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For decades, news narratives centered the voices of elites over sources with lived experience, even when journalists said they did not intend to favor elites. A new technology platform, Hearken, invites audiences to influence reporting by building "gates" that allow people to move between the roles of news creator and news consumer. This affords an opportunity to assess whether audience participation influences journalists to include more diverse perspectives in reporting. In stories produced by public radio stations using the Hearken platform, sources with lived experience exceeded recent patterns of elite vs. non-elite sourcing in commercial and public media in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the ethnic media promote the political engagement of minority ethnic immigrants? This is a salient question in Western democracies, where the political incorporation of immigrants is a continuous challenge. Prevailing accounts place the media as a primary cause of growing public disengagement. In contrast, this article argues that the entry of community‐centered ethnic media can increase immigrants' political engagement by changing their informational environment and their representation in media and state institutions. In 2004, the UK Parliament enacted the Community Radio Order to allow the licensing of community radio stations. Leveraging the introduction of this law and geographical variation in the distribution of licenses with a difference‐in‐differences approach, this article shows that the exposure of minority ethnic immigrants to radio programming targeted at their community substantively increases their turnout in local elections. The results suggest that immigrants' participation in politics is stimulated by accommodating diversity within common institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike in neighbouring countries, Spanish radio stations were subject to a severe censorship regime for most of the twentieth century. After the end of the civil war (1939), General Franco's regime issued regulations to control the press and radio. In the case of newspapers, the Press Act (1966) eased this surveillance, but such relief did not apply to radio broadcasting. However, in the second half of Franco's dictatorship, some local stations and, especially, a nation-wide radio station (Cadena SER) tried to bypass restrictions set by the authorities. This article covers different initiatives, paying special attention to those developed by Cadena SER, which played a decisive role in liberalising information. To this end, journalists who played a key role in this transition were interviewed. As a result of this research, it has been observed that, despite the threats, disobedience was a constant from the 1960s onwards. Such disobedience was not always aimed at fighting the regime during this time of social change, but also responded to the broadcasters' commercial strategies. It has also been found that certain authorities facilitated these activities through their personal influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a system in Japan to detect illegal radio transmitting sources, known as the DEURAS system. Even though crackdowns on illegal radio stations are conducted on a regular basis every year, the number of illegal emission cases still tends to increase, as ordinary citizens are now able to handle advanced wireless communication technologies, e.g., via software-defined radio. However, the current surveillance system may not be able to accurately detect the source in areas where large buildings are densely packed, such as urban areas, due to the effects of reflected waves. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a system for estimating the location of the source of transmission using a high-flying unmanned aerial vehicle called HAPS. The simulation results using numerical analysis software show that the proposed system can estimate the location of the source over a wider area and with higher accuracy than conventional monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though radio continues to be the most dominant media platform for black South Africans, the rise in indigenous language podcasts marks a significant milestone in the South African media landscape for speakers of these languages who have previously been afforded limited agency in the sector. The place of podcasts in South Africa must be understood from the rich 100 years of radio in a context where oral media serves as a central platform for developing linguistic and cultural identities. This qualitative study employs purposive sampling to consider the production practices of South African indigenous language podcasts using Epokothweni and iLukuluku as two case studies. In considering these two podcasts, the study highlights the content creators of Epokothweni and iLukuluku as a model of how South African indigenous language podcasters draw on radio as an established storytelling platform for South African indigenous language speakers that allow them to use their podcast platforms in socio-culturally relevant ways. The paper argues that these platforms allow black South Africans to tell stories that have been neglected and silenced, allowing them to articulate the world and their experiences involving economic and scientific issues. The view is that indigenous language podcasting is set to increase as content producers greatly appreciate engagement with black audiences, which are currently under-prioritised in a sector dominated by English-language outfits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of scholarly work that measures the quality of journalism, both in Western contexts and in the Global South. This might be partly explained by the difficulty in defining, operationalising and measuring news media quality. However, those data would be helpful to identify the societal role of radio journalism in enabling citizens to participate and take decisions. As radio plays an overarching role in Tanzania for information, especially for those living in rural areas, this article assessed research data from the "Yearbook on Media Quality in Tanzania" that has identified quality as a list of criteria describing various characteristics of journalistic texts and set thresholds to distinguish good from poor quality. Thus, it measured the quality performance of 30 print, radio and TV media houses. This article now assesses radio journalism in the country, with a focus on comparison amongst radio stations. The assessment shows that some quality criteria were almost not fulfilled at all, although they are acknowledged as important, for example, the right of reply, or covering viewpoints that are critical to the government. Nevertheless, with regard to professionalism and comprehensive reporting, the data show that some radio stations perform largely better than others and that programmes are much better compared to newscasts. The external environment plays an important role in performance. Many shortcomings in quality are due to the harsh political environment and economic challenges. However, the internal newsroom environment plays an additional role and explains as well some of the quality differences identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Radio stations are seriously affected by transmission line reradiation interference, but most of the existing methods for analyzing and solving reradiation interference on transmission lines focus on approximating the physical problem through mathematical models and algorithms, and it is difficult to study the correlation between transmission lines and reradiation interference in depth. This paper introduces the characteristic mode theory to study the influence factors of reradiation interference on transmission lines, which can decompose the surface induced current of transmission lines into a series of mutually orthogonal mode currents. This paper verifies the correctness of applying the MS (mode significance) value of the characteristic mode theory to analyze the reradiation interference through a simple transmission line example. Taking a line with 5 towers as an example, by analyzing the characteristic mode currents of transmission lines with different forwarding angles and linear arrangements, we not only verified that the characteristic mode currents can well characterize the reradiation interference, but also verified that the characteristic currents of different modes have a direct connection with the structure of the line, which can be applied in the process of designing or reconstructing the towers of the transmission lines, to predict the influence of different structural parameters on electromagnetic scattering, so as to optimize the tower design to reduce the reradiation interference effects and thus optimize the tower design to reduce reradiation interference. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because Indigenous peoples face unique challenges to their autonomy and lifeways from dominant media influences, Indigenous radio has been used to facilitate intra-community engagement among these groups. A small but long-standing literature reveals both strengths and vulnerabilities of Indigenous radio, though the rapidly changing communications landscape suggests new possibilities for these media sources. Our research was a community–academic collaboration that employed exploratory and mixed (survey, interview, and observational) methods across two Indigenous communities in the Central and Southern Amazon of Ecuador. The Indigenous radio station, La Voz de la CONFENIAE (Confederación de las Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana), sought to perform an impact assessment that would measure both the character and extent of the impact of radio programming with sensitivity to the priorities of listeners as to the purpose, function, and appropriate impact metrics for an Indigenous radio station. A total of 92 surveys and 30 interviews across two communities were conducted in July and August of 2022. Our findings reveal (a) the informational function of this radio for the Indigenous communities in its listening reach; (b) that radio programming conveys family, community, and cultural knowledge bi-directionally both from and to its listening audience; and (c) that members of the audience were, in turn, prompted to action and engagement. In our discussion, we identify opportunities to improve the assessment of community-owned radio as a bidirectional resource for communities. Our work also advances a model of self-determined and stakeholder-driven evaluation for Indigenous community radio, with particular attention to the material (e.g., behavioral) impacts of radio messages and potential for radio to support communal and collective engagements desired by the communities it serves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, Israel's music scene was largely steered by two major radio stations, G alei Tzahal and Reshet Gimmel. Both played a critical role in shaping musical tastes in Israel, while also serving the music industry as crucial platforms for artist exposure. Regarded as "taste communities," they catered primarily to music enthusiasts and embodied a spectrum of cultural, political, and socio-economic facets of diverse Israeli groups. Galei Tzahal tended to be more selective, elitist, and avant-garde. Reshet Gimmel pursued a more populist agenda, aiming for mass appeal and fostering a seemingly broader sense of shared identity among listeners. Galei Tzahal wished to educate Israelis, Reshet Gimmel aimed to represent what the masses wanted to hear. This research aims to probe into the distinct tactics of these stations, understand their contributions to the cultural conversation, and examine how they helped forge a national identity through music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the historical methods of delivering veterinary services to animals. It discusses how veterinarians used to travel on horseback or in horse-drawn carriages, carrying their instruments in saddlebags. With advancements in technology, motorized vehicles became the norm, and virtual veterinary services have also emerged. The article also touches on the establishment of veterinary schools and the importance of designated clinic locations. It further delves into the history of automobiles used by veterinarians, including the popular Ford Model T "Doctor's Coupe" in the 1920s. The use of modified vehicles for difficult road conditions and the development of mobile veterinary units are also mentioned. The article concludes by discussing larger motor vehicles and trailers equipped with examination and surgical facilities for at-home health services. Additionally, it explores the evolution of communication methods, such as videoconferencing, which have facilitated telemedicine in veterinary practices. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores ordinary people's involvement in literature. Goed, beter, Betsie, a narrative text read on a community radio station, serves as an example text. It is indicated how the writing of this text makes it possible for Elizabeth Labuschagne-Hull, an author who considers herself to be just an ordinary person, to make sense of her past. The effects that the reading of this narrative text had on community radio listeners, indirect readers who are also seen as ordinary people, are discussed. The article indicates that authors do not necessarily create texts to be critically examined and that the reading of narrative texts do not necessarily need to take place from a theoretical approach in order to be valuable. The conclusion is that ordinary reading is valuable because it could help readers to understand their lives. It is confirmed, based on the aesthetic experience of ordinary readers, that stories do something for and to ordinary people; also that the engagement with literature can change people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates code-borrowing which happens during soccer commentaries in Sepedi on Thobela FM, a radio station which broadcasts in Sepedi. Qualitative in approach, the study collected data from purposively selected Thobela FM listeners to determine whether code-borrowing is beneficial or detrimental to the development of Sepedi soccer terminology. The participants were selected from Mamelodi, Soshanguve and Atteridgeville in Pretoria, where Sepedi is a dominant language. Four different recorded soccer commentaries of five minutes each were played to the participants prior to interviewing them for approximately 30 minutes. The study's findings showed that listeners believe that code-borrowing contributes positively towards the development of soccer terminology in Sepedi, further suggesting the coinage of Sepedi soccer terminology from English equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS) is a characteristic service of BeiDou, which can provide users with short message communication services. Since the working frequency of an RDSS system is close to that of a 5G system, the RDSS system is very susceptible to interference from 5G out-of-band radiation. This paper analyzes the compatibility of 5G interference with an RDSS system from the perspective of the signal and the system. Firstly, the compatibility assessment is carried out from the perspective of the signal, the impact of interference on the capture and tracking performance of BeiDou is illustrated, and the safe coexistence distance of the two systems from the perspective of capture probability is obtained from the perspective of the signal. Subsequently, based on the link budget criterion, the interference of 5G base stations and 5G terminals to RDSS receivers under different frequency isolation and the required distance isolation for safe coexistence are analyzed from the system perspective. Finally, from the perspective of civil aviation safety, the aggregate interference is used as an evaluation index to evaluate the interference suffered by the aircraft during takeoff and landing and to obtain the interference suffered by the ground-based 5G base station during the takeoff and landing of the aircraft on different routes and in different 5G propagation environments. The simulation results show that when the airplane is closer to the ground, the ground 5G base stations will cause harmful interference to the RDSS receiver. In this study, the real flight data are combined with the simulation model to obtain the exact influence range of 5G interference on the RDSS system under different viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of media in democratic governance is pivotal, yet its impact on democratic consolidation remains debated. This study investigates the relationship between radio activism and democratic consolidation in Ghana, focusing on the influence of political news production and communication strategies by radio stations. Employing a case study design and qualitative research approach, 23 informants were selected through purposive sampling for face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study reveal that participatory and decentralized approaches to radio broadcasting, involving collaboration between radio staff and community members, enhance the conducive environment for democratic consolidation. However, challenges such as politicization and commercialization of political news content undermine public trust in radio broadcasting. The study concludes that stakeholder engagement in political news production fosters participatory communication on radio, thus contributing to democratic consolidation.

While many will be familiar with the British traitor William Joyce who, as Lord Haw-Haw, became infamous for his radio broadcasts to Britain on behalf of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, much less widely known and studied is the work of Büro Concordia, an organisation created by Joseph Goebbels to broadcast 'black' propaganda from Berlin to Britain. Between 1940 and 1945 five secret radio stations posed as the voice of British dissident, anti-war organisations operating within the United Kingdom, broadcasting a stream of propaganda which aimed to demoralise the British people and undermine its support for the war. While they can be credited with some limited success, they fell far short of what Goebbels had hoped and expected from them. These stations were launched by the Reich Propaganda Ministry, but the two dozen writers and speakers who produced these broadcasts from studios in Berlin were British citizens. This study evaluates these 'British renegades' and the system that identified, recruited and trained them, and concludes that whatever potential there might have been to influence the course of the war, the employment of people so wholly unsuited to the work ensured that Concordia was bound to fail from its inception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has had a significant impact on radio stations in Indonesia. This makes radio more accessible and allows community involvement to listen to radio broadcasts online. In addition, digital technology speeds up the broadcast process and allows the use of simulcast. This research was conducted qualitatively, using observation and literature study to collect and process data from reliable sources. Research has found that radio stations use digital technology to promote their programs and communicate with their listeners. They also use social networks to learn about public issues and increase public engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morning talk radio in Mauritius has established itself as a popular platform where participants phone in to raise problems they encounter in their everyday lives. The first wave of liberalization of the airwaves in Mauritius has allowed private radio stations to schedule talk programmes, especially in their morning editions, that create spaces for the voices of ordinary people to be heard as they speak, contest decisions of powerholders and look for alternatives through the mediation of talk radio. Through discourse theoretical analysis, this article looks into a set of five cases and argues that morning talk radio has mediated a process of democratization conflicts and engaged popular cultural dynamics in the unequal context of Mauritius. It argues that through the prism of 'proper distance', the mediation of everyday life can be deciphered highlighting the moral and political dimensions of these morning programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illuminates a correlation between Tibet's national identity and technological peripheralization through three intertwined tales involving Chinese, British and Tibetan radio stations in Lhasa between 1934 and 1950. Instead of a political backwater, Tibet was crucial to the competition between an expansionist British Empire and a growingly nationalistic Republic of China in the Himalayas throughout the first half of the twentieth century. As Britain and China monopolized the radio to substantiate their respective political ambitions, Tibet was compelled to adopt an image of geographical remoteness and technological underdevelopment. Upon breaking the foreign monopoly, the Tibetan government managed to appropriate this image for the propagation of its definitions of Tibetan state and national identities. Both the radio and the lack thereof in Tibet, therefore, became key to the Chinese, British and Tibetan governments' efforts in furthering their respective portrayals of the Tibetan state and nation, as well as Tibet's position in relation to its neighbours and the rest of the world. In addition to illustrating the interaction of power and technology in the creation of peripheral regions and competing identities, the history of radio in Tibet also reveals the essential roles played by the individuals who oversaw the radio's daily operations in such processes. Refusing to remain mere extensions of the state that they represented or the machine that they operated, these agents and technicians actively pursued their individual objectives, sometimes against the interests of their employers, shaping Tibet's modern political landscape in unexpected yet significant ways [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the constant progress made in the development of modern industrial technology, more and more highly integrated complex systems have emerged, whose reliability is often enhanced by setting system redundancy. When the reliability analysis is conducted on a complex system with redundancy, however, the failure of the redundancy management function hinders the spare parts from being converted as normal, which is called imperfect coverage (IPC). If the impact of IPC is ignored, the results of reliability analysis would be rendered inaccurate. Therefore, a multi-state Takagi–Sugeno dynamic fault tree (T–S DFT) analysis which considers IPC is proposed in this study to improve the accuracy of reliability analysis for the complex multi-state dynamic system. Firstly, the description rules of multi-state Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) dynamic gates are given. Secondly, the input and output of the warm spare (WSP) gate with IPC are analyzed to calculate the probability density function of the output of the WSP gate which considers IPC. Compared with the classical distribution, phase-type (PH) distribution shows satisfactory generality and analytical characteristics, which makes it suitable for dealing with complex random problems. Therefore, the life distribution of components is assumed to be PH distribution. Furthermore, the importance measures of multi-state T–S DFT analysis are presented. Finally, the reliability and importance measures of a radio station system are calculated to provide reference for identifying weak links, optimizing reliability design and maintaining operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1940, from somewhere in Scotland, a radio station named Radio Caledonia began to broadcast Scottish nationalist, anti-government and anti-war propaganda to Britain, on behalf of an organisation called the Scottish Peace Front. Its objective was to bring about Scotland's exit from the war, an end to the capitalist system, and the creation of an independent, socialist Scotland. The speaker and scriptwriter behind Radio Caledonia was Donald Grant, a Scot, since dubbed Scotland's Lord Haw-Haw. But Radio Caledonia was only superficially a Scottish nationalist station. In reality, the Scottish Peace Front was an entirely fictitious group, and Radio Caledonia's programmes were made in and broadcast from Berlin under the direction of Joseph Goebbels, as one element of his propaganda campaign against Britain. Radio Caledonia, like other similar 'secret stations' commissioned by Goebbels, was conceived of by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, and its broadcasts written and produced by British renegades. This paper looks at Grant's background and political beliefs, the Nazi propaganda organisation within which he worked in Berlin, and the broadcast output of Radio Caledonia. It concludes that far from being an authentically nationalist or socialist enterprise, Radio Caledonia was devised by German Nazis and British fascists as a tool to achieve their shared aim of bringing about an end to Britain's involvement in the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the latest issue of the Journal of Radio and Audio Media (JRAM) as its lead line, highlighting diverse content from international and U.S. authors. Topics include the impact of BBC's soft power through The Archers, explored by Tim Vercellotti, emphasizing pro-democracy messages and civic engagement.

Grounded theory offers a way to examine the journeys of Black radio leaders. A group of 14 radio station leaders interviewed by The HistoryMakers and available in the HistoryMakers Digital Archive were selected for the following areas: educational background, career path, journey into the radio industry, management strategy, and insights on sustainability of the Black Radio medium. The 14 radio leaders did not reflect a consistent pattern of career preparation. Four initial building blocks—ownership, leadership, management and outlook led to a second tier of themes—that together form the "Tenets of Black Radio Resilience." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the comparative analysis of Black-centered radio stations WVON in Chicago and WYLD in New Orleans during the civil rights movement. Topics include the journalistic approaches of each station—WVON as a progressive newsroom advocating radical socio-political views and WYLD focusing on traditional Black-oriented journalism.

In the feature identification of maritime VHF radio communication signals, shipborne VHF communication technology follows the same international technical standards formulated by IMO, uses analog communication technology and uses the same communication channel in the same area, and cannot effectively achieve signal feature identification by adding feature elements in the process of signal modulation. How to effectively identify the ship using VHF radio has always been a technical difficulty in the field of ship perception. In this paper, based on the convolutional neural network, combined with the feasibility of CAM feature extraction and BiLSTM feature extraction in non-cooperative signal recognition, a deep learning recognition model of shipborne VHF radio communication signals is established, and the deep learning approach is employed to discern the features of VHF signals, thereby accomplishing the identification and classification of transmitting VHF radio stations. Several experiments are designed according to the characteristics of ship communication scenes at sea. The experimental data show that the method proposed in this paper can provide a new feasible path for ship target perception in terms of radio signal characteristics and identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio stations now use a hybrid method of broadcasting. Transmission between the studio and the transmitter is digital. In the transmitter digital signal is converted to analog and this signal is transmitted by AM or FM modulation. The identified problem are transmission errors in the digital path. Single errors in transmission are not unusual and happen in most cases systems. However, repeated and grouping errors are usually a sign of track damage transmission line and require intervention. In the article presents an example solution to automatically detect some errors that manifest themselves in the identified way. To identify transmission errors, basic statistical methods were used that allowed to create a reference data set on the basis of which it is possible to identify the fact occurrence of an error based on patterns and algorithms from the machine learning area. The environments related to the radio industry are keenly interested in researching this phenomenon because now is not available solutions allowing for automatic detection and identification of this type problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on archival sources, diaspora periodicals, and memoirs, this article examines two questions that have not been raised in historiography until now: 1) how the dissemination of information about occupied Lithuania, inspired by the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK), functioned in the West; 2) how the transmission of information via radio waves to occupied Lithuania was organised: which stations specifically spoke on behalf of VLIK, what content the Committee broadcast, and what kind of response it received. VLIK served as the primary centre for the collection and coordination of the dissemination of information about occupied Lithuania. Between 1945 and 1991, bulletins from the Lithuanian Information Agency “Elta” were produced in eight languages and distributed across various countries. For two decades, VLIK had access to radio airtime, producing Lithuanian programmes on radio stations in Madrid (1955–1965, 1969–1976) and Manila (1970–1974). By providing Western media with current information, VLIK played an important role in the anti-Soviet media landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous popularity of domestic radio watches and clocks, the importance of low-frequency radio stations has become increasingly significant. However, as domestic low-frequency radio stations have been established for over 20 years, with the erosion of time, radio antennas and ground networks have suffered varying degrees of damage, leading to a potential decline in the broadcasting efficiency of the radio stations. Especially in recent years, with the continuous development of technology, industries related to time accuracy have increasingly higher demands, surpassing the precision provided by traditional quartz clocks, which are no longer sufficient to meet market needs. To verify the actual transmission efficiency of existing low-frequency radio stations and to meet the demands of a wide range of radio users, this paper adopts a new testing method specifically designed for low-frequency communication signals for testing and analysis. Relevant parameters are organized, and communication data on the antenna parameters during the initial station construction period are collected and organized. The two sets of data are then analyzed and compared to validate the antenna efficiency of low-frequency stations' output signals. Based on the relevant verification data, the extent of damage to the low-frequency antenna ground network is determined, providing reference information for the subsequent repair of antennas and ground networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we present a novel deployment protection method aimed at safeguarding aeronautical radio altimeters (RAs) from interference caused by fifth-generation (5G) telecommunication base stations (BSs). Our methodology involves an integrated interference model for defining prohibited zones and utilizes power control and angle shutoff methods to mitigate interference. First, to ensure reliable protection, we define both horizontal and vertical prohibited zones and investigate their variations to immunize RA against 5G interference. Second, we validate the effectiveness of the model in various operational scenarios, analyzing the influence of factors such as base station types, antenna parameters, flight altitude, and aircraft attitudes to cover a wide range of real-world scenarios. Third, to mitigate interference, we propose and analyze the power control and angle shutoff methods through simulation for the RMa prohibited zone. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the deployment protection method in safeguarding RAs from 5G interference, providing guidance for interference protection during civil aviation operations and base station deployment near airports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a historical overview of the time services at the Cape Observatory and Sutherland Observatory in South Africa. It mentions the use of various timekeeping devices, such as chronographs and quartz crystal oscillators, as well as the transmission of time signals to radio stations and other institutions. The document also discusses the transition to modern timekeeping systems and the role of the observatories in maintaining accurate time standards. It concludes with a brief mention of time services at other observatories in South Africa. The given text includes references to several books and reports related to astronomy in South Africa. These sources provide information on topics such as the activities of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, the Johannesburg Observatory, and the work of astronomers in these locations. The text does not provide any specific details or content from these sources, but rather serves as a list of references for further research. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)