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Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of PA and EE in Serbian urban adolescents, using an objective measure. In particular, we explored gender and weight status related differences in PA level and EE among Serbian adolescents. In addition, their PA and EE obtained during schooldays and weekends were compared. Methods: From the representative sample of elementary schools in Belgrade, one school was selected by random sampling for the purpose of the objective PA assessment. The sample included 115 students (53 boys and 62 girls) of the average age 14.0 (0.6) years. EE and the duration of PA levels were assessed by the Sense Wear PRO3 Armband device (Body Media Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA). IOTF cut-off points were used to define subjects as non-overweight, overweight or obese. Analysis of variance was applied to examine the impacts of gender and weight status on EE and PA duration. Results: Adolescents spent most of the time in sedentary regime 241.7 ± 62.8 min/day, on average and they were totally physically active for 196.0 ± 73.5 min/day. Boys accumulated more PA than girls and during schooldays, the PA of all adolescents was higher than during weekend days. OW girls spent less time in total PA, MPA, and VVPA. On the other hand, NW and OW boys differed only in VVPA. Consequently, OW girls had lower energy expenditure compared with their NW peers, but no such differences in boys were found. Discussion: The results of this study indicate that low PA activity might be a more important factor in propagation of overweight in girls than boys, at least in early adolescent period. PA in girls should be strongly encouraged, with a special focus on vigorous PA during weekends.

Physical education as an important component of quality education and pedagogical work should contribute to realisation of complete intellectual, emotional, social, and moral and physical education of each child and student in accordance with his/her age, developmental needs and interests. Introducing the subject Physical Education - the chosen subject into the curriculum, can be observed as a reply on the need of children for self-actualisation and physical activities which affirm an individual. Different realisation of this subject, according to organisation and teaching quality, determined the aim of his paper which was, according to the opinion of teachers of Physical education to observe effects of application of compulsory-optional subject Physical Education in primary schools in Belgrade. The research included 113 teachers of physical education from 51 schools from the central area of Belgrade. Given results show that teachers through teaching of this subject partially neglect individual sports in comparison to the collective ones. There is a small number of school in which students can choose new sports, which are not included in the subject Physical Education, and free choice of sport, according to interests of students, is in question. The most frequent organisational problems in realisation of the subject Physical Education - the chosen sport, are observed by the teachers and they refer to insufficient areas and rooms and the problem of organising mutual classes when both boys and girls are present and when they participate in different sports. Teachers of Physical Education are mostly satisfied with discipline, positive attitude and motivation of students during classes Physical Education - chosen sport, but they are blocked by conditions they have at school, and they do not show inventiveness, nor desire to improve teaching seriously. In the future, if we do not find solutions for improvement quality for realisation the subject Physical Education - optional subject in all schools - which would enable in certain extent to obey interests of students for certain sports, to improve conditions in which teaching is realised and to enlarge the week number of classes - it would be more efficient that Physical Education- chosen sport would be returned in the frames of the subject Physical Education as the third class.

Prethodna istraživanja su dala podatke o odnosu fizičkog self-koncepta i telesne mase kod mladih, ali taj odnos nije bio jasno specifikovan u pogledu pola. Cilj ovog istraživanja jeste da se utvrde karakteristike fizičkog self-koncepta adolescenata normalne i prekomerne telesne težine, kao i polne razlike u pogledu odlika njihovog fizičkog self-koncetpa. Uzorak se sastojao od 417 učenika osnovne škole (229 dečaka i 188 devojčica) prosečnog uzrasta 13 godina i 6 meseci (SD=0.73). Na osnovu indeksa telesne mase (BMI) uzorak je podeljen na grupu adolescenata normalne i grupu adolescenata prekomerne telesne težine. Za procenu fizičkog self-koncepta primenjen je Upitnik fizičkog self-koncepta (PSDQ). Rezultati su pokazali da adolescenti prekomerne težine imaju značajno niže skorove na svim skalama upitnika PSDQ osim na skalama Zdravlje i Snaga, kao i da su razlike veće u subuzorku devojčica. Diskriminativnom analizom dobijeno je da se dečaci normalne telesne težine najviše razlikuju, od ostalih ispitanika, na supskalama Telesna debljina, Izdržljivost i Sportska kompetentnost. Takođe, diksriminativnom analizom je dobijeno da se, pored skale Telesna debljina, devojčice normalne telesne težine najviše razlikuju od ostalih ispitanika i na skalama Fleksibilnost, Samocenjenje i Koordinacija. Rezultati ukazuju da je za bolje razumevanje odnosa fizičkog self-koncepta adolescenata i telesne mase važno uzeti u obzir i pol adolescenata. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su potencijalno korisni za prevenciju problema prekomerne telesne težine učenika kroz nastavu fizičkog vaspitanja. Previous researchers have described the relation between physical self-concept and body mass in adolescents, but those relationships have not been clearly specified by gender. The purpose of this study is to explore physical self-concepts of normal-weight and over-weight Serbian adolescents with respect to gender. The sample consisted of 417 primary school students (229 boys and 188 girls) with the average age 13.6 (SD=0.73) years who were divided into normal-weight and overweight groups according to body mass index. To assess the multidimensional physical self-concept, Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered. Results showed that overweight adolescents had significantly lower scores than normal-weight on all PSDQ scales except Health and Strength. Differences were greater among girls than boys. Discriminant analysis showed that the scales Body Fat, Endurance and Sports Competence best differentiated normal-weight boys from other students. Also, discriminant analysis showed that, besides the scale Body Fat, scales Flexibility, Self-Esteem, and Coordination best differentiated normal-weight girls from other students. Results indicate that for better understanding of the relationship between adolescent's physical self-concept and body mass one must take gender into account. Results are potentially valuable for preventing overweight through physical education.

Веза моторичких способности, као кретних капацитета човека, и егзекутивних функција (ЕФ), као важних когнитивних ресурса, до сада није детаљно испитивана. У Студији 1 овог истраживања је испитивана корелација моторичких способности (издржљивост у снази, експлозивна снага, репетитивна снага, агилност, брзина, координација, издржљивост и гипкост) и ЕФ (ажурирањe, инхибицијa и премештањe) ученика узраста 9-10 година. Резултати Студије 1 су показали повезаност издржљивости са премештањем (мера уштеде времена на Глобал-локал задатку), као и истовремено високог нивоа издржљивости и координације са премештањем (мера тачности на Смајли задатку). Ове две моторичке способности су, уз репетитивну и експлозивну снагу, биле позитивно повезане и са инхибицијом (мера уштеде времена на Модификованом Струповом задатку), али се најбољим предиктором ове мере инхибиције показала издржљивост у снази. Имајући у виду налазе Студије 1, као и непримереност вежби издржљивости у снази за ученике наведеног узраста, у Студији 2 је испитивана могућност унапређења премештања и инхибиције реализацијом дванаестонедељног експерименталног програма заснованог на вежбама аеробне издржљивости и координације, као и истог експерименталног програма уз додатне когнитивне захтеве усмерене на унапређење премештања и инхибиције. Налази Студије 2 су показали да се експериментални програми у својој ефикасности унапређења инхибиције и премештања нису разликовали ни међусобно, нити су били ефикаснији од редовног Програма физичког васпитања у коме су биле заступљене вежбе брзине, експлозивне снаге, агилности, као и интерактивна кретања (хваталице). У будућим истраживањима односа моторичких способности и ЕФ би требало контролисати пол, узраст, мотивацију за вежбање и остале потенцијално значајне факторе који би могли да утичу на ову везу. The relationship between different physical fitness components, as essential parts of one’s movement capacities, and executive functions (EF), as important cognitive resources, has not yet been explored in detail. In Study 1 of our research, we investigated the correlations between physical fitness components (muscular endurance, explosive power, repetitive power, agility, speed, coordination, aerobic endurance, and flexibility) and EF (updating, inhibition, and shifting) in students aged 9 to 10. The results of Study 1 indicated a positive relationship between aerobic endurance and shifting (a measure of time efficacy in the Global-local task), as well as a positive correlation of simultaneously high aerobic fitness and coordination with shifting (a measure of accuracy in the Smiley task). These two fitness components, along with repetitive and explosive power, were also positively connected with inhibition (a measure of time efficacy in the Modified Stroop task), but the best predictor of this inhibition measure was muscular endurance. Bearing in mind the findings of Study 1, and also the fact that muscular endurance exercises are inappropriate for students in this age group, in Study 2 we investigated the possibility of shifting and inhibition enhancement by conducting a twelve-week experimental program based on exercises for aerobic endurance and coordination enhancement, and by conducting the same program with additional cognitive tasks designed to improve shifting and inhibition. The findings of Study 2 showed that the efficacy in improving inhibition and shifting did not differ between the experimental programs, nor between the experimental programs and the regular physical education program, which comprises activities improving speed, explosive power, and agility, as well as interactive activities (catching games). In future research of the relationship between physical fitness and EF, factors such as gender, age, and exercise motivation should be controlled, as well as some other potentially significant factors which could impact this relationship.

Imajuci u vidu da je fizicka aktivnost ucenikana casovima fizickog vaspitanja nedovoljna,istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem da se utvrdiod kojih cinilaca najviše zavisi fizicka aktivnostucenika mladeg školskog uzrasta na casufizickog vaspitanja. U istraživanje je biloukljuceno 272 ispitanika (127 decaka, 145devojcica) trecih i cetvrtih razreda iz osnovnihškola sa teritorije grada Užica. Generalni ciljistraživanja, u skladu sa problemom ipredmetom istraživanja, je ispitivanje doprinosapojedinih personalnih, bihejvioralnih isocijalnih faktora fizickoj aktivnosti ucenikamladeg školskog uzrasta na casu fizickogvaspitanja. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju dafizicka aktivnost roditelja (oceva), ima najvecupredikciju na fizicku aktivnost ucenika mladegškolskog uzrasta na casu fizickog vaspitanja.Zatim po prediktivnosti slede: motoricki status,fizicka aktivnost ucenika u slobodno vreme,morfološke karakteristike, fizicki self-koncept imotivacija., Bearing in mind that the physical activity ofstudents in physical education classes isinsufficient, research was conducted in order todetermine the factors of which depends mostlyon physical activity of younger school agestudents in the classroom physical education. Thestudy included 272 subjects (127 boys, 145 girls),third and fourth grades of elementary schools inthe town of Uzice. The general aim of theresearch, in accordance with the issue and thesubject of research is to examine thecontributions of individual personal, behavioraland social factors, physical activity pupils ofyounger school age at the time of physicaleducation. The results show that physical activityof parents (fathers), has the highest prediction ofthe physical activity of younger school agestudents in the classroom physical education.Then, after the predictability follow: motorstatus, physical activity of students in his sparetime, morphological characteristics, physical selfconceptand motivation.

Problem u ovom istraživanju proistekao je iz nesklada koji postoji između koncepata, postupaka i praktične primjene modela praćenja tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika u okviru nastave tjelesnog i zdravstvenog odgoja u različitim vaspitno-obrazovnim sredinama. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bila je evalucija dva različita modela za procjenu tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika osnovnih škola na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine, odnosno Unsko – sanskog kantona. Pored toga, cilj istraživanja je bio i određivanje kriterijumskih referentnih standarda tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika osnovne škole u Bosni i Hercegovini i komparacija sa već postojećim referentnim standardima (vrijednostima) učenika iz Republike Srbije. Ovo istraživanje je po svojoj prirodi teorijsko i empirijsko. U okviru teorijskog istraživanja urađena je metoda teorijske analize. Istraživanje je djelom i empirijsko, evaluacionog tipa, jer je u njemu primjenjena metoda testiranja i evaluiranja određenih parametara tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika. U okviru teorijskog istraživanja urađena je analiza modela praćenja tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika iz Republike Srbije i modela praćenja tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika iz Bosne i Hercegovine (EUROFIT baterija testova) sa aspekta: koncepta i cilja, strukture baterija mjernih instrumenata (testova), validnosti i pouzdanosti mjernih instrumenata (testova), primjenjivosti modela baterije testova u školskim uslovima u odnosu na potrebno vrijeme za izvođenje testa, neophodnu opremu i prostor za izvođenje testa, kao i prilagođenosti modela testiranja različitim uzrastima i polu učenika. U okviru empirijskog istraživanja izvršena su testiranja tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika osnovnih škola sa područja Unsko-sanskog kantona (BIH) baterijom testova iz modela iz Republike Srbije. Takođe, urađeno je anketiranje profesora koji su bili uključeni u ovo istraživanje radi dobijanja informacija i njihovih mišljenja o modelima praćenja tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika čija evaluacija je urađena ovim istraživanjem. Nakon izvršenog testiranja učenika osnovnih škola sa područja svih osam općina Unsko-sanskog kantona, a na osnovu dobijenih podataka izračunati su kriterijumski referentni standardi tjelesnog razvoja i motoričkih sposobnosti učenika ovog područja... The problem of this study comes from a dissension that exists between the concepts, methods and practical application of the Physical Fitness Test in teaching physical and health education in various institutions. The basic aim of this study was to evaluate two different models of estimation of physical development and motor skills of pupils in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Una - Sana Canton. Besides that, the goal of the research was to determine the Healthy Fitness zone of physical development and motor skills of pupils in Bosnia and Herzegovina and compare it with the already existing Healthy Fitness zone of pupils from the Republic of Serbia. The research, by its nature is both theoretical and empirical. Within this theoretical research the method of theoretical analysis has been followed. This study is partly empirical because a testing method is applied and also certain parameters of physical development of motor skills were evaluated. Within this research, analysis of the Physical Fitness Test were done on both pupils from Republic of Serbia and pupils from Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUROFIT test battery) from the aspects of: concept and goal, the structure of the battery gauges (tests), validity and reliability of measurement instruments (tests), the changebility of test battery models in school conditions compared to the the time needed to perform the test; the necessary equipment and space, as well as the adaptation of the testing model to the different age and gender of pupils. Within the empirical studies, the testing of physical development and motor skills of pupils from the area of Una – Sana Canton (BH) was done by using a model test battery from the Republic of Serbia. Teachers also participated in this study in order to obtain information and their views of the Physical Fitness Test whose evaluation is done by this research...

Fizička aktivnost (PA) predstavlja važan segment zdravlja u toku odrastanja dece. Znanja o nivoima i obrascima PA kod dece su ograničena, prvenstveno zbog teškoća pri merenju aktivnosti u normalnom svakodnevnom životu. Nedostatak PA označen je kao jedan od rizika smanjenog zdravstvenog statusa, dok se gojaznost u današnjem vremenu počela tretirati kao bolest. Cilj ovog istraživanja bila je procena fizičke aktivnosti i energetske potrošnje (EE) učenika osnovne škole uzrasta 13-15 godina iz gradske sredine. Fizička aktivnost i energetska potrošnja procenjivani su u odnosu na pol, telesni status, sportsku angažovanost učenika tokom posmatranog perioda. Takođe, cilj istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje dostizanja preporučenog optimalnog vremena za bavljenje fizičkom aktivnošću od strane učenika. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 115 učenika (53 dečaka i 62 devojčice) osnovne škole u Beogradu, sa prosečnom starošću od 14.0 (SD = 0.6) godina. EE, trajanje i nivo PA procenjivani su na osnovu više-senzornog uređaja SenseWear Pro3 Armband (SWA) (BodyMedia Inc, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) koji je validan, precizan i pouzdan. EE, trajanje i nivo PA mereni su četiri dana tokom 24 sata (uključujući dva radna i dva dana vikenda). Analiza varijanse je primenjena za ispitivanje uticaja pola, telesnog statusa i sportske angažovanosti u okviru EE i trajanja PA. Posmatrana relativizovana EE kod adolescenata tokom četiri dana iznosila je prosečno 185.3 ± 25.0 kJ/kg/danu, dok je EE tokom PA iznosila 69.4 ± 29.2 kJ/kg/danu. Učenici su najviše vremena proveli u laganom režimu prosečno 241.7 ± 62.8 min/danu i ukupno su bili fizički aktivni 196.0 ± 73.5 min/danu. U okviru nivoa PA, 76% vremena su proveli tokom umerene PA (MPA), 21% u energičnoj PA (VPA) i 3% u veoma energičnoj PA (VVPA). Rezultati koji su analizarini pomoću ANOVA-e, pokazali su da postoje polne razlike u svim posmatranim varijablama, u toku ukupnog vremena, radnih dana i dana vikenda. Posmatrane su ukupna dnevna EE (p

The main goal of this study was to determine the frequency of injuries, nature of injuries, risk regions, the frequency of injuries in the past year, and whether the reduction in body weight affects the risk of injury. The study was conducted on a sample of 51 subjects (34 men, 17 women) - 20 cadets, 6 juniors, 12 younger seniors and 13 seniors. The subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions (7 introductory and 7 questions about the injuries, the severity of injuries and possible injuries in the past year). The study results were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods (average values and percentage points) in Microsoft Office Excel program. The study results suggest that the greater the likelihood of injury is at judokas that reduce body weight (2 kg and more) than at those who don't. Furthermore, the most common injuries occur during fights (randory) and competitions but rarely during condition training (running and training in the gym). Also, research findings indicate that competitors often get injured when falling on the ground or by their own attack, while the most common are the knee and elbow injuries. The cause of injuries is a great tire of judokas (due to lack of recovery from the previous competition or a large number of training), and a poor or too short warm-up.

The main purpose of this research was to enquire the frequency and the character of the injuries, high-risk areas and the most common situations in which injuries occur during the TDK competitions. The research included 72 TDK competitors (43 men and 29 women) between the ages of 18 and 35. The research was conducted during two cometitions ; Croatian senior TDK championship and Croatia Open tour (category A).The competitors were given structural questionnaire consisted of 5 descriptive questions about the competition and another 5 question concering the research. The results of the research were processed using the descriptive statistical methods (average and the percentage) in Microsoft Office Excel. The results obtained prove what has been known so fair: that competitors who reduce their body weight before the competition have the higher risk of injuries commonly occur in lower extremities because in these parts there is a constant contact during the fight. The most common cause of the injuries is personal attack which shows the need to improve the technique of launching the kicks, their steadiness and the shape of the competitors.. No considerable differences were noticed between male and female competitors concerning the frequency and the character of the injuries, areas of high risk and concerning the most common situations in which injuries occur during the TDK competitions.

The basic for the program of the practical part of the class of cheerleading and pom pon dance is made of specific basic moves and moving structure:Hand and arm positions, leg positions, jumps, stunts, dance motion. Acquiring and perfecting specific elements, integrating moves into a whole, and synchronizing with musical variations of different rhythm and tempo, all have a positive effect on:morphological characteristics, motor skills, functional characteristics.