich chernozem soils.

In 2007 and 2008, the trials of the Department of Variety Protection and Registration of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia were carried out on four locations, including two new Novi Sad spring feed faba bean lines, B-412 and B-413, and the control cultivar Uran. In average, the highest grain yield was in the cultivar Gema (2905 kg ha-1), although there were no significant differences between three tested cultivars. In comparison to the control, Gema and Šarac had significantly higher crude protein content in grain dry matter, with 341.4 g kg-1 and 341.1 g kg-1. ., Tokom 2006. i 2007. godine, Odeljenja za priznavanje i zaštitu sorti, Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije organizovalo je mikrooglede sa bobom na četiri lokaliteta. U oglede su bile uključene i dve novostvorene novosadske linije jarog stočnog boba, B-412 i B-413, i češka sorta Uran, kao standard. Obe linije priznate su kao nove sorte 2007. godine pod imenima Gema i Šarac. U proseku, najviši prinos zrna ostvarila je sorta Gema (2905 kg ha-1), iako između prosečnih vrednosti prinosa zrna sve tri ispitivane sorte nije bilo značajnih razlika. U poređenju sa standardom, sorte Gema i Šarac odlikovale su se značajno višim sadržajem sirovih proteina suve materije zrna, sa 341,4 g kg-1 i 341,1 g kg-1. .