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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this review, we discuss the status of novel radiation shielding and other methods to reduce radiation exposure and its associated health risks within the CCL. RECENT FINDINGS: There are many devices on the market each with its unique advantages and inherent flaws. Several are available for widespread use with promising data, while others still in development. The field of percutaneous transcatheter interventions includes complex procedures often involving significant radiation exposure. Increased radiation exposes the proceduralist and CCL staff to potential harm from both direct effects of radiation but also from the ergonomic consequences of daily use of heavy personal protective equipment. Here we discuss several innovative efforts to reduce both radiation exposure and orthopedic injury within the CCL that are available, leading to a safer daily routine in a lead [apron]-free environment.

The utilization of ionizing radiation has become a cornerstone of modern-day health care. Subsequently, anesthesia providers are susceptible to ionizing radiation exposure in the workplace. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess anesthesia providers' compliance with radiation safety precautions within the operating rooms at 3 Mid-Atlantic suburban hospitals. The researchers observed anesthesia personnel over a 2-week period. Education regarding recommended safety precautions was then provided to anesthesia personnel, and an additional 2-week postintervention observation period was conducted to assess whether radiation safety practices changed. Before the intervention, 19 (82.6%) study participants were compliant with radiation safety practices, and nearly all participants (n = 22, 95.7%) were compliant postintervention. The researchers identified several potential limitations and opportunities to further this discussion. The researchers believe that standardizing radiation safety education and practices among anesthesia providers poses a potential area for quality improvement. • Anesthesia providers are susceptible to radiation exposure in the workplace. • Recommended precautions include distance of 1 m from radiation and shielding. • Radiation safety compliance was assessed before and after educational intervention. • Education on the potential dangers of radiation exposure is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Continuously monitored external dose-rate signals from remote dose-rate meters (DRMs) were analyzed to determine the effective half-life (Teff) of 131I in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. The aim is to gain novel understanding of the excretion of radioactive iodine (RAI) in DTC patients and to demonstrate that a remote DRM system can be reliably used for real-time monitoring of external dose-rates of DTC patients. Methods: 110 DTC patients who received postoperative RAI therapy between September 2018 and February 2023 in Turku University Hospital were studied retrospectively. The external dose-rates of the patients were continuously monitored during their hospitalization with a remote DRM fixed in the ceiling of the isolation room. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyse the association between logarithmical Teff and patient characteristics. Results: The median Teff for all patients was 12.60 h (Q1: 10.35; Q3: 14.75 h). Longer Teffs were associated with higher BMI (p = 0.004), lower GFR (p < 0.001), and diabetes (p = 0.007). Our study also revealed that neither age nor subsequent RAI therapies have a significant impact on the whole body Teff (p = 0.522 and p = 0.414, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with higher BMI, decreased GFR, or diabetes have a longer whole-body Teff of 131I. Ceiling-mounted remote DMRs can reliably be used to determine patient's Teff. Since Teff values vary among patients, ceiling-mounted meters can be used to optimize the length of radiation isolation period at the hospital while improving patient comfort and staff efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Implications for nursing and health policy This study evaluates and compares nurses’ and other healthcare workers’ awareness of and compliance with radiation protection measures in operating rooms and their perceived susceptibility to occupational illness due to radiation exposure.Compliance with radiation safety measures minimises occupational radiation exposure risks. Understanding the role of perceived susceptibility to occupational illness in motivating compliance and awareness can enhance safety interventions.Using a questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional observational design, this study targeted nurses, physicians, and radiologic technologists working in Saudi Arabian operating rooms. The survey measured awareness of and compliance with radiation protection measures and perceived susceptibility to occupational illness. The STROBE checklist was followed to ensure methodological rigour.Nurses demonstrated the lowest awareness and compliance, and the highest perceived susceptibility to occupational illnesses compared to other healthcare professionals. There was a moderate positive correlation between increased awareness of safety measures and compliance, but a weaker correlation between adherence and perceived risk.Nurses’ compliance and awareness did not align with their risk perceptions, suggesting a cognitive‐behavioural gap in which stronger risk perceptions among nurses do not lead to proactive protective behaviours. This discrepancy may be attributed to the demanding nature of nursing duties, which often overshadow strict adherence to safety protocols.The study identified significant disparities in radiation safety practices, with nurses demonstrating less awareness and compliance but higher risk perceptions than other healthcare professionals. Interventions are needed to bridge the gap between perceived risk and actual safety behaviours.Role‐specific training programmes and continuous education are needed to enhance radiation safety practices among nurses. Policies must support these educational efforts, ensuring that nurses can balance patient care responsibilities with radiation protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about institutional radiation doses during transcatheter valve interventions. The authors sought to evaluate institutional variability in radiation doses during transcatheter valve interventions. Using a large statewide registry, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair, transcatheter mitral valve replacement, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022, with an air kerma (AK) recorded were analyzed. Patient and procedural characteristics were compared between cases with AK ≥2 and <2 Gy. Associations of variables with AK ≥2 Gy were investigated using Bayesian random effects modeling and median ORs for the performing hospital. Among 9,446 procedures across 30 hospitals, median (Q1-Q3) procedural AK was 0.592 Gy (0.348-0.989 Gy) with AK ≥2 Gy in 533 cases (5.6%). Wide variation in procedural AK was observed, with an institutional frequency of AK ≥2 Gy ranging from 0.0% to 29.5%. Bayesian modeling identified the performing hospital as more strongly associated with the odds of a procedural AK ≥2 Gy than any patient or procedural factors (hospital median OR: 3.54 [95% credible interval: 2.52-16.66]). In a large, multicenter state-wide registry, there is wide institutional variability in patient-level radiation doses during transcatheter valve interventions, with the performing hospital having a higher odds of an AK ≥2 Gy than any patient or procedural factors. Future interventions are warranted to reduce procedural-related variation in radiation exposure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the issue of legal regulation of nuclear and radiation safety relations in Ukraine in peacetime and martial law conditions. The legal aspects of the formation of nuclear legislation during the period of large-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine are studied. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problems of legal regulation of nuclear and radiation safety relations in Ukraine in peacetime and martial law conditions. The authors of the article conducted a retrospective review and the current state of development of the national legislation of Ukraine in the field of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety. As a result of such consideration, it was determined that over thirty years, an extensive system of nuclear legislation has developed, at the same time, today the system of the legal framework in the field of the use of nuclear energy, ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, radiation protection of citizens from the effects of ionizing radiation in Ukraine consists of documents of three levels. The authors of the article came to the following conclusions. Ukraine must fulfill its international legal obligations in full. Despite the rather extensive system of nuclear legislation under martial law, it is actively developing and improving. At the same time, there is a need to solve the issue of improving foreign and international legislation, in particular, at the same time as the national legislation. EU legislation. In the future, the norms of this legislation must be implemented in the national legislation of all EU member states and the IAEA. Despite the inability of the IAEA to solve the issue of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety under the conditions of martial law, as well as the problem of constant nuclear blackmail by the Russian Federation, in our opinion, at the moment, it is the only international organization that is capable, by sending its experts, in particular, on the Zaporizhia NPP, which has been captured by Russian troops since March 2022, to have at least a small impact on solving the above-mentioned tasks. However, in the future, i.e. after the end of military operations in Ukraine, the international community will have to resolve issues related to the reorganization of international humanitarian law, as well as the activities of such organizations as the UN and the IAEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peculiarities of legal regulation of population protection during radiation emergency situations at nuclear power plants under martial law conditions have been studied. The decisive link is the prevention of emergency situations at NPPs, the provision of deep-echeloned five-level protection of NPPs in accordance with NP 3062.141-2008 “General provisions for the safety of nuclear plants”. In wartime conditions, additional threats to the NPP as a critical infrastructure facility should be taken into account, including cyber terrorism, cyberespionage, threats of terrorist acts, threats of missile attacks, information threats, as well as the threat of loss of power supply for the NPP’s own needs. The need to create a regulatory body in Ukraine for the implementation of state policy on nuclear and radiation safety issues, as a state collegial body of executive power with a special status, through the adoption of the relevant Law, with the determination of the features of the state regulation of nuclear and radiation safety during the period of martial law, in particular to determine by law, is substantiated conditions for introducing maximum autonomy in NPP management, maximum simplification and minimal intervention in NPP operation while preserving all actions related to ensuring nuclear and radiation safety; proper organization of interaction with the public. According to the results of the study, taking into account the experience of the EU, it is proposed to introduce a system of independent advisory and advisory bodies based on the National Commission for Radiation Protection of the Population of Ukraine (NKRZU), which was formed in accordance with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine of July 16, 1990, as a permanently active higher independent collegial scientific and expert advisory body on anti-radiation protection and radiation safety of the population of Ukraine, with the aim of identifying problematic issues and providing recommendations on the specifics of developing plans for the protection of personnel and the population in the event of radiation accidents at nuclear plants. The research uses the general dialectical method, the method of scientific knowledge, the method of interpreting legal norms, the formal legal method, the comparative legal method, and the method of systemic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous papers report the occurrence of head and neck tumors in interventional radiology (IR) physicians. Recently, appropriate dosimetry and protection have become much more important. To accomplish these, first, we should accurately understand how the brain is exposed. We assessed the dose distribution of the head and clarified the relationship between head exposure and brain dose. We used eight radiophotoluminescence dosimeters (RPLDs), two at the surface of the eyes and six inside the phantom head. We conducted measurements with three kinds of irradiation fields: one irradiated the whole head, the second irradiated the brain region, and the third irradiated the soft tissue of the face. The cranial bone reduced the brain dose to less than half the skin dose: about 48% at the front and less than 9% at the back of the brain. Due to the brain exposure, the soft tissues were slightly exposed to the scatter radiation from the cranial bone. We revealed the dose distribution of the head and the influence of the scatter radiation from the cranial bone and the soft tissues of the face. There are two kinds of scatter radiation: from the cranial bone to the soft tissue of the face, and from the soft tissue to the brain. Although the influence of these sources of scatter radiation is not significant, the relationship between brain exposure and the occurrence of head and neck tumors is still unclear. Therefore, some IR physicians should keep this in mind if they receive high levels of exposure in their daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Continuously monitored external dose-rate signals from remote dose-rate meters (DRMs) were analyzed to determine the effective half-life (Teff) of 131I in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. The aim is to gain novel understanding of the excretion of radioactive iodine (RAI) in DTC patients and to demonstrate that a remote DRM system can be reliably used for real-time monitoring of external dose-rates of DTC patients. Methods 110 DTC patients who received postoperative RAI therapy between September 2018 and February 2023 in Turku University Hospital were studied retrospectively. The external dose-rates of the patients were continuously monitored during their hospitalization with a remote DRM fixed in the ceiling of the isolation room. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyse the association between logarithmical Teff and patient characteristics. Results The median Teff for all patients was 12.60 h (Q1: 10.35; Q3: 14.75 h). Longer Teffs were associated with higher BMI (p = 0.004), lower GFR (p

Biological excretion from patients (urine) generated during radionuclide diagnostics enters directly into the hospital sewage system. The establishment of new clearance level according to Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1069 of October 19, 2012 may entail amendments to regulatory documents for radionuclide diagnostics departments. One of these requirements is a mandatory dedicated sewage system. Establishment of the requirement may lead to an increase the cost of the radionuclide diagnostic examinations, and to a decrease the accessibility of radionuclide diagnostic. The aim of this study was to estimate the activity of radionuclides in patient urine after radionuclide diagnostic and activity concentration in sewage water in the hospital and in the transport tank of toilet for evaluation of paths of waste manage. Based on published literature data, models of biological excretion were constructed for the following radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-pyrophosphate, 64Cu-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody, 18F-FDG, 68Ga-PSMA-617. The activity of radionuclides in the patient waste in the hospital and in public transport during the patient transportation to home was calculated. Various scenarios of patient transportation were considered. The values of the excreted activity, activity concentration and dose rate at 1 m from the tank with sewage water for each type of transport were calculated. The calculated values of the radionuclide activity concentration in sewage water in transport tank of toilet for the majority scenarios exceed the clearance level (up to 180 times for 68Ga-PSMA-617 when traveling by bus). According the regulatory requirements, it is necessary to collect patient excretions after radionuclide diagnostic examinations and hold it for decay. However, estimated effective doses of individuals from the public from contact with biological patient waste do not exceed the acceptable value. This is due to the short half-life of diagnostic radionuclides. The paths of management system of biological patient waste were proposed.

Purpose: We present a patient who is undergoing regular HD and received Lu-177-PSMA-617 treatment, regarding radiation safety issues including environmental radiation, exposure of medical personnel, and the radioactivity in the dialysate. Methods: A 78 years old man with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer undergoing HD received 84.4 mCi (3.1 GBq) of Lu-177-PSMA-617. First HD during the 20th-24th hours after injection, and the second HD during 68th-71st hours. The environmental exposure rate and personnel exposure monitoring were measured. The dialysate was collected and sampled, and the activity was measured. Results: During the first HD session, where dialysate was collected in the room, medical personnels received exposure of 3-19µSv. Dialysate was drained out in the second HD, and medical personnels received 2-4 µSv. The radiation exposure rates in the first HD were measured as follows: 3-4 µSv/hr bedside, 1.2-1.5 µSv/hr at 1 meter, and less than 0.3 µSv/hr at 4 meters. In the second HD, the rates were 2-3 µSv/hr bedside, 1.2-1.8 µSv/hr at 1 meter, and less than 0.3 µSv/hr at 4 meters.The dialysate had an activity of 6.88 mCi (0.25 GBq) in 120 liters of the first HD, while in the second HD, it had 2.13 mCi (0.08 GBq) in 90 liters. Conclusion: For the medical personnel involving HD, the accumulative exposure doses were than 2-19 µSv after 20 hour of injection. The environmental exposure rate would drop to background at 4m away from the patient. The dialysate contained minimal amounts of Lu-177 radioactivity.

Background: Dental imaging accounts for

Abstract Objective This study evaluates the level of radiation safety awareness and adherence to protective practices among pregnant female radiographers in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to identify gaps and develop targeted interventions for enhancing occupational safety. Methods Employing a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed 133 female radiographers using a self-developed questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and knowledge, workplace practices, communication, and satisfaction. Results The survey showed high awareness among radiographers, with 97% acknowledging radiation risks during pregnancy, although 42.9% had not received formal training. Concerns over long-term health effects were significant, with 66.2% of participants worried about potential impacts. Despite these concerns, 83.5% had been informed about radiation risks and protective measures, indicating active information provision in many workplaces. However, inconsistencies in information dissemination across different work settings were noted. Conclusions The findings highlight the need for standardized radiation safety protocols for pregnant radiographers. The variability in safety training and information dissemination suggests the importance of establishing uniform safety practices. Recommendations include developing comprehensive education and training programs for pregnant radiographers, ensuring open communication for radiation safety and pregnancy-related concerns, and enforcing clear guidelines for workplace accommodations.

Radiopharmaceutical therapy with 131I has been one of the most common types of radiopharmaceutical therapy for many years. Radiation safety of the public is ensured by limiting the patient contacts until the radiological parameters are reduced to the established criteria. To increase the availability of the radiopharmaceutical therapy with 131I, softer patient release criteria for 131I have been proposed. However, early patient release may increase exposure to the public, e.g. in transport. The aim of the work is to evaluate the radiation exposure from patients with 131I -MIBG and Na131I on the public in transport considering the generation of biological waste. In this work, 131I excretion from the body of patients in transport was evaluated for different scenarios of patient travel to the place of residence. As a result, it was found that mitigation of patient release criteria leads to an increase in the effective dose to the public in transport and an increase in the 131I activity excreted with patient waste. The specific activity in the tanks of biotoilets in transport, generated after the pas -sage of a patient with injected 131I -labeled radiopharmaceuticals, exceeds the limit value of classifying liquid waste as radioactive. To optimize radiation protection of the public, it is advisable to apply a differentiated approach to release patients after therapy with 131I: to group non-resident patients into a separate category retaining for them the established release criterion (without mitigation) to minimize the radiation impact on the public.

Abstract Background Radiolabeled antibody 131I-omburtamab was administered intraventricularly in patients with leptomeningeal disease under an institutionally approved study (#NCT03275402). Radiation safety precautions were tailored for individual patients, enabling outpatient treatment based on in-depth, evidence-based recommendations for such precautions. The imperative advancement of streamlined therapeutic administration procedures, eliminating the necessity for inpatient isolation and resource-intensive measures, holds pivotal significance. This development bears broader implications for analogous therapies within the pediatric patient demographic. Methods Intraventricular radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 925–1850 MBq (25–50 mCi) of 131I-omburtamab was administered via the Ommaya reservoir, in designated rooms within the pediatric ambulatory care center. Dosimeters were provided to staff involved in patient care to evaluate exposure during injection and post-administration. Post-administration exposure rate readings from the patient on contact, at 0.3 m, and at 1 m were taken within the first 30 min, and the room was surveyed after patient discharge. Duration of radiation exposure was calculated using standard U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) regulatory guidance recommendations combined with mean exposure rates and whole-body clearance estimates. Exposure rate measurements and clearance data provided patient-specific precautions for four cohorts by age: < 3 y/o, 3–10 y/o, 10–18 y/o, and 18+. Results Post-administration exposure rates for patients ranged from 0.16 to 0.46 µSv/hr/MBq at 0.3 m and 0.03–0.08 µSv/hr/MBq at 1 m. Radiation exposure precautions ranged from 1 to 10 days after release for the four evaluated cohorts. Based on the highest measured exposure rates and slowest whole-body clearance, the longest precautions were approximately 78% lower than the regulatory guidance recommendations. Radiation exposure to staff associated with 131I-omburtamab per administration was substantially below the annual regulatory threshold for individual exposure monitoring. Conclusion 131I-omburtamab can be administered on an outpatient basis, using appropriate patient-based radiation safety precautions that employ patient-specific exposure rate and biological clearance parameters. This trial is registered with the National Library of Medicine’s ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT03275402, and it was registered on 7 September 2017. The web link is included here. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03275402 .

Background: An ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) electron accelerator for FLASH radiotherapy (RT) produces very intense bremsstrahlung by the interaction of the electron beam with objects both inside and outside of the accelerator. The bremsstrahlung dose per pulse is typically 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than that of conventional RT x‐ray treatment of the same energy, and for electron energies above 10 MeV, the bremsstrahlung produces substantially more induced radioactivity outside the accelerator than for conventional RT. Therefore, a thorough radiation safety assessment is mandatory prior to the operation of a UHDR electron accelerator. Purpose: To evaluate the radiation safety of a prototype FLASH‐enabled Varian TrueBeam accelerator and to develop a general framework for assessment of all key radiation safety properties of a UHDR electron accelerator for FLASH RT. Methods: Production of bremsstrahlung and induced radioactivity by a UHDR electron accelerator is modeled by various analytical methods. The analytical modeling is compared with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bremsstrahlung yield data as well as measurements of primary bremsstrahlung outside the bunker and induced radioactivity of irradiated thick targets for a FLASH‐enabled 16 MeV Varian TrueBeam electron accelerator. In addition, the analytical modeling is complemented by measurements of secondary bremsstrahlung inside/outside the bunker and neutrons at the maze entrance. Results: Calculated bremsstrahlung yields deviate maximum 8.5% from NIST data, and all measurements of primary bremsstrahlung and induced radioactivity agree with calculations, validating the analytical tools. In addition, it is found that scattering foil bremsstrahlung dominates primary bremsstrahlung and the main source of secondary bremsstrahlung is the irradiated object outside the accelerator. It follows that primary and secondary bremsstrahlung outside the bunker can be calculated using the same simple formalism as that used for conventional RT. Measured primary bremsstrahlung tenth‐value layers for concrete of the simple formalism are in good agreement with NCRP and IAEA data, while measured secondary bremsstrahlung tenth‐value layers for concrete are considerably lower than NCRP and IAEA data. All calculations and measurements form a general framework for assessment of all key radiation safety properties of a UHDR electron accelerator. Conclusions: The FLASH‐enabled Varian TrueBeam accelerator is safe for normal operation (max. 99 pulses per irradiation) in a bunker designed for at least 15 MV conventional x‐ray treatment unless the UHDR workload is much larger than the x‐ray workload. A similar finding applies to other UHDR electron accelerators. However, during beam tuning, radiation survey, or other tests with extended irradiation time, the UHDR workload may become very large, necessitating the implementation of additional safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic lumbar facet pain is commonly treated with fluoroscopy-guided facet medial branch blocks (FMBBs). However, the associated radiation exposure of both patients and clinicians is a growing concern. This study aimed to compare radiation doses and fluoroscopy times between two techniques, i.e., oblique and posterior–anterior (PA) fluoroscopic approaches, while also examining the impact of physician experience on these metrics. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 180 patients treated at Mersin University Hospital Pain Clinic between January and July 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: 90 received the oblique technique (Group O) and 90 received the AP technique (Group A). Radiation dose and fluoroscopy time data were collected for each patient. The AP technique was associated with significantly lower radiation doses (mean 66 mGy) and shorter fluoroscopy times (mean 28 s) compared to the oblique technique (mean radiation dose of 109 mGy and fluoroscopy time of 46 s) (p < 0.001). Physician experience also influenced these outcomes, with more experienced physicians consistently using less radiation. The AP technique should be considered for FMBBs, as it reduces radiation exposure while maintaining procedural efficiency, highlighting the importance of experience in optimizing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluates the level of radiation safety awareness and adherence to protective practices among pregnant female radiographers in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to identify gaps and develop targeted interventions for enhancing occupational safety. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed 133 female radiographers using a self-developed questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and knowledge, workplace practices, communication, and satisfaction. Results: The survey showed high awareness among radiographers, with 97% acknowledging radiation risks during pregnancy, although 42.9% had not received formal training. Concerns over long-term health effects were significant, with 66.2% of participants worried about potential impacts. Despite these concerns, 83.5% had been informed about radiation risks and protective measures, indicating active information provision in many workplaces. However, inconsistencies in information dissemination across different work settings were noted. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for standardized radiation safety protocols for pregnant radiographers. The variability in safety training and information dissemination suggests the importance of establishing uniform safety practices. Recommendations include developing comprehensive education and training programs for pregnant radiographers, ensuring open communication for radiation safety and pregnancy-related concerns, and enforcing clear guidelines for workplace accommodations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiolabeled antibody 131I-omburtamab was administered intraventricularly in patients with leptomeningeal disease under an institutionally approved study (#NCT03275402). Radiation safety precautions were tailored for individual patients, enabling outpatient treatment based on in-depth, evidence-based recommendations for such precautions. The imperative advancement of streamlined therapeutic administration procedures, eliminating the necessity for inpatient isolation and resource-intensive measures, holds pivotal significance. This development bears broader implications for analogous therapies within the pediatric patient demographic. Methods: Intraventricular radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 925–1850 MBq (25–50 mCi) of 131I-omburtamab was administered via the Ommaya reservoir, in designated rooms within the pediatric ambulatory care center. Dosimeters were provided to staff involved in patient care to evaluate exposure during injection and post-administration. Post-administration exposure rate readings from the patient on contact, at 0.3 m, and at 1 m were taken within the first 30 min, and the room was surveyed after patient discharge. Duration of radiation exposure was calculated using standard U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) regulatory guidance recommendations combined with mean exposure rates and whole-body clearance estimates. Exposure rate measurements and clearance data provided patient-specific precautions for four cohorts by age: < 3 y/o, 3–10 y/o, 10–18 y/o, and 18+. Results: Post-administration exposure rates for patients ranged from 0.16 to 0.46 µSv/hr/MBq at 0.3 m and 0.03–0.08 µSv/hr/MBq at 1 m. Radiation exposure precautions ranged from 1 to 10 days after release for the four evaluated cohorts. Based on the highest measured exposure rates and slowest whole-body clearance, the longest precautions were approximately 78% lower than the regulatory guidance recommendations. Radiation exposure to staff associated with 131I-omburtamab per administration was substantially below the annual regulatory threshold for individual exposure monitoring. Conclusion: 131I-omburtamab can be administered on an outpatient basis, using appropriate patient-based radiation safety precautions that employ patient-specific exposure rate and biological clearance parameters. This trial is registered with the National Library of Medicine's ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT03275402, and it was registered on 7 September 2017. The web link is included here. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03275402. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Iodine-131 (131I) treatment offers imaging advantages due to its emission of high-energy gamma radiation, despite concerns being raised regarding radiation safety. Various rules and standards for radiation protection have been established internationally and nationally. Patients undergoing this treatment can present a risk of external radiation exposure to the people around them. The purpose of this study is to measure the radiation dose rates around patients who have undergone treatment and to assess the effects of cumulative doses received by those who have been exposed. Material and Method: The study includes a total of 44 patients who had undergone radioactive iodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer and measures their thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and 24-hour radioiodine uptake. The 131I doses administered to the patients were recorded. Following treatment, external dose rates (EDR) were measured at distances of 30 cm and 1 m from the patients at 0, 4, 24, 48, 72, 144, and 240 h post 131I treatment. Radiation exposure was calculated by considering three scenarios for those accompanying the patient. Result: The study calculated the median TSH values of the 44 patients as 81.74±41.98 mlU/L, while the median of their 24- hour uptake values was determined as 6.39±8.42%. The mean administered treatment dose was 5.28 GBq (±1.3). A correlation was observed between the initial 24-hour measurements and the administered dose. Furthermore, another correlation was found between the measurements taken after the 24th hour and the 24-hour uptake value. The radiation exposure for accompanying individuals was estimated to range between 0.4-1.62 mSv across three scenarios. Conclusion: Patients receiving 131I treatment should be given comprehensive information about the importance of radiation protection after treatment and the precautions to be taken during isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel comprehensive shield designed to minimize radiation exposure (RE) to Physicians performing coronary and structural heart procedures. The Protego™ radiation shielding system (Image Diagnostics Inc., Fitchburg, Ma) is designed to provide comprehensive protection from RE and has been State certified sufficient to allow operators to perform procedures without orthopedically burdensome lead aprons. This single center two-group cohort study assessed the efficacy of this shield in a large number of cardiac procedures (coronary and structural), comparing operator RE compared to standard protection methods (personal lead apparel and "drop down" shield). The Protego™ system reduced operator RE by 99 % compared to Standard Protection. RE was significantly lower at both "Head" level by thyroid median dose 0.0 (0.0, 0,0) vs 5.7 (2.9, 8.2) μSv (p < 0.001), as well as waist dose 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) vs 10.0 (5.0, 16.6) μSv (p < 0.001). "Zero" Total RE was documented by Raysafe™ in 64 % (n = 32) of TAVR cases and 73.2 % (n = 183) of the coronary cases utilizing Protego™. In contrast, standard protection did not achieve "Zero" exposure in a single case. These dramatic differences in RE were achieved despite higher fluoroscopy times in the Protego™ arm (11.9 ± 8.6 vs 14.3 ± 12.5 min, p = 0.015). Per case procedural exposure measured by Dose Area Product was higher in the Protego™ group compared to standard protection (115.4 ± 139.2 vs 74.9 ± 69.3, p < 0.001). The Protego™ shield provides total body RE protection for operators performing both coronary and structural heart procedures. This shield allows procedural performance without the need for personal lead aprons and has potential to reduce catheterization laboratory occupational health hazards. • The catheterization laboratory predisposes to occupational health hazards. • Lead apron use underlies the prevalence of orthopedic maladies in interventionists. • Until recently, there have been few advances in catheterization laboratory protection technology. • Novel comprehensive shielding systems have been validated in early studies to provide excellent radiation protection. • Recent system refinements offer potentially even greater degrees of protection when compared to standard protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents a theoretical investigation of the shielding and radiation dosimetry parameters of two perovskite semiconductors defined by Na2CuMCl6 (M = Bi (NCSC1) and Sb (NCSC2)). Photon interaction parameters such as the mass attenuation coefficient μ / ρ , effective atomic number Z eff , effective electron density N eff , mass energy absorption coefficient μ en / ρ , specific gamma constant Г, absorbed gamma dose rate D r , energy absorption (EABF), and exposure (EBF) buildup factors were computed following standard procedure for discrete photon energies (0.2, 0.662, and 1.25 MeV). The magnitudes of μ / ρ vary between 0.0534 and 0.1881 cm2/g and 0.0565 and 0.4863 cm2/g for NCSC1 and NCSC2, respectively. The values of Z eff fell within the ranges 20.60–25.82 and 25.41–51.37, for NCSC1 and NCSC2, respectively. The corresponding ranges for N eff were 2.79–3.5 × 1023 electrons/g and 2.88–5.82 × 1023 electrons/g. The values of Г for energies between 0.2 and 1.25 MeV are within 10.9–20.42 Rm/Cih and 17.61–23.94 Rm/Cih for NCSC1 and NCSC2, respectively. Comparatively, NCSC2 has lower photon buildup factors across the energies compared to NCSC1.Based on the analysis of all evaluated photon interaction parameters, it can be deduced that NCSC2 had higher photon shielding potentials than NCSC1in both broad and narrow beam photon transmission scenarios. In a comparison of the photon absorption competences of the NCSC perovskite semiconductors with those of the RS series commercial glass shields, the NCSC semiconductors showed promising potential as a Pb-free gamma photon absorber in nuclear technological applications. The NCSC semiconductors are attractive as environmentally friendly shields for low photon energy attenuation. The semiconductors are therefore recommended for shielding of laboratory radiation sources and for the protection of radiation-sensitive electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

informing the population, which may be affected in the event of a radiation accident, to the legislation of the European Union. The subject of the study was the provisions of nuclear, environmental and other branches of legislation, international, foreign and EU legislation, as well as scientific-theoretical and practical ideas, views and approaches to solving legal problems of ensuring radiation safety, radiation protection and informing the general public about health protection measures, to be taken and actions to be taken in the event of a radiation accident. The object of the study is public environmental, nuclear, radiation and other relations that arise in the event of a radiation accident and informing the population in case of danger, as well as regulated by the norms of national and international legislation. The problems of ensuring radiation and nuclear safety of the population rank first among the priority issues of ensuring peace in Ukraine and in the world. One of the directions of legal reform in Ukraine is the development of domestic legislation and its convergence with EU legislation as one of the conditions for Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The importance, priority and relevance of the adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of the use of nuclear energy and radiation safety to the EU legislation is determined, first of all, by the importance of informing the population that may be affected in the event of a radiation accident, receiving information about health protection measures that concern them, as well as about their actions in case of such an accident. These issues became especially active after the russian federation's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The main legal documents in Ukraine for ensuring radiation safety, radiation protection of the population and personnel are the laws of Ukraine "On the use of nuclear energy and radiation safety" dated February 8, 1995, "On human protection from the effects of ionizing radiation" dated January 14, 1998, Standards of radiation safety of Ukraine (NRBU - 97), approved by the resolution of the Chief Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine on December 1, 1997, Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety of Ukraine (OSPU - 2005), approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated February 2, 2005 No. 54, order of the State of the Committee on Nuclear Regulation of Ukraine "On approval of the Radiation Accident Response Plan" dated May 17, 2004. These normative acts define a number of legal categories, in particular, the concept of "radiation accident". At the time of the adoption of domestic national legal acts, Council directives 89/618/EURATOM, 90/641/EURATOM, 96/29/EURATOM, 97/43/EURATOM and 2003/122/EURATOM were already in force in EU member states. Since then, Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM of December 5, 2013 was adopted, which established basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation, and also terminated the validity of these directives. Certain provisions of this directive were implemented in some legislative acts in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Use of Nuclear Energy and Radiation Safety", in particular, in terms of the introduction of the Institute of Radiation Protection Expert, which should contribute to increasing the effectiveness of radiation protection protection of personnel and population. In our opinion, the decision to introduce the said institute is premature, since the main provisions of the Directive on radiation protection have not been adopted, and the expert institute should focus on them. The authors positively evaluate the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as a whole of the draft law "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine Regarding the Protection of Humans from the Effects of Ionizing Radiation." The draft law defines a number of basic terms related to radiation safety, in particular: "emergency situation"; "equivalent dose"; "dose limit"; "situation of emergency, existing and planned exposure" etc. In addition, the following are established: limit doses in the situation of planned exposure; effective and equivalent dose limits for personnel and the public"; basic protection and safety measures for medical radiation; defined reference levels for situations of existing and emergency exposure, as well as reference levels of the average annual concentration of radon activity in indoor air for the permanent presence of people at workplaces. According to the authors, synchronous work should be carried out on the development of new radiation safety standards, which should establish new radiation hygiene regulations both for practical activities and for intervention, in particular, in the event of a radiation accident. In the conditions of modern realities, the probability of the realization of nuclear and radiation threats to the national security of Ukraine and global security in general in the conditions of large-scale Russian aggression has increased sharply. There is a need to continue Ukraine's political consultations with the EU, the Group of Seven member states within the framework of the "Global Partnership against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction" initiative, the IAEA, and other international organizations on nuclear and radiation security issues, not only during the period of martial law in Ukraine, and after its completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We quantified the level of backscatter radiation generated from physicians' heads using a phantom. We also evaluated the shielding rate of the protective eyewear and optimal placement of the eye-dedicated dosimeter (skin surface or behind the Pb-eyewear). We performed diagnostic X-rays of two head phantoms: Styrofoam (negligible backscatter radiation) and anthropomorphic (included backscatter radiation). Radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters were used to measure the eye-lens dose, with or without 0.07-mm Pb-equivalent protective eyewear. We used tube voltages of 50, 65 and 80 kV because the scattered radiation has a lower mean energy than the primary X-ray beam. The backscatter radiation accounted for 17.3–22.3% of the eye-lens dose, with the percentage increasing with increasing tube voltage. Furthermore, the shielding rate of the protective eyewear was overestimated, and the eye-lens dose was underestimated when the eye-dedicated dosimeter was placed behind the protective eyewear. We quantified the backscatter radiation generated from physicians' heads. To account for the effect of backscatter radiation, an anthropomorphic, rather than Styrofoam, phantom should be used. Close contact of the dosimeter with the skin surface is essential for accurate evaluation of backscatter radiation from physician's own heads. To assess the eye-lens dose accurately, the dosimeter should be placed near the eye. If the dosimeter is placed behind the lens of the protective eyewear, we recommend using a backscatter radiation calibration factor of 1.2–1.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The accumulation and storage of large-scale radioactive waste (RAW) in Ukraine poses a serious threat to the environment. Approximately 2500 tons of nuclear fuel waste was generated during the operation of the RVPK-1000 reactors. About 2800 tons of RW are materials containing nuclear fuel, including reactor graphite, fuel dust, etc. Objectives: The study is aimed at finding the most rational processes for managing accumulated and newly generated radioactive waste. Methods: To resolve complex, poorly formalized problems, system analysis provides the best efficiency. In the current study, an attempt was made to apply exactly this method to the management of radioactive waste. Results: The problem of RW management is complex and requires consideration of numerous factors. The initial basis, should be a functional approach. That is, the representation of the entire system through functional subsystems – groups of objects on which they behave with RW, and the subsequent division of each of the functional subsystems into further subsystems according to the types of accumulated and generated RW (aggregate state, activity level, radionuclide composition, etc.), which in turn is divided into elements. Conclusions: Proposed conceptual model structures the RW management system with all the variety of objects - sources of RW generation, types of RW and types of activities with them in separate subsystems – stages of RW management from their generation to disposal, and thus allows to significantly reduce the number of directions necessary for safety regulations in adoption of solutions.

The legal framework for protecting forests from wildfires on radiationhazardous lands in Ukraine, especially in the current environment, considering the new challenges and threats posed by both martial law and accelerated climate change, requires a thorough analysis of the current legislation in this area, clarification of legal gaps, and identification of the most priority areas for its improvement. The purpose of this study was to analyse the system of current legislation aimed at regulating the protection and defence of forests from fires, including on radiation-hazardous lands of Ukraine, and to assess the level of efficiency of legal regulation of these social relations and to evaluate them. The methodological principles in the context of the study were general and special methods of scientific cognition, including formal logical, comparative legal, formal legal, statistical, analysis and synthesis, and dialectical methods. The study substantiated the complex nature of the system of forest protection against fires on radiation-hazardous lands. The study analysed the risks and threats of forest fires on radiation-hazardous lands in Ukraine. It is stated that the state of fire safety on the lands of the forest fund that have been affected by radiation is the most threatening at the present stage. Generalisations were made containing a set of necessary measures aimed primarily at strengthening the due level of interaction between the relevant services in organising forest protection from fires on radiation-hazardous lands of Ukraine in modern conditions. The practical value of this study lies in the fact that, considering the scientific theory and a set of methods of scientific cognition, it provides a thorough analysis of Ukrainian legislation and clarifies the peculiarities of legal support for the protection of Ukrainian forests from fires on radiation-hazardous lands at the present stage, which helped to determine the real state of legal regulation of the relevant area and gaps in the organisation of its application, which should actualise the improvement of law-making and law enforcement practice in the area under study. The findings of this study can be used to update the legal support for the activities of public institutions implementing the state policy in the field of forest protection on lands subjected to radioactive contamination

The article presents results of a study of the radiation environment on territories adjacent to the sites of the “Globus-4” and “Gorizont-1” peaceful nuclear explosions in the Komi Republic. Field survey was carried out in July 2021. The work provides an assessment of the radiation situation in terms of the main indicators: ambient dose equivalent rate, the content of anthropogenic radionuclides in soil, tritium in the water of water bodies and drinking water supply sources in the settlements nearest to the sites of the peaceful nuclear explosions. The values of gamma radiation ambient dose equivalent rate in all the surveyed territories are at the level of fluctuations of natural regional radiation background and amounted to 0.03 – 0.07 µSv/h in the territory of peaceful nuclear explosion “Globus-4”, 0.01 – 0.05 µSv/h in the territory of “Gorizont-1”. No contaminated soil areas with anthropogenicradionuclides were detected. Tritium activity concentration in water samples does not exceed 5 Bq/kg, which is typical for global levels of this radionuclide in water bodies. The study has shown that the radiation situation in the territory of peaceful nuclear explosions “Globus-4” and “Gorizont-1” meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.6.1.2819-10 “Ensuring radiation safety of the population living in the areas of (1965 – 1988) nuclear explosions for peaceful aims” and currently poses no threat to public health. A conservative dose estimate of additional anthropogenic exposure of individuals from the population from tritium intake with water from centralised water supply sources was 0.065 µSv/year. Longterm radiation safety of the researched territories requires organisation of radiation monitoring, determination of protected zone boundaries and installation of readable information signs warning about radiation hazard and prohibition of economic activities.

Background: Ionizing radiation is extensively used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, particularly in dental procedures. Dentists, therefore, belong to occupational groups chronically exposed to ionizing radiation. Objective(s): This study aims to assess dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding radiation safety. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 271 dentists working at the Medical Complex Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry at Suez Canal University, and various private clinics and centers in Ismailia City, Egypt. Participants were selected through convenience sampling, and data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Results: Among the participants, 53% were female, and 44.3% were aged between 25 and 34 years. In terms of knowledge, 73.1% demonstrated good understanding of radiation safety. Regarding attitudes, 57.9% disagreed that radiation safety policies and procedures were clear and understandable. Concerning practices, 43.9% reported conducting periodic maintenance of X-ray equipment, 53.5% confirmed performing annual maintenance on X-ray machines, and 33.2% had a radiation safety manual in their practice. Additionally, 49.1% reported usually standing behind a lead barrier during X-ray exposure, 38% frequently used lead aprons, and about half maintained a distance of 6 feet from the X-ray beam during exposure. Conclusion: Approximately 75% of the dentists surveyed had good knowledge of radiation hazards and safety. However, the findings indicate gaps in certain areas of knowledge and practice, with many dentists expressing concerns about the clarity of safety measures at their workplaces. Given the continuous exposure to radiation in their profession, it is recommended to implement a mandatory, ongoing education program for dentists focusing on radiation hazards and the latest safety protocols.

The traditional training methods in radiological hot laboratories involve significant challenges, including the risk of radiation exposure and the development of radiophobia among learners. Virtual reality (VR) presents an innovative educational solution by simulating realistic hot lab environments and procedures without associated risks. This mixed-method study investigates the efficacy of VR in enhancing cognitive retention and practical skills and reducing radiophobia among students. All participants (video and VR cohorts) were given a pre-test, same-day training post-test, after 1 month, and after 3 months. In the 3-month test, 13% of the control group scored > 80%, and 87% of the VR group scored > 80% (6.69-fold more significant). VR simulated the real-world hot lab more accurately than training videos, resulting in increased confidence and safety. Resulting in the control group (video training), radiophobia decreased by 1.52-fold; in contrast, the VR training group reduced by 2.42-fold. These reductions indicate that VR training was significantly more effective in reducing radiophobia than traditional video training. VR enhanced knowledge retention, reduced radiophobia, increased safety confidence, and reduced fear about pursuing a career in nuclear medicine. Overall, VR created a safer working environment, and RT students responded more positively than the instruction videos. Consequently, a mixed-method study revealed key codes of engagement, easy understanding, memory, safety, confidence, learning experiences, implementation in the curriculum, and getting ready for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal and implant radiography, mainly including intra‐oral peri‐apical and cone beam computed tomography images, are crucial in the diagnosis and treatment planning process. However, radiation safety concerns have been a chronic concern over the years, leading to uncomfortable situations. It is therefore crucial to understand the actual radiation exposure to determine if the patients' fear of necessary diagnostic exams is justified. In this perspective article, we aimed to provide concise information on dental imaging exposure, risks, and benefits, comparing them to that of absorbed radiation from daily life activities; and secondarily, to help periodontists choose the best option for each case and become more confident in addressing patients' concerns and providing a summary of safety guidelines as a reference for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To quantify operator dose in interventional CT fluoroscopy (CTF) procedures and compare to catheterization laboratory and interventional radiology procedures. Methods: Fifteen studies quantifying operator scatter dose for c‐arm fluoroscopy and CTF were reviewed from a literature survey. The dose provided in each study was normalized to skin entrance air kerma and air kerma rate including backscatter. The average air kerma rate and exposure duration were calculated and compared between c‐arm fluoroscopy and CTF. To enable operator scatter dose calculations in CTF procedures, a model was created which scaled the dose from a reference condition. Results: Our literature survey indicated that for CTF relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy: (1) the mean air kerma rate is 3.5 times higher, while (2) the mean exposure duration is 31.6 times lower. On average, a physician would have to perform 9.1 times (i.e., 31.6/3.5) more CTF procedures relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy procedure to receive equal operator scatter doses. Our own experimental measurements provided scaling factors allowing physician scatter dose to be obtained at any rotation time, tube current, beam collimation, or beam energy. Conclusion: Our results shed light onto a currently mis‐understood issue in radiology. Namely, that physicians receive more dose from CT relative to c‐arm fluoroscopy motivating them to retreat from the room during interventional exposures. Our literature review and experimental measurements indicate the opposite it true; interventional CT produces on average nine times less physician dose relative to c‐arm procedures. Our method allows for prospective/retrospective determination of an individual's dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising use of Computed Tomography (CT) in diagnostic radiology, there are concerns regarding radiation exposure to sensitive groups, including pregnant patients. Accurately determining the radiation dose to the fetus during CT scans is essential to balance diagnostic efficacy with patient safety. This study assessed the accuracy of using the female uterus as a surrogate for fetal radiation dose during CT imaging. The study used common CT protocols to encompass various scenarios, including primary beam, scatter, and partial exposure. The computational program NCICT was used to calculate radiation doses for an adult female and a fetus phantom. The study highlighted that using the uterus for dose estimation can result in consistent underestimations of the effective dose, particularly when the fetus lies within the primary radiation beam. These discrepancies may influence clinical decisions, affecting care strategies and perceptions of associated risks. In conclusion, while the female uterus can indicate fetal radiation dose if the fetus is outside the primary beam, it is unreliable when the fetus is within the primary beam. More reliable abdomen/pelvic organs were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Oxygen-15 (β+, t1/2 = 122 s) radiolabeled diatomic oxygen, in conjunction with positron emission tomography, is the gold standard to quantitatively measure the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption in the living human brain. We present herein a protocol for safe and effective delivery of [15O]O2 over 200 m to a human subject for inhalation. A frugal quality control testing procedure was devised and validated. This protocol can act as a blueprint for other sites seeking to implement similar imaging programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical imaging examinations that make use of ionising radiation provide valuable information towards patient management. Literature suggests that there is a significant rise in the number of patient referrals for such examinations. The concept " individual patient radiation dose tracking " (IPRDT) is introduced to optimise radiation monitoring. Many countries across the globe explored and implemented methods to enhance and promote the justification and optimisation principles essential for patient radiation safety. In South Africa (SA), however, attention to IPRDT is limited. A qualitative research design was employed. Radiographers in the Western Cape Province of SA were purposefully sampled for participation in one-on-one, semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was applied to the transcribed interview data. This paper presents a theme developed from the radiographer cohort of ten (10) participants. The theme: the need for creating awareness and implementing legislative support structures, was developed from the data, with the following supporting subthemes: 1) stakeholder awareness and 'buy-in' 2) continuous professional development and 3) mandated practice. This study provides findings that are of value for patient radiation safety in SA by giving a voice to local stakeholders. Other countries that are conducting similar research investigations toward the integration of an IPRDT model, method, or framework, may also benefit from these findings. The effective integration of IPRDT into the clinical environment requires unison amongst the relevant stakeholders and clarity on the various professionals' roles and responsibilities. The findings of this study furthermore suggest the involvement of regulatory organisations for the provision of a mandated form of practice at national and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We address the misconception that the typical physician dose is higher for CT fluoroscopy (CTF) procedures compared to C‐Arm procedures. Methods: We compare physician scatter doses using two methods: a literature review of reported doses and a model based on a modified form of the dose area product (DAP). We define this modified form of DAP, "cumulative absorbed DAP," as the product of the area of the x‐ray beam striking the patient, the dose rate per unit area, and the exposure time. Results: The patient entrance dose rate for C‐Arm fluoroscopy (0.2 mGy/s) was found to be 15 times lower than for CT fluoroscopy (3 mGy/s). A typical beam entrance area for C‐Arm fluoroscopy reported in the literature was found to be 10.6 × 10.6 cm (112 cm2), whereas for CTF was 0.75 × 32 cm (24 cm2). The absorbed DAP rate for C‐Arm fluoroscopy (22 mGy*cm2/s) was found to be 3.3 times lower than for CTF (72 mGy*cm2/s). The mean fluoroscopy time for C‐Arm procedures (710 s) was found to be 21 times higher than for CT fluoroscopy procedures (23 s). The cumulative absorbed DAP for C‐Arm procedures was found to be 9.4 times higher when compared to CT procedures (1.59 mGy*m2 vs. 0.17 mGy*m2). Conclusions: The higher fluoroscopy time in C‐Arm procedures leads to a much lower cumulative DAP (i.e., physician scatter dose) in CTF procedures. This result can inform interventional physicians deciding on whether to perform inter‐procedural imaging inside the room as opposed to retreating from the room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ionizing radiation is extensively used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, particularly in dental procedures. Dentists, therefore, belong to occupational groups chronically exposed to ionizing radiation. Objective(s): This study aims to assess dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding radiation safety. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 271 dentists working at the Medical Complex Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry at Suez Canal University, and various private clinics and centers in Ismailia City, Egypt. Participants were selected through convenience sampling, and data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Results: Among the participants, 53% were female, and 44.3% were aged between 25 and 34 years. In terms of knowledge, 73.1% demonstrated good understanding of radiation safety. Regarding attitudes, 57.9% disagreed that radiation safety policies and procedures were clear and understandable. Concerning practices, 43.9% reported conducting periodic maintenance of X-ray equipment, 53.5% confirmed performing annual maintenance on X-ray machines, and 33.2% had a radiation safety manual in their practice. Additionally, 49.1% reported usually standing behind a lead barrier during X-ray exposure, 38% frequently used lead aprons, and about half maintained a distance of 6 feet from the X-ray beam during exposure. Conclusion: Approximately 75% of the dentists surveyed had good knowledge of radiation hazards and safety. However, the findings indicate gaps in certain areas of knowledge and practice, with many dentists expressing concerns about the clarity of safety measures at their workplaces. Given the continuous exposure to radiation in their profession, it is recommended to implement a mandatory, ongoing education program for dentists focusing on radiation hazards and the latest safety protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate fertility-based radiation safety data, education and knowledge is important for all staff exposed to occupational radiation. Women are under-represented in all medical fields with increased exposure to occupational radiation, to achieve better equity in our medical workforces evidence-based radiation safety knowledge is essential to overcoming perceived career barriers. This review of radiation safety policy and data focuses on providing health professions working in cardiology with accurate contemporary information about potential radiation exposure with respect to fetal risk for pregnant health professionals. The data summarized within this review shows when women continue to work in cardiac catheterization laboratories through pregnancy their expected occupational radiation exposure with appropriate shielding, will not meaningfully change pregnancy outcomes, nor will it significantly increase risk to the fetus. The review also summarizes international workplace policy for radiation exposure and monitoring and provides recommendations for ongoing safe practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDental imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment planning, with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and medical computed tomography (CT) being two common modalities. This study aims to compare the radiation doses associated with CBCT and medical CT imaging in dental applications to assess their relative safety and efficacy. Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study using data from 100 patients who underwent both CBCT and medical CT scans for dental purposes. The radiation doses were measured in terms of dose-length product (DLP) for medical CT and dose-area product (DAP) for CBCT. The effective dose (ED) was calculated using appropriate conversion factors. Patient demographics, scan parameters, and radiation doses were recorded and analyzed. ResultsThe results indicated that the mean DLP for medical CT scans was 220 mGycm, whereas the mean DAP for CBCT scans was 150 mGycm². The corresponding mean effective doses for medical CT and CBCT were 2.5 mSv and 1.8 mSv, respectively. The radiation dose from CBCT was found to be approximately 28% lower than that from medical CT. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that CBCT imaging for dental applications results in significantly lower radiation doses compared to medical CT. While both modalities provide valuable diagnostic information, the choice of imaging technique should consider the balance between diagnostic quality and radiation exposure, especially for pediatric and high-risk patients. Dental practitioners should be aware of the potential dose reduction benefits associated with CBCT when appropriate for the clinical scenario.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to diminish radiation exposure in interventional radiology (IR) imaging while maintaining image quality. This was achieved by decreasing the acquisition frame rate and employing a deep neural network to interpolate the reduced frames. Methods This retrospective study involved the analysis of 1634 IR sequences from 167 pediatric patients (March 2014 to January 2022). The dataset underwent a random split into training and validation subsets (at a 9:1 ratio) for model training and evaluation. Our approach proficiently synthesized absent frames in simulated low-frame-rate sequences by excluding intermediate frames from the validation subset. Accuracy assessments encompassed both objective experiments and subjective evaluations conducted by nine radiologists. Results The deep learning model adeptly interpolated the eliminated frames within IR sequences, demonstrating encouraging peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) results. The average PSNR values for angiographic, subtraction, and fluoroscopic modes were 44.94 dB, 34.84 dB, and 33.82 dB, respectively, while the corresponding SSIM values were 0.9840, 0.9194, and 0.7752. Subjective experiments conducted with experienced interventional radiologists revealed minimal discernible differences between interpolated and authentic sequences. Conclusion Our method, which interpolates low-frame-rate IR sequences, has shown the capability to produce high-quality IR images. Additionally, the model exhibits potential for reducing the frame rate during IR image acquisition, consequently mitigating radiation exposure. Critical relevance statement This study presents a critical advancement in clinical radiology by demonstrating the effectiveness of a deep neural network in reducing radiation exposure during pediatric interventional radiology while maintaining image quality, offering a potential solution to enhance patient safety. Key points • Reducing radiation: cutting IR image to reduce radiation. • Accurate frame interpolation: our model effectively interpolates missing frames. • High visual quality in terms of PSNR and SSIM, making IR procedures safer without sacrificing quality. Graphical Abstract