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Radish, considered a globally important crop, faces a severe threat from Alternaria blight. This pervasive and highly damaging disease causes black spots and blight on leaves in field conditions, resulting in reduced yield and seed quality. The study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of different wild botanicals against the Alternaria leaf blight pathogen through in vitro and in vivo studies and to analyze the phytochemicals using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Among the fifty botanicals screened at 10% concentration against the pathogen, the aqueous extracts of Hemidesmus indicus, Lippia alba, Chromolaena odorata, and Solanum violaceum displayed the highest mycelial inhibition. Further in vitro evaluations of these four botanicals at different concentrations (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, and 12.5%) revealed that at a 12.5% plant extract concentration H. indicus and L. alba exhibited the most effective inhibition of 82.96% and 76.60%, respectively, followed by C. odorata (71.93%) and S. violaceum (63.53%). Based on the promising in vitro results, these botanicals were assessed in pot experiments at 12.5% concentration. Among the four botanicals, the highest percentage of disease reduction was observed with H. indicus and L. alba, with 69.79% and 60.44%, respectively. Overall, the botanicals effectively reduced disease severity while increasing radish yield. GC–MS analysis of the phytochemicals revealed that the botanicals are composed of various bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and volatile compounds, which are known to exhibit antimicrobial activities. This study emphasizes the potential of botanicals as a natural alternative for managing fungal diseases, offering resilient and sustainable approaches to safeguard crops from destructive fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the most important root vegetable crops worldwide. However, gene function exploration and germplasm innovation still face tremendous challenges due to its extremely low transformation efficiency. Here, an economic and highly efficient genetic transformation method for radish was explored by Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐mediated transformation with the help of combining special developmental regulator (DR) genes and the visual identification reporter. Firstly, the RUBY gene, a betalain biosynthesis system, could result in a visual red‐violet color used as a convenient and effective reporter for monitoring transgenic hairy roots screening of radish. However, the hairy roots‐to‐shoots conversion system of radish still stands as a barrier to the obtainment of whole transgenic plants, although different hormone combinations and various culture conditions were tried. Following, two DR genes including Wuschel2 (Wus2) and isopentenyl transferase (ipt), as well as their combination Wus2‐ipt were introduced for the shoot regeneration capacity improvement. The results showed that the transgenic shoots could be directly generated without externally supplying any hormones in the presence of a Wus2‐ipt combination. Then, Wus2‐ipt along with the RUBY reporter was employed to establish an efficient genetic transformation system of radish. Moreover, this system was applied in generating gene‐edited radish plants and the phytoene desaturase (RsPDS) gene was effectively knockout through albino phenotype observation and sequencing analysis. These findings have the potential to be widely applied in genetic transformation and genome‐editing genetic improvement of other vegetable species. Significance Statement: We successfully explored an economic and highly efficient genetic transformation method for radish by Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐mediated transformation with the help of the Wus2‐ipt‐RUBY system, which did not need any hormone supplement for shoot regeneration and could achieve a transformation efficiency of 29.21–40.00% in less than 4 months and be used to generate knockout mutants through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. These findings have the potential to be widely applied in genetic transformation and genome‐editing genetic improvement of other vegetable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolting time is a critical trait that affects crop yield, adaptability, and overall productivity, making its regulation vital for agricultural success. In this study, we explored the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering time in radish (Raphanus sativus) via a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS). By developing an F2 population from a cross between the relatively late-bolting variety 'L432' and the early-bolting variety 'L285', we identified 12 QTLs associated with bolting time. Furthermore, a GWAS performed on 60 East Asian radish accessions revealed 14 candidate genes potentially involved in flowering and bolting regulation. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC2) was the major candidate gene explaining the early and late bolting types. One locus was commonly detected from QTL and GWAS on chromosome 4, where CONSTANS-like (COL4) is located. To validate these findings, SNP markers were designed and applied to F2 populations, revealing a correlation between marker presence and bolting phenotypes. These results offer valuable insights into the molecular control of bolting time in radish and identify candidate genes for use in marker-assisted breeding. These findings could enhance breeding efforts for optimizing bolting time in various radish markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollowness is a physiological disorder that frequently occurs during the growth and postharvest storage phases of fleshy radish roots, significantly diminishing quality, yield, and marketability. However, the molecular mechanism for hollowness remains elusive. To identify the QTLs and potential candidate genes for hollowness tolerance in radish, F2 and BC1 populations were constructed from hollowness-tolerant radish (C16) and hollowness-sensitive radish (C17) in the present study. Genetic analysis indicated that hollowness tolerance may be governed by two independent recessive genes. By employing bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), two significant candidate genomic intervals were pinpointed on chromosomes R04 (960 kb, 6.48–7.44 Mb) and R05 (600 kb, 31.44–32.04 Mb), which together harbor 107 annotated genes. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that the downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell death and the response to water stress, whereas the upregulated DEGs were significantly associated with the chitin catabolic process and the cell wall macromolecule metabolic process. A total of 46 intersecting genes were identified among these DEGs within the genomic intervals of interest. One gene with high expression (Rsa10025345) and two with low expression (Rsa10025320 and Rsa10018106) were detected in the tolerant variety C16. Furthermore, a SNP within Rsa10025320 resulting in an amino acid change (A188E) was characterized through sequence variation observed in both BSA-seq and RNA-seq data and further developed as a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker. Our study reveals potential target genes for tolerance to hollowness and paves the way for marker-assisted breeding of hollowness tolerance in red-skinned radishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and contains antioxidants that help reduce the risk of diseases. Light is a crucial factor in their growth and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of light spectra on the development, physiological responses, and antioxidant capacity of radish varieties including cherry belle (CB), black Spanish (BS), hailstone white (HW), Malaga violet (MV), and sparkler white tip (SW) under a controlled environment. Various spectra of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light were used. The study found that using a combination of red and blue light (3R:1B) resulted in the highest growth in root diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight across all five radish varieties, with values ranging from 1.83 to 4.63 cm, 13.58 to 89.33 g, and 1.20 to 4.64 g, respectively. In terms of physiological responses, the CB and BS varieties showed a higher photosynthetic rate after exposure to mixed red and blue light (1R:3B, 3R:1B). Additionally, adding green light to the red and blue light also enhanced the photosynthetic rate, with statistically significant differences ranging from 3.31 to 3.99 µmol m−2 s−1. The SW variety of radish exhibited an increase in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins when exposed to light spectra of 1R:1G:1B, 1R:2G:1B, 1R:3G:1B, and 1R:3B. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were 4.67–5.14 mg GAE/g DW, flavonoids were 1.62–1.96 mg Rutin/g DW, and anthocyanins were 1.20–1.58 µg/g DW. However, the antioxidant capacity of five radish varieties under different light spectra did not show significant differences. Thus, the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity depend on the optimal light spectrum for each radish variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial effluents are often used to grow crops, including vegetables. Wastewaters contain not only organic matter and other nutrients but also heavy metals, which contribute to soil pollution and their further accumulation in vegetables. For this reason, a laboratory experiment was performed to assess zinc accumulation and translocation in the following chain: industrial effluents–soil–parts of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The industrial effluents contained zinc in a concentration similar to its maximum permissible level in irrigation water (Effluent 1) and about 40 times higher than the established level (Effluent 2). Zinc concentrations in effluents, soil, and radish were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The contamination factor, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and estimated daily intake of zinc were calculated. The antioxidant activity and the phenol content in radish biomass were also determined. The levels of zinc in different parts of radish ranged between 37.76 and 588 mg/kg dry weight and followed the order: non-edible roots of radish ≥ leaves ≥ edible roots. Zinc content in the edible and non-edible parts of radish irrigated with Effluent 2 was up to 5 times higher than the maximum permissible value of 117 mg/kg dry weight established by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The values of bioconcentration factors varied from 0.33 to 2.44 for radish roots, and the maximum bioaccumulation capacity was revealed for the control plants. According to this work, the values of the estimated daily intake of zinc were lower than the safe daily dietary intake established for zinc by World Health Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites in Brassicaceae plants and play a defensive role against a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Also, it exhibits anti-cancer activity against cancer cell in human. Different profiles of aliphatic GSL compounds between radish and Chinese cabbage were previously reported. However, molecular details underlying the divergent profile between two species were not clearly understood. In this study, we found that major difference of aliphatic GSLs profiles between two species is determined by the dominantly expressed genes in first step of the secondary modification phase, which are responsible for enzymatic catalysis of methylthioalkyl-glucosinolate. For instance, active expression of GLUCORAPHASATIN SYNTHASE 1 (GRS1) gene in radish play an important role in the production of glucoraphasatin (GRH) and glucoraphenin (GRE), a major aliphatic GSLs in radish. Meanwhile, Chinese cabbage was found to merely produce glucoraphasatin (GRH), instead producing glucoraphanin (GRA) and gluconapin (GNP) due to the mere expression of GRS1 homologs and abundant expressions of FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES (FMO GS-OX) homologs in Chinese cabbage. In addition, we noticed that wounding treatment on leaf tissues substantially enhanced the production of aliphatic and benzenic GSLs in both Chinese cabbage and radish, indicating that GSLs are wound-induced defensive compounds in both Chinese cabbage and radish plants. Key message: Major difference of aliphatic glucosinolate profiles between radish and Chinese cabbage is determined by the dominantly expressed genes in the first step of the secondary modification phase like GLUCORAPHASATIN SYNTHASE 1 (GRS1) and FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES (FMO GS-OXs) genes, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal effect of powder extracts of different coloured radish seeds against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (Gülizar F1, susceptibile to root-knot nematode) under controlled conditions. Extractions were obtained from radish seeds of different colours (white, black, red, yellow) by using ethanol and acetone solvents. The experiment was carried out using 2, 4 and 6 g powder/plant application of the extracts in the pot. The experiment was set up in a random plot design with 5 replication for each radish seed extract and concentration. Radish seed powder was applied one week after nematode inoculation (1000 M. incognita eggs). After 50 days, the number of galls and egg masses on the roots were counted. It was determined that radish colour, extraction solvents and concentrations of extracts differed significantly for their nematicidal effects. The mean number of galls and egg masses was found to be 56 units in the negative control. Compared to the negative control, all treatments and concentrations decreased the number of galls and egg masses. The number of galls and egg masses was lower in acetone extract than in ethanole extract. The nematicidal effect was higher in yellow and red radish seeds powder application. The highest nematicidal effect was determined at 6 g powder/plant application. While the mean number of galls was 1.4 unit in the yellow seed powder application at a concentration of 6 g/plant of the extract prepared with acetone solvent, it was found to be 3.0 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The number of egg masses was 1.0 unit in the yellow seed powder application, while it was 2.8 units in the red seed powder application at 6 g/plant of the acetone extract. The acetone extract of radish seed powder can be used as an alternative to chemicals in the root-knot nematodes control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture is the method to produce many pigments, such as anthocyanin, regarding the importance of light in plant growth, especially when using laser rays. The present study aimed to establish the effect of laser rays on seed germination, initiation of callus, and the measurement of the amounts of anthocyanin pigment and protein for the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Sterilizing seeds were cultured on a surface of MS medium, then seedlings stems were exposed to laser rays for 0, 4, 8, and 12 minutes each alone and planted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of NAA and 1.0 mg/l of BA, the total protein of seedlings was estimated from all kinds of seedlings exposed to the rays. The anthocyanin pigment content was estimated and read Spectroscopically at a wavelength of 528 nm. The results refer to the different rates and periods of radish se ed germination dependent on the exposure time to the laser rays. They also showed the ability of seedlings to initiate callus fr om hypocotyl stems, which was the fastest exposed for 12 minutes after 7 days at a rate of 100 %. The seeds which were previously exposed to diode laser rays at different times recorded a superiority in stimulating anthocyanin pigment content, which amounted to 1195.2 µg/g for stems and 333.8 µg/g for leaves over the rest of the treatments and the control treatment. This proved to be a modern method to develop forms of physical stimulation as a bio elicitor for the growth of radish tissue cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We did a preliminary investigation of the allelopathic activity of 60 invasive and medicinal plants in Sri Lanka on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Raphanus sativus (radish). Out of 60 plants, 14 significantly reduced lettuce seedling lengths than distilled water, and 55 plants reduced radish seedling growth. In consideration of all the parameters tested, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Canarium zeylanicum Blume showed the highest phytotoxicity. C. zeylanicum (family Burseraceae), an endemic plant in Sri Lanka was selected for the isolation of phytotoxic compounds. The whole tree has a distinct fragrance bears edible seeds and has potential health benefits. This plant is used for medicinal purposes and its bark contains 3-hydroxy-12-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and acetyl aleuritolic acid. This is the first report of the aforementioned two compounds from C. zeylanicum. These compounds exhibited phytotoxicity against lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on soil biochar fertilization has mainly been conducted on cereal crops, and information on its potential for radish production remains inconsistent. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the short-term effects of rice husk biochar on radish growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). An investigation was conducted with two application rates of biochar alone, (10 t ha−1 (B10) and 25 t ha−1 (B25), and biochar + chicken manure application with and without NPK fertilizer. The results indicated that the application of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure (B25:CHM) and the combination of biochar 25 t ha−1 + chicken manure + NPK fertilizer (B25:CHM:NPK) significantly increased root yield by improving NUE, fertilizer recovery efficiency (REN), agronomic efficiency (AE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), and retaining soil NH4+-N. Although biochar application alone did not significantly influence radish growth on a short-term basis, B10 and B25 increased root yields by 10% and 20%, respectively, compared with the control. Notably, the role of biochar application when combined with organic and inorganic fertilizers was to retain fertilizer N and promote N uptake efficiency by radishes, as higher rates of biochar resulted in higher NUE. Our results suggest that B25:CHM is a suitable combination for organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out during 2021 at the experimental farm of Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Jalandhar. Radish is an important crop of Punjab region. Use of Plant Growth Regulators is one of the most recent trends in the field of agriculture science. Plant growth regulators are signal molecules, which occurs in plants naturally in very low concentration. In an attempt to find out the influence of growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) the experiment was planned and executed. It consisted of nine treatments viz., T1 (Control), T2 (GA3 @ 5 ppm), T3 (GA3 @ 10 ppm), T4 (GA3 @ 15 ppm), T5 (GA3 @ 20 ppm), T6 (NAA @ 5 ppm), T7 (NAA @ 10 ppm), T8 (NAA @ 15 ppm), T9 (NAA @ 20 ppm) and was laid in Randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Punjab Safed Mooli variety was used for the experiment. Observations were recorded on number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant (cm²), root length (cm), root diameter (cm), root weight (g), fresh weight of plant (g), dry weight of plant (g), plant height (cm), 100 seed weight (g), seed yield plant-1 (g), seed yield plot-1 (g), seed yield ha-1 (q ha-1), TSS (°Brix), ascorbic acid (mg 100 g-1), chlorophyll content (mg 100 g-1) and germination percentage (%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly differences among treatments for all the characters under study. It was concluded that the application of GA3 @ 20 ppm showed superior performance in all growth, seed yield and quality parameters of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pullulan can not only provide a source of organic carbon but also has excellent properties. However, current research is mostly limited to the physical properties of the high-molecular-weight components of pullulan, and little is known about the application of its low-molecular-weight components. This study was designed to explore the impact of presoaking of radish seeds in a pullulan solution on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth under salt stress conditions. Pullulan soaking was found to enhance the germination rates of radish seeds subjected to salt stress, while also enhancing the aboveground growth of radish seedlings. Pullulan soaking resulted in increases in chlorophyll, soluble protein, and soluble sugar concentrations in the leaves of these seedlings, together with greater peroxidase activity and root activity as well as decreases in Na+ and malondialdehyde concentrations. This provides an important reference for the application of pullulan in plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish is an important root vegetable that is widely grown in Asia. The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita seriously affects the growth and development of radish root and causes poor appearance quality. However, the molecular mechanism of radish response to RKNs remains poorly understood. In this study, a total of 220 lncRNAs, 1144 mRNAs, 20 miRNAs and 153 proteins were differential expressed between the RKN-infected and WT samples. Correlation analysis of all DEPs compared with all DGEs showed that 8 mRNAs-DEPs showed a changed abundance. The results showed that 18 DEmiRNAs have 167 target DEGs in 220 miRNA-target modules and 29 DElncRNAs were predicted as putative targets of 16 DEmiRNAs in 37 miRNA-target modules. In all, 6 DGEs in the ABA pathway and 2 DGEs in the JA pathway were identified under RKN infection, respectively. The four regulatory networks of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed in response to RKN infection. qRT-PCR analysis found that the expression pattern of 6 DElncRNAs, 6 DEmRNAs, 6 DEmiRNAs and 6 DEPs were consistent with sequencing results. These results provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of radish in response to M. incognita and breeding resistant varieties to this nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants poses a major risk to consumer health, in addition to affecting plant growth, development and quality. The study aimed to examine the effects of cadmium on the plants' ability for photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity. In this study, radishes were planted in Petri dishes and pots containing soil supplemented with different concentrations of cadmium sulphate (25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). The results showed that the percentage of germination, seedlings length, and fresh and dry matter significantly declined its increasing cadmium concentrations. In addition, cadmium hindered plant growth, as evidenced by the fresh and dried weight of radish roots and leaves after a 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil treatment. There was also a notable decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total leaf area per plant. The leaves of radish plant exhibited a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage contents under Cd stress, while, the relative water content (RWC) decreased. However, leaves and roots of radish plant showed a considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes (catalase; CAT, peroxidase; POD, and superoxide dismutase; SOD). Furthermore, radish showed a significant increase in Cd accumulation in all applications, however, there were no obvious symptoms of Cd toxicity following the 25 and 50 mg Cd kg-1 soil applications. In conclusion, the radish plants accumulated cadmium at higher concentrations (100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). So, we recommended cultivating the radish plants in soil that has low concentrations of cadmium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majority of poultry producers have been concerned about the microbial colonization of chicken guts, which usually result in competition for nutrient and poor health. As a way to combat this, antibiotics are used, however, this has led to antibiotic resistance and the presence of antibiotic residues in poultry products. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of radish root juice on the microbiota in the caecum of broiler chickens while also monitoring their growth response. This study was a 2 by 3 factorial layout. There were six treatment groups of forty day-old broiler chicks each, consisting of two dosages of radish juice (10 mL L-1 or 15mL L-1 of the birds’ drinking water) and three frequencies of administration (0, 2 and 3 times weekly). The zero frequencies (no juice) were the control groups given Enrofloxacin as antibiotic (1 mL in 4 L of drinking). At the starter and finisher phase, birds were given commercial diets. The growth performance was evaluated at both phases, while the microbial load for each group was determined at the finisher phase. The contents of the birds' caeca were taken for microbial analysis at 42nd day of the experiment. Frequency and nature of microorganism were obtained. Microbial count of broilers administered radish juice ranged from 7.84 x 107 – 1.75 x 107 cfu mL-1 while those administered antibiotics had 8.75 x 107 – 8.56 x107 cfu mL-1. Microorganisms isolated include: Klebsiella Pneumoniae (27%), Morganella morganii (24%), Bacillus subtilis (22%), Providencia rettgerii (5%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Citrobacter fruendii (4%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), Micrococcus luteus (2%), Escherichia coli (2%), Providencia stuartii (2%). There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) among all the growth parameters in both the radish groups and the antibiotic groups, at the starter and finisher phase. This study suggests radish root juice as an effective antimicrobial agent in reducing microbial load of the gut of broilers which consequently can lead to increased productivity and feed – to – meat conversion ratio.

Abstract Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish.

The experiment was carried out in the fields affiliated with the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, under latitude 34.6 and longitude 43.6833, for the 2022 agricultural season, to study the effect of natural organic fertilizer and poultry manure on the growth and yield of two cultivars of radish plants, as two levels of poultry manure 20 and 30 gm plant-1 were used in addition to treatment for comparison, the other factor, cultivars , used two cultivars , one of which was local and the other was foreign . The field land was divided into terraces, The treatments were distributed randomly according to a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The results were as follows: Fertilization with poultry manure was superior in all studied characteristics plant height, percentage of dry matter in roots, root diameter, root length, plant yield from roots except for the number of leaves, and the results reached 18.13 cm, 8.29 %, 18.32 cm, 12.39 cm and 101.57 g respectively. As for the local Syrian and foreign cultivars, the local cultivar outperformed the foreign cultivar in most of the characteristics and gave the following results 21.48 cm, 8.19%, 17.05 cm, 11.64 cm, and 123.36 g, respectively. The interaction also had a significant effect, as the interaction treatment between fertilization at a level of 20 gm plant-1 excelled with the local cultivar in the following characteristics plant height, percentage of dry matter in the roots, root diameter, and their values ​​reached 25.10 cm, 8.80%, and 20.23 cm. Respectively, as for the two traits, root diameter and plant yield from roots, the intervention treatment was superior to fertilizing the local cultivar at a level of 30 gm plant-1 of natural poultry manure, and their values ​​were as follows: 12.91 cm and 143.95 gm.

Abstract Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That’s why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO4 and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼ 20%), root length (∼ 23%), plant dry weight (∼ 19%), and plant fresh weight (∼ 41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings.

Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Indian white radish Co. 1 (Raphanus sativus L.) contains medicinal quercetin, and its commercial value supports large‐scale quercetin isolation. Various extraction methods, including ultra‐assisted extraction (UAE), maceration extraction (ME), Soxhlet extraction (SE), conventional extraction (CSE) and serial maceration extraction (SME), were employed to extract quercetin from radish leaf sections. RP‐HPLC‐optimising key experimental parameters yielded a linear response for the individual target compounds in the concentration range, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.2 μg mL−1 (r2 = 0.9995), a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.2 μg per 1.0 g of crushed leaves and repeatability within the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.23–0.37%. For in vitro callus cultures, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) and zeatin were used for callus induction from in vitro leaf segments of radish. MS medium enriched with 2,4‐D (0.5 mg) induced the highest percentage of callus at 4 weeks. Among the extraction methods, the SME method yielded the highest recovery of quercetin (96.9%; 1.92 mg g−1 DW), phenolic (26.07 mg g−1 DW) and flavonoid (34.03 mg g−1 DW), compared to other methods and solvents. The callus extract included 0.5 mg of 2,4‐D, 32.07 mg of phenolic, 42.03 mg of flavonoid and 6.46 mg of quercetin. The presence of phytocompounds and quercetin was confirmed by GC–MS/MS and RP‐HPLC. The isolated quercetin (57.9 μg) also showed lethal effects on HT‐29 human colon cancer cells. This method may be effective for evaluating quercetin in radish extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1β and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pithiness is one of the physiological diseases of radishes, which is accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the sponging of parenchyma tissue in the fleshy roots. A respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh, also known as NADPH oxidase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of ROS in plants. To understand the role of Rboh genes in radish pithiness, herein, 10 RsRboh gene families were identified in the genome of Raphanus sativus using Blastp and Hmmer searching methods and were subjected to basic functional analyses such as phylogenetic tree construction, chromosomal localization, conserved structural domain analysis, and promoter element prediction. The expression profiles of RsRbohs in five stages (Pithiness grade = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively) of radish pithiness were analyzed. The results showed that 10 RsRbohs expressed different levels during the development of radish pithiness. Except for RsRbohB and RsRbohE, the expression of other members increased and reached the peak at the P2 (Pithiness grade = 2) stage, among which RsRbohD1 showed the highest transcripts. Then, the expression of 40 genes related to RsRbohD1 and pithiness were analyzed. These results can provide a theoretical basis for improving pithiness tolerance in radishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onion processing industry produces hundreds of thousands of tons of onion waste annually. Normally, onion peel waste is dumped in landfills, which creates additional sources of greenhouse gases. Research has validated that onion peel is a concentrated source of bioactive compounds; therefore, it can be turned into useful agricultural products such as soil amendments and possibly biostimulants. This study conducted three experiments to investigate the plant growth-promoting potential of an onion juice concentrate (OJC). The first experiment explored whether the application of OJC could increase plant growth of Bermuda grass, lettuce, and bok choy. The second experiment evaluated the effects of foliar and subsurface drench applications of OJC on bok choy and lettuce growth. The third experiment investigated the interaction between OJC application methods and fertilizer type on bok choy and radish growth. The results indicated that foliar applications of OJC of 1% to 2% concentrations increased the yield of bok choy and its overall growth. Subirrigation with OJC, however, enhanced the root growth of bok choy, lettuce, and radish. Notably, the combined approach of foliar and subirrigation applications further promoted the growth of both bok choy and radish. Comparing across experiments, longer OJC application periods emerged as a promising strategy for amplifying its growth-promoting benefits. Overall, our findings suggest that OJC holds promise for promoting sustainable agriculture. This potential comes from its ability to enhance both the growth and yield of vegetable crops like bok choy, lettuce, and radish while simultaneously reducing waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That’s why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO4 and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼20%), root length (∼23%), plant dry weight (∼19%), and plant fresh weight (∼41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kadirli district is located in a central location in Turkey in terms of radish production amount and cultivated area size. The district alone meets nearly 70% of Turkey's radish production. The main purpose of this study on radish production in Kadirli district; to determine the agricultural production potential of radish agriculture in the district, to examine its geographical distribution and to ensure its sustainability. Various radishes, especially red radish, are grown in the district every year. In the study, the data of the Farmer Registration System between 2014-2022 were obtained, and the villages where radish cultivation was done more in the district were determined and density maps of the cultivation areas were produced according to the years. The villages of Aşağıçiyanlı, Yeniköy, Mecidiye, Tatarlı and Tozlu, which are located in the southwestern part of the district, where the altitude is low, constitute the villages where radish cultivation is done the most. In order to determine the radish production stages, field studies were carried out on the areas cultivated between September and November and the Savrun Stream, which is used for washing, and farmers, workers and agricultural engineers were interviewed. As a result, studies to review and evaluate the existing radish production potential and to ensure its sustainability were found to be insufficient, and the domestic and international marketing of radish did not reach the desired level. Due to reasons such as the insufficiency of cooperatives and producer unions, the inability to provide organizations and the lack of buyers, the bargaining shares of the producers remained low and their market positions were weak. A SWOT analysis was conducted for the organization of radish production, harvesting and marketing, and suggestions were made in terms of sustainability against weaknesses and threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a globally significant vegetable and relies on cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines for hybrid seed production. The NWB CMS type is favored over Ogura CMS for its ease in maintainer screening. Despite its varied mitochondrial configurations and unvalidated sterile gene, we re-sequenced the mitochondrial genome of NWB CMS Tibet A and verified the function of the sterility gene via genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. The mitochondrial genomes of Tibet A could be assembled into circular DNA molecules, with a mitochondrial genome size of 239,184 bp. Our analysis indicated that the specific orf463a was the CMS-associated gene in Tibet A, sharing sequence consistency with the CMS gene in DCGMS and NWB CMS YB-A. Collinearity analysis showed that the mitochondrial genomes of NWB CMS Tibet A, DCGMS, and NWB CMS YB-A share the same mitotype, with structural variations due to recombination via a 9731 bp long repeat sequence and a 508 bp short repeat sequence. Driven by the Ap3 promoter, transgenic Arabidopsis with orf463a exhibited male sterility, confirming the gene's potential role in CMS. In this study, we assembled a new isomeric form of NWB CMS mitochondrial genome and proved the function of the candidate sterile gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the impact of weather variables on insect pest dynamics and their diversity in the radish ecosystem through field experiments conducted for two years at a locality in the eastern Himalayas. The relationship with weather variables was studied with six different dates of sowing, and diversity was assessed using standard indices. Various organic management options were also evaluated. Results revealed that temperature had a positive impact, whereas relative humidity and rainfall negatively affected the population of insect pests. The radish ecosystem harbors diverse insect species, including natural enemies, with higher species richness (4.8–5.2) and lower year-to-year variability. Organic management strategies such as neem oil, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium robertsii demonstrated good efficacy against flea beetles without compromising yield, resulting in 39.76%, 39.39%, and 38.71% pest reduction over control, respectively. These biopesticides also recorded less than half to one-fourth reduction in natural predators like coccinellids compared to cypermethrin, a chemical pesticide (74%). The study suggests that, under projected climate change with higher temperatures, pest populations are assumed to increase. Considering the insect diversity of the eastern Himalayas, organic management strategies will be an adaptation strategy to conserve biodiversity while ensuring environment-friendly pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of double haploids ("DH") by microspore-derived embryos is one of the best breeding methods to generate new varieties with better traits and stable genetic background. In the previous study, radish 'DH' lines were generated with a different range of glucosinolate (GSL) contents, ranging from low to high levels of GSL. In this study, we performed metabolic and transcriptional profiling to elucidate the regulatory system behind the GSL biosynthesis process using the 'DH' radish lines. Four individual 'DH' lines were selected, of which two lines named 'HH' had high GSL content, while the other two lines, 'LL', had low GSL content. HPLC analysis in the vegetative (leaf and root) and reproductive tissue (seed) was detected seven GSL compounds from radish. Among seven GSLs, glucoraphasatin (GRH) occupied the largest proportion of total GSLs in both leaf and root tissues, while glucoraphenin (GRE) was taking a place as the major GSL in radish seeds. Six major genes (RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, RsCYP83A1, RsUGT74B1, and RsGRS1) representing the major biosynthesis of aliphatic GSLs were selected for qRT-PCR analysis. Heat map analysis based on Pearson correlation coefficient showed that RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, and RsCYP83A1 were positively correlated with the amount of GRH in leaf tissue. Meanwhile, RsGRS1 showed a strong correlation with the amount of GRH and total aliphatic GSLs in both leaf and root tissues. By using the 'DH' radish lines, this study revealed that regardless of tissues of radish, accumulation of total GSL is strongly affected by the RsGRS1 and also positively supported by the other biosynthetic genes like RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsCYP79F1, and RsCYP83A1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants poses a major risk to consumer health, in addition to affecting plant growth, development and quality. The study aimed to examine the effects of cadmium on the plants' ability for photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity. In this study, radishes were planted in Petri dishes and pots containing soil supplemented with different concentrations of cadmium sulphate (25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). The results showed that the percentage of germination, seedlings length, and fresh and dry matter significantly declined its increasing cadmium concentrations. In addition, cadmium hindered plant growth, as evidenced by the fresh and dried weight of radish roots and leaves after a 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil treatment. There was also a notable decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total leaf area per plant. The leaves of radish plant exhibited a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage contents under Cd stress, while, the relative water content (RWC) decreased. However, leaves and roots of radish plant showed a considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes (catalase; CAT, peroxidase; POD, and superoxide dismutase; SOD). Furthermore, radish showed a significant increase in Cd accumulation in all applications, however, there were no obvious symptoms of Cd toxicity following the 25 and 50 mg Cd kg-1 soil applications. In conclusion, the radish plants accumulated cadmium at higher concentrations (100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). So, we recommended cultivating the radish plants in soil that has low concentrations of cadmium.

This study investigated the effect of 1.0 mM preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on ‘Jin-Mi’ ponytail radish and cherry radish cultivars (‘Akamaru-Hatsuga’, ‘Cherry-One’, and ‘OP 20′). The MeJA was applied via root drenching and leaf spraying three days before harvest, and the research assessed parameters such as dry matter, minerals, amino acids, various secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities in four assays. The findings indicated that MeJA enhanced all cultivars’ dry weight, total amino acids, essential amino acids, Chlorophylls, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. However, MeJA led to reduced vitamin C and total phenolics in three cultivars, except for ‘Jin-Mi’, where antioxidant activities increased with total phenolics. Cultivar-specific responses underscore the importance of selecting cultivars based on consumer preferences for desired functional compounds. The study suggests that a single preharvest MeJA treatment may not guarantee consistently higher secondary metabolite content, promoting further investigation into multiple MeJA treatments from early plant development.

Abstract Genetic diversity plays a critical role in crop improvement. Radish is one of the important vegetable crops of Rabi season, however, there is a lack of information about radish germplasm resources available in Pakistan. The present research was carried out to characterize radish gene pool on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits. Twelve genotypes of radish comprised of local and exotic sources were evaluated for genetic variability through morphological, quality, and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance depicted maximum variation among genotypes for all studied straits. High genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) value (>20%) in all traits indicates that these traits can be improved through selection. The estimate of genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) in present research was closer to phenotypic co-efficient of variance (PCV), suggesting the key role of genotype as compared to the environment. However, high heritability along with genetic advance (as % of mean) among studied genotypes suggests that the selection of studied traits simply on phenotypic basis can also be effective for the breeding program. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits, grouped genotypes into three clusters and cluster I, contained the maximum number of genotypes. In correlation analysis, significant positive correlation among plant fresh weight, root length, root weight, number of leaves and yield can be directly used a selection criteria. Studying of variability in qualitative traits through frequency distribution exhibited maximum variation for root shape and root base. This study showed considerable variability exists in studied genotypes that can further be used for the improvement of radish breeding.

An investigation was conducted at the Horticulture field Invertis University, Bareilly with a study “Impact of NPK, FYM and Vermicompost on growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” during rabi season (2022–23). The experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among the all different eight treatments, the treatment T6 (75 % RDF+25% Vermicompost) was recorded significantly maximum plant height (15.56 cm), number of leaves (11.60), leaf length (11.29 cm), leaf width (5.90 cm), leaf fresh weight per plant (135.50 g), root fresh weight per plant (94.30 g) and Yield (23100 kg/ha), Yield (23.10 t/ha) of radish tender roots after harvesting were also recorded maximum with the treatment T6.

Bolting time is a critical trait that affects crop yield, adaptability, and overall productivity, making its regulation vital for agricultural success. In this study, we explored the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering time in radish (Raphanus sativus) via a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS). By developing an F2 population from a cross between the relatively late-bolting variety ‘L432’ and the early-bolting variety ‘L285’, we identified 12 QTLs associated with bolting time. Furthermore, a GWAS performed on 60 East Asian radish accessions revealed 14 candidate genes potentially involved in flowering and bolting regulation. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC2) was the major candidate gene explaining the early and late bolting types. One locus was commonly detected from QTL and GWAS on chromosome 4, where CONSTANS-like (COL4) is located. To validate these findings, SNP markers were designed and applied to F2 populations, revealing a correlation between marker presence and bolting phenotypes. These results offer valuable insights into the molecular control of bolting time in radish and identify candidate genes for use in marker-assisted breeding. These findings could enhance breeding efforts for optimizing bolting time in various radish markets.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and contains antioxidants that help reduce the risk of diseases. Light is a crucial factor in their growth and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of light spectra on the development, physiological responses, and antioxidant capacity of radish varieties including cherry belle (CB), black Spanish (BS), hailstone white (HW), Malaga violet (MV), and sparkler white tip (SW) under a controlled environment. Various spectra of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light were used. The study found that using a combination of red and blue light (3R:1B) resulted in the highest growth in root diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight across all five radish varieties, with values ranging from 1.83 to 4.63 cm, 13.58 to 89.33 g, and 1.20 to 4.64 g, respectively. In terms of physiological responses, the CB and BS varieties showed a higher photosynthetic rate after exposure to mixed red and blue light (1R:3B, 3R:1B). Additionally, adding green light to the red and blue light also enhanced the photosynthetic rate, with statistically significant differences ranging from 3.31 to 3.99 µmol m−2 s−1. The SW variety of radish exhibited an increase in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins when exposed to light spectra of 1R:1G:1B, 1R:2G:1B, 1R:3G:1B, and 1R:3B. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were 4.67–5.14 mg GAE/g DW, flavonoids were 1.62–1.96 mg Rutin/g DW, and anthocyanins were 1.20–1.58 µg/g DW. However, the antioxidant capacity of five radish varieties under different light spectra did not show significant differences. Thus, the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity depend on the optimal light spectrum for each radish variety.

This study examined the absorption and concentration of anthracene (AN) in the garden radish. Experiments were conducted to grow radishes from the sowing stage in soil contaminated with AN and to grow radishes in soil contaminated with AN following maturity (27 days after sowing). Regarding growth in the AN-containing soil from sowing onward, the AN concentrations during the growing period in both the soil and radishes decreased exponentially over time, albeit with a time lag. Regarding growth in the AN-containing soil after maturity, the AN concentrations in the roots and leaves had a higher density than those in the stems. In these experiments, positive relationships between the AN levels in the soil and radishes were observed. It was inferred that the greater the degree of soil contamination, the greater the effect was on the amount of AN assimilated by radishes. The concentration ratio (radish-to-soil; Cr/Cs) decreased exponentially with the number of days following AN application. It was interpreted that AN was significantly absorbed in the early stages of radish growth and some of the AN returned to the soil as the growth period progressed. According to the results regarding the change over time in the Cr/Cs content in radish parts, it is suggested that soil AN was well absorbed through the roots to circulate within the organism, and it is preferentially distributed and accumulated in the roots and leaves, which have high organic matter content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) application on the nutritional content and yield of five different colored radish microgreens. Microgreens were produced without substrate and subjected to 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM MeJA treatments on the 7th day, three days before harvest. The parameters measured included yield, dry matter, minerals, amino acids, secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls (Chls), anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, glucosinolates (GSLs), vitamin C, and antioxidant capacity. MeJA at 1.0 mM generally improved yield and dry weight across cultivars, and all microgreens exhibited rich mineral and amino acid composition, with the influence of cultivar being more significant than MeJA treatment. However, MeJA enhanced all cultivars' anthocyanins, GSLs, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Generally, as the antioxidant capacity is the primary factor influencing the nutritional quality of microgreens, MeJA-treated microgreens, especially with selected superior cultivars such as 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red', could offer a potential for cultivation of value-added, eco-friendly microgreens with substrate-free cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are important agricultural products with numerous health benefits. Excessive chemical fertilization to meet the food challenge has resulted in environmental and soil health hazards. Considering this aspect, the current study was conducted with the aim to introduce biostimulants as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve soil quality, crop quality, and yield. In the first experiment, the response of radish was noted against the application of glycine (GLY), aspartic acid (ASP), lysine (LYS), vitamin B complex (VBC), and chemical fertilizers (CF). The biostimulants were sourced from Sigma Aldrich and Martin Dow Market Ltd. The results indicated that ASP has significantly improved the phenolic contents in shoot (1.01%) and root (12.23%) compared with CF. Additionally, total protein was significantly increased in shoot with GLY (251.81%) and in root with ASP (57.06%). Shoot ascorbic acid contents were significantly improved with ASP (179.90%), VBC (159.91%), and LYS (139.92%). Plant fresh and dry weight was improved with VBC (478.31%) and ASP (364.73%). The N and P concentrations in radish root were higher in VBC (25.93%) and LYS (100%). Soil organic matter was improved ASP (61.51%), followed by VBC (60.13%). Soil available P concentration was also enhanced with LYS (40.43%), ASP (31.20%), and VBC (23.19%). The second experiment was focused on identifying the response of turnip crop against the following treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), Isabion® (ISA), 25% CF + LYS + GLY (CLG), 25% CF + ASP + GLY (CAG), and 25% CF + ASP + LYS (CAL). The biostimulants were sourced from Sigma Aldrich Syngenta, Pakistan. The results denoted that CAL and ISA significantly improved the phenolic contents in turnip shoot and root. The ascorbic acid in turnip shoot was improved with CAL (19.27%), CAG (18.13%), ISA (17.68%), and in root with CLG (26.96%). The P concentration in turnip shoot was significantly higher in ISA (19.25%), CLG (16.85%), and CAG (12.26%). Soil total N was improved in all treatments. ISA improved the available P concentration, whereas CF (67.87mg kg-1) followed by ISA (65.93mg kg-1) improved the soil available K. Both studies conclude that biostimulants capable of improving vegetable quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of radish roots depends largely on its cultivar, production environment, and postharvest management along the supply chain. Quality monitoring of fresh products is of utmost importance during the postharvest period. The purpose of this study is to nondestructively estimate the weight of a radish using random forests based on color and shape information obtained from images, as well as volumetric information obtained by analyzing a point cloud obtained by combining multiple forms of shape information. The explanatory variables were color and shape information obtained through an image analysis of still images of radishes captured in a constructed photographic environment. The volume information was calculated from the bounding box and convex hull applied to the point cloud by combining the shape information obtained from the image analysis. We then applied random forests to relate the radish weight to the explanatory variables. The experimental results showed that the models using color, shape, or volume information all exhibited good performance with a Pearson's correlation coefficient (COR) ≥ 0.80, suggesting the potential of nondestructive monitoring of radish weight based on color, shape, and volume information. Specifically, the model using volume information showed very high performance, with a COR of 0.95 or higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that are produced in Brassicale order plants and play an important role in their defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, GSLs were reported to possess health benefits like anticancer and anti-inflammation activity. In the present study, the GSL profiles of 13 radishes (Raphanus sativus L) cultivars or inbred lines with different root phenotypes were analyzed. A total of four aliphatics and three indolic GSL compounds were consistently detected from all tested radish accessions. Based on the amounts and profiles of the GSL compounds, we identified that glucoraphasatin (GRH) and glucobrassicin (GBS) were the most abundant in the aliphatic and indolic GSLs, respectively, in young radishes. In addition, we performed a correlation heatmap analysis between the profiles of the individual GSL compounds and the GSL biosynthetic genes involved in the secondary modifications. We found that RsGRS1 plays a major role in the highest abundance of GRH in the aliphatic GSLs. Contrastingly, RsCYP81F3 and its paralogs, RsCYP81Fs might contribute to the profiles of the indolic GSLs in young radishes. In this study, we found that there was a substantial correlation between the transcription of the genes involved in the secondary modification phase of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and the profiles of the aliphatic and indolic GSL compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of anthocyanins in the taproot of radish is an agronomic trait beneficial for human health. Several genetic loci are related to a red skin or flesh color of radish, however, the functional divergence of candidate genes between non-red and red radishes has not been investigated. Here, we report that a novel genetic locus on the R2 chromosome, where RsMYB1.1 is located, is associated with the red color of the skin of radish taproot. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 66 non-red-skinned (nR) and 34 red-skinned (R) radish accessions identified three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the third exon of RsMYB1.1. Although the genotypes of SNP loci differed between the nR and R radishes, no functional difference in the RsMYB1.1 proteins of nR and R radishes in their physical interaction with RsTT8 was detected by yeast-two hybrid assay or in anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco and radish leaves coexpressing RsMYB1.1 and RsTT8. By contrast, insertion-or deletion-based GWAS revealed that one large ATrich low-complexity sequence of 1.3-2 kb was inserted in the promoter region of RsMYB1.1 in the nR radishes (RsMYB1.1nR), whereas the R radishes had no such insertion; this represents a presence/absence variation (PAV). This insertion sequence (RsIS) was radish specific and distributed among the nine chromosomes of Raphanus genomes. Despite the extremely low transcription level of RsMYB1.1nR in the nR radishes, the inactive RsMYB1.1nR promoter could be functionally restored by deletion of the RsIS. The results of a transient expression assay using radish root sections suggested that the RsIS negatively regulates the expression of RsMYB1.1nR, resulting in the downregulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including RsCHS, RsDFR, and RsANS, in the nR radishes. This work provides the first evidence of the involvement of PAV in an agronomic trait of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ogura male sterile cytoplasm is widely used for radish breeding. In this study, high-resolution melting (HRM) markers associated with Rft and Rfo, major restorer-of-fertility genes in Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in radish, were developed. Genetic mapping was carried out using F2 populations derived from crosses between male-sterile Ogura CMS lines and male-fertile lines. Identification of the Rft and Rfo loci was achieved through SNP-based genotyping and linkage grouping. HRM markers were subsequently developed based on flanking sequences of SNPs linked to these loci. For the Rft gene, a set of 117 SNPs was selected within a candidate region on chromosome 5, and 14 HRM markers were successfully developed. Genotyping of F2 showed high correlation between three markers and the phenotype. Regarding the Rfo gene, a set of 27 HRM markers was designed based on flanking sequences of SNPs located on chromosomes 9 and 0. Genotyping in the Rfo segregating population identified a single marker, RSRF27, that accurately distinguished the male sterility phenotype. Validation of the developed markers was performed in populations containing both Rft and Rfo genes, confirming their utility for genotyping and demonstrating that these two genes independently contribute to male sterility recovery. Overall, this study provides HRM markers that can be used for genotyping Rft and Rfo and contributes to a deeper understanding of male sterility restoration mechanisms in Ogura CMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 21st century, abiotic stress has adversely affected the agriculture crop production around the globe. Keeping in view the food requirement under water shortage condition, a study was planned to investigate the effect of thiamine application on radish crop under drought stress conditions on plant. For study purpose, two varieties of locally available radish ('Early-Milo' and 'Laal-Pari') were grown with normal water application as well as thiamine (100 mg L-1) application while maintaining a stress condition (60% field capacity). Increasing water deficit stress linearly reduced plant growth, yield and biomass in both varieties by reducing water use efficiency, while significantly enhanced these attributes with thiamine application. Thiamine application under drought stress exerted significant impacts on physiological attributes in both varieties, including enhanced osmolytic attribute in drought conditions and improvements in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities in plant leaves. Antioxidant and osmoprotectant upregulation positively linked to radish crop's drought tolerance. Moreover, PCA and heatmap analysis revealed a significant interdependence among various traits and interconnected in determining the crop's capacity to sustain growth under conditions of drought stress. In crux, thiamine application conclusively enhances radish growth, yield, biomass, physio-chemical and osmolytic attributes, ionic composition and enzymatic antioxidant potential. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the application of thiamine in commercial agriculture practices to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on radish crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study of the overall flavor and taste profile of different radishes is lacking. This study systematically compared the volatile profile of six radish varieties using HS-GC-IMS and their correlation with the E-nose analysis. Organic acids and amino acids were quantified, and their association with the E-tongues analysis was explored. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, with diallyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide being the primary sulfides responsible for the unpleasant flavor in radish. Compared to other varieties, cherry radishes boast a significantly higher concentration of allyl isothiocyanate, which likely contributes to their characteristic radish flavor. Moreover, oxalic acid was identified as the most abundant organic acid in radish, accounting for over 97% of its content, followed by malic acid and succinic acid. In conclusion, the distinct flavor and taste characteristics of different radish varieties partially explain their suitability for diverse culinary preferences.