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A comprehensive analysis of double stratification impacts on the MHD flow of a nanofluid produced by a porous stretching sheet has been conducted by using a numerical approach. The convective boundary conditions (CBCs) and Newtonian heating (NH) cases have been particularly considered in this problem. The governing equations defined in partial differential equations (PDEs) form are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using appropriate transformations to meet the requirement of the used numerical method which is bvp4c in the MATLAB software package. Moreover, the numerical findings of the ODEs are displayed via graphical and tabular forms. The impacts of different flow parameters used in particular problem are discussed for the profiles of the velocity, temperature and concentration of micropolar nanofluid along the values of coefficient of skin-friction C f x (0) , Nusselt number − θ ′ (0) , the Sherwood number − ϕ ′ (0) and in relation with the variation parameters in general, CBC and NH are calculated to get a clear insight into the flow situation. Some of the findings show that the skin friction increases by increase in magnetic, permeability and material parameters in all cases but the skin friction is reduced by increasing the thermophoresis parameter for CBC and NH cases, respectively. Microrotation profile decreases when material parameter increases, whereas microrotation profiles enhance with increase of the magnetic field and porosity of porous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analysis, a bidirectional stretched sheet is used to produce a 3 D flow of Prandtl liquid with improve mass diffusion and heat conduction models. This study advances knowledge of magnetohydrodynamics, radiation impacts, and heat production in fluid dynamics and transport processes. The Prandtl fluid model is critical for modeling non-Newtonian fluids, capturing its viscoelastic features, and allowing for precise simulation in industrial applications. It gives a mathematical foundation for analyzing complex fluid behaviors, which is necessary for optimizing operations utilizing such fluids. It uses the boundary layer method to simplify the fundamental equations and Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion models. The optimal homotopy analysis method is used to solve nonlinear ODEs caused by non-dimensional similarity variables. This investigation undertakes the calculation of drag coefficient for surfaces mass transfer rates and heat transfer rates proximate to the solid boundary. Furthermore, it conducts a comprehensive analysis of the influences exerted by various parameters on concentration and temperature profiles employing graphical representations for a rigorous examination. The Prandtl fluid model describes the viscoelastic characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids through constitutive equations, dimensional evaluation, and numerical simulations, which are frequently validated by experiments. The results show that changes in thermal and concentration relaxation parameters are accompanied by a decline in temperature. Temperature field rises as the thermal radiation parameter and heat generation increases. The work's novelty consists in its advanced modeling of Prandtl non-Newtonian fluids via Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion models, which incorporate magnetohydrodynamics and radiation effects and use optimal homotopy analysis for accurate parametric analyses of heat and mass transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) explosion has pioneered a plethora of studies unfolding various biological effects of radiation stress on several living systems. Determining radiation dose rates at which both acute and chronic biological effects occur in different biological systems will aid in the ex-situ generation of radiation-tolerant organisms. So far, the accumulation of data on different radiation doses from Chernobyl area demonstrating various biological impacts has not been documented altogether vastly. Therefore, this review aims to document the recorded doses in CNPP over the years at which different biological changes have been observed in plants, soil, aquatic organisms, birds, and animals. A total of 72 peer-reviewed papers obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Research4life were included in this review. A few factors have come under attention in this review. Firstly, plant and soil systems combinedly showed the most published studies after the catastrophe where plants showed a higher frequency of DNA methylation in their genome to resist radiation stress. Secondly, reduced species abundance, chromosomal aberrations, increased sterility, and mortality were mostly observed in the aftermath of Chernobyl catastrophe among plants, soil, aquatic organisms, birds, and small mammals. Furthermore, major scares of data after 2018 were prominently observed. Very few studies on radiation dose levels after 2018 are available. Hence, a major research area has emerged for radiation biologists to study present radiation levels and any genetic changes in the recent generation of the original victim species. This will help provide a standard dataset that can act as a reference resource for radiation biologists and future research on the impact of both acute and chronic radiation on the different biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow around a solid sphere finds utility in numerous single- and two-phase engineering applications, such as sport balls, combustion systems, silt conveyance in waterways, hydraulic conveying, pneumatic equipment, food and chemical manufacturing. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the Casson nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a solid sphere that is saturated in an isotropic porous material in the presence of Stefan blowing and slip conditions. The forced situation is due to the presence of a stagnation point while the surface of the sphere is subjected to thermal slip conditions. Besides, various significant impacts are taken into account such as Lorentz force, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, and activation energy. The solution technique is based on non-similar transformations and implicit finite difference method with the Blottner algorithm. It is remarkable that, for all values of the activation parameter, the growth of Stefan number reduces the gradients of the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. Also, the presence of the thermal slip factor reduces the temperature distributions. Additionaly, an increase in either the Casson parameter or Darcy number enhances the flow while both temperature and concentration are diminishing. Furthermore, there is an improvement in values of the Nusselt number up to 50.57 % when the magnetic parameter is varied from 0 to 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouse models are vital for assessing risk from environmental carcinogens, including ionizing radiation, yet the interspecies difference in the dose response precludes direct application of experimental evidence to humans. Herein, we take a mathematical approach to delineate the mechanism underlying the human–mouse difference in radiation‐related cancer risk. We used a multistage carcinogenesis model assuming a mutational action of radiation to analyze previous data on cancer mortality in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and in lifespan mouse experiments. Theoretically, the model predicted that exposure will chronologically shift the age‐related increase in cancer risk forward by a period corresponding to the time in which the spontaneous mutational process generates the same mutational burden as that the exposure generates. This model appropriately fitted both human and mouse data and suggested a linear dose response for the time shift. The effect per dose decreased with increasing age at exposure similarly between humans and mice on a per‐lifespan basis (0.72‐ and 0.71‐fold, respectively, for every tenth lifetime). The time shift per dose was larger by two orders of magnitude in humans (7.8 and 0.046 years per Gy for humans and mice, respectively, when exposed at ~35% of their lifetime). The difference was mostly explained by the two orders of magnitude difference in spontaneous somatic mutation rates between the species plus the species‐independent radiation‐induced mutation rate. Thus, the findings delineate the mechanism underlying the interspecies difference in radiation‐associated cancer mortality and may lead to the use of experimental evidence for risk prediction in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow around a solid sphere finds utility in numerous single- and two-phase engineering applications, such as sport balls, combustion systems, silt conveyance in waterways, hydraulic conveying, pneumatic equipment, food and chemical manufacturing. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the Casson nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a solid sphere that is saturated in an isotropic porous material in the presence of Stefan blowing and slip conditions. The forced situation is due to the presence of a stagnation point while the surface of the sphere is subjected to thermal slip conditions. Besides, various significant impacts are taken into account such as Lorentz force, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, and activation energy. The solution technique is based on non-similar transformations and implicit finite difference method with the Blottner algorithm. It is remarkable that, for all values of the activation parameter, the growth of Stefan number reduces the gradients of the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. Also, the presence of the thermal slip factor reduces the temperature distributions. Additionaly, an increase in either the Casson parameter or Darcy number enhances the flow while both temperature and concentration are diminishing. Furthermore, there is an improvement in values of the Nusselt number up to 50.57 % when the magnetic parameter is varied from 0 to 6.

This paper scrutinizes the combined effect of radiation, Soret, Joule heating, and chemical reaction on an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic visco‐elastic (Kuvshiniski type) fluid flow over an infinite vertical moving plate. The viscous dissipation, heat source, thermal and solutal buoyancy forces are taken into account. The plate is assumed to be embedded in a porous media and a transverse magnetic field is applied to the stream. The nondimensional governing equations are solved analytically using perturbation techniques. The influences of various dimensionless parameters on fluid velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, as well as the skin‐friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are analyzed and discussed graphically. Also, the present results are compared with previous studies and is found to be in excellent agreement. It has been shown that rising Soret numbers cause velocity, temperature and concentration to rise. Further, a hike in visco‐elastic parameter leads to decrease in motion, temperature and concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation environments such as galactic cosmic rays，solar cosmic rays and radiation belts produce various space radiation effects on the components and astronauts，threaten the normal operation of spacecraft and life and health of astronauts. Material shielding is currently one of the most effective radiation protection measures and plays an important role in ensuring the smooth progress of aerospace missions. The research progress of space radiation shielding materials in different scenarios for three typical objects：components，astronauts，and aircraft platform protection is reviewed in this paper. Also the development direction of space radiation shielding materials such as metal composite materials and polymer materials is explored.

This research provides an in-depth analysis of solar radiation's impact on the thermal efficiency of a solar air collector. Using advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in ANSYS Fluent, the study examines temperature distribution and airflow dynamics within the collector across varying levels of solar radiation. The simulations were carefully configured to replicate real-world solar radiation conditions, ranging from 680 W/m² to 1220 W/m², enabling a precise evaluation of the collector's performance under different environmental conditions. Results indicate that at the lowest radiation level (680 W/m²), the collector's outlet air temperature reached a peak of 26 °C, increasing progressively to a maximum of 29°C at 1220 W/m². Temperature patterns varied with radiation intensity, especially at the start of the collector's second pass, where temperatures rose from 30°C at the lowest radiation level to 34°C at the highest. Thermal efficiency calculations for each radiation level reveal that efficiency increases with radiation intensity, peaking at 26.25% at 1220 W/m². These findings highlight the effectiveness of the collector's design in heat absorption and retention, particularly in the second pass, indicating potential opportunities for enhancing solar air collector designs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tritium is one of the most significant fuels in fusion reactors and it also represents an important radioactive isotope discharged into the environment from nuclear power plants. The risk of tritium should be answered before the construction of fusion reactors. Mitochondria have been identified as a potentially sensitive target for investigating low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation effects, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this manuscript, we experimentally studied the impact of mitochondrial function regulation on tritium radiation biological effects. It was found that there was no significant difference in cell viability induced by different doses. However, the results of ATP levels showed a considerable difference after irradiation at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium β-rays compared to the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium β-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed little difference compared to the sham-irradiated sample. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potentially sensitive target for investigating tritium β-ray irradiation effects, and they are helpful for the risk evaluation of tritium for the development of fusion energy. The effects of tritium at low doses and low dose rates have received increasing attention due to recent developments in fusion energy and the associated risks of tritium releases into the environment. Mitochondria have been identified as a potential candidate for studying the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this study, irradiation experiments were conducted on normal B-lymphoblastoid cells using HTO at varying doses. When compared to X-ray irradiation, no significant differences in cell viability induced by different doses were observed. However, the results of ATP levels showed a significant difference between the irradiated sample at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium beta-rays and the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium beta-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed minimal differences compared to the sham-irradiated sample. Furthermore, distinct effects at 500 mGy were also confirmed in both ROS levels and apoptosis results obtained through tritium beta-ray irradiation. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potential sensitive target for investigating the effects of tritium beta-ray irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation is made to discuss the effects of magnetohydrodynamic and nanofluid particles on unstable two-dimensional free convective flow through a vertical plate in the existence of heat source, radiation effect, and chemical reaction effect with varying heat and mass flux. The guiding unsteady equations were cracked using the implied finite-difference method. Here we considered four dissimilar nanofluid including Cu, Al2O3, TiO2, and Ag with water as the base fluid. The flow pattern employed incorporates the result of dissimilar non-dimensional parameters for instance volume fraction, magnetic field, heat source parameter, Prandtl number, radiation effect, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction parameter. The impact of the above-mentioned parameters on the boundary layer flow characteristics (velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number) are intentional. In this study we observed that the impact of the velocity profile is maximum in silver-water nanofluid and minimum in Al2O3 water nanofluid but the reverse trend is observed with respect to temperature. Moreover, the outcomes are explained through graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current study, Galerkin techniques have been utilized to model the freezing behavior of a cold storage unit. The system features fins and porous foam, enhancing its efficiency in solidifying liquids. Additionally, hybrid nanoparticles have been introduced into the water to improve its conductivity. The energy equation has been augmented with a new term for radiation mode, alongside the source term for freezing. With the goal of determining the amounts of scalars at each node, the model consists of two equations. Mesh adaptation techniques have been employed to accommodate the dynamic nature of the process. Validation against previous data demonstrates good agreement, bolstering the reliability of the simulation. The introduction of porous foam into the domain results in a significant enhancement of the freezing rate, with an increase of about 90.75 %. Furthermore, in scenarios without porous foam, the mixing of nano-powders and a surge in the radiation factor contribute to notable reductions in completion time, with decreases of approximately 12.52 % and 8 %, respectively. By combining all these techniques, a considerable reduction in solidification time can be achieved, amounting to around 91.46 %. This highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach in improving solidification efficiency. By improving the efficiency of cold storage units through these advanced techniques, this research contributes to the sustainable use of natural resources, highlighting the potential for reducing energy consumption and minimizing environmental impact.

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In this study, the degradation characteristics of radio frequency (RF)-low-noise amplifiers (LNA) due to a total ionizing dose (TID) is investigated. As a device-under-test (DUT), sample LNAs were prepared using silicon–germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) as core elements. The LNA was based on a cascode stage with emitter degeneration for narrowband applications. By using a simplified small-signal model of a SiGe HBT, design equations such as gain, impedance matching, and noise figure (NF) were derived for analyzing TID-induced degradations in the circuit-level performance. To study radiation effects in circuits, the SiGe-RF-LNAs fabricated in a commercial 350 nm SiGe technology were exposed to 10-keV X-rays to a total ionizing dose of up to 3 Mrad(SiO2). The TID-induced performance changes of the LNA were modeled by applying degradation to device parameters. In the modeling process, new parameter values after irradiation were estimated based on information in the literature, without direct measurements of SiGe HBTs used in the LNA chip. As a result, the relative contributions of parameters on the circuit metrics were compared, identifying dominant parameters for degradation modeling. For the TID effects on input matching (S11) and NF, the base resistance (RB) and the base-to-emitter capacitance (Cπ) of the input transistor were mostly responsible, whereas the transconductances (gm) played a key role in the output matching (S22) and gain (S21). To validate the proposed approach, it has been applied to a different LNA in the literature and the modeling results predicted the TID-induced degradations within reasonable ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current communication has as its goal the investigation of the flow properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) across a stretching surface, which has been accomplished. Furthermore, the effects of radiation, chemical reactions and activation energy are considered. With the use of boundary layer approximations, we can obtain flow expressions. The nondimensional form of flow equations is achieved by applying appropriate transformations. The bvp4c code from MATLAB is used to solve the model that has been obtained. The graphic representation of the relationship between pertinent variables and momentum, temperature field and concentration is used. It is observed that, for larger values of ϕ booms, the micro-rotation distribution. Furthermore, the solutal boundary layer thickness if thinner for thicker values of σ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study considers MHD Casson nanofluid flow and explore the intriguing effects of suction and injection over a nonlinearly stretched surface through porous media. The Joule heating effect is considered which is the physical process that transforms electrical energy to thermal energy. Nanofluids with definite thermal radiation features can be useful in medical treatments, and energy storage systems, and also can be used as coatings to provide thermal insulation. Nanofluids with chemical reactions have various applications such as the removal of pollutants from water, biomedical field, and catalysts in industrial processes. The chemical reaction is also taken into consideration in this study. The Keller box method is employed to solve the governing equations. Various parameters effects are analysed using graphical representations of concentration, velocity, and temperature. Observing augmented values of porosity, suction/injection, and stretching parameters reveals a decrease in velocity profiles. On the other hand, progressive observations of porosity, Casson, radiation, and Joule heating parameters result in enhanced temperature profiles. Conversely, a reverse trend is observed in the case of nonlinearity and suction/injection constraints. The concentration profile decreases for enhanced observations of heat source parameters. Nusselt number, skin friction, and Sherwood numbers are also calculated. It is witnessed that the skin friction coefficient rises with a higher estimation of the porosity parameter. Nusselt number increases in case of the chemical reaction and nonlinear stretching parameter. Sherwood number decreases for progressive values of chemical reaction and thermophoresis parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single event effect on SiC MOSFET was studied for space applications. 1 200 V SiC MOSFET from four manufactures was irradiated with heavy ions. The ions of carbon (C), germanium (Ge), tantalum (Ta), bismuth (Bi), and uranium (U) were used. The linear energy transfer (LET) of ions was 0.26-118 MeV·cm2/mg. The static drain-source bias voltage of 50-600 V was applied on the devices under test and the electrical characteristics were measured during irradiation. The post irradiation gate stress (PIGS) test was performed. The experiment results show that single event transient current (SETC) is induced by heavy ions at 50-100 V bias voltage, single event leakage current (SELC) is induced by heavy ions at 200 V bias voltage, and single event burnout is induced by heavy ions at 200-600 V bias voltage. The experiment results confirm that the gate oxide of SiC MOSFET is the most sensitive to single event effect. Biased at about 5% of the rated breakdown voltage, the latent gate oxide damage may be induced by heavy ions. The latent gate oxide damage may further degrade to lead the gate failure during PIGS test. The latent gate oxide damage is the function of incident ion LET and bias voltage, as well as ion fluence, which is a cumulative effect. Dependent on the severity of latent gate oxide damage, the gate stress time to trigger gate failure may exceed 300 s. The mechanism of accumulate charge damage was proposed. The electric field in the gate oxide layer increases due to charges generated by the incident ions at different locations. The accumulate damage of gate oxide is caused. It is necessary to evaluate the effect of latent gate oxide damage induced by heavy ions in SiC MOSFETs for single event effect test for space application, the ion fluence used should be calculated based on the orbit and mission period, and the appropriate gate stress time should be evaluated for PIGS test.

This study investigated the radiation effects of commercially available medical disposable protective clothing materials under γ irradiation. FT‐IR, contact angle, DSC, OIT, and mechanical properties were used to examine the radiation effects of medical disposable protective clothing materials. The results showed when the radiation dose was less than or equal to 50 kGy, the FT‐IR spectra did not show any changes. However, when the radiation dose reached 70 kGy, new absorption peaks appeared in the infrared spectra of the TS−A and TS−B medical disposable protective clothing materials, indicating chemical changes. Contact angle analysis showed that medical disposable protective clothing materials were hydrophobic and had higher hydrophobicity on the inside than the outside under different packaging and irradiation conditions. Rheological analysis showed that the shear thinning phenomenon of medical disposable protective clothing materials increased significantly with the increase of radiation dose, and good rheological behavior was observed under vacuum packaging conditions when the radiation dose was 30 kGy. The crystallinity and initial crystallization temperature showed the order of vacuum, nitrogen, and air. The oxidation induction time trend was vacuum>nitrogen>air, while the fracture strength trend was nitrogen>vacuum>air. The mechanical properties met the national standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atomic Energy Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Atomic Energy Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effects of tritium at low doses and low dose rates have received increasing attention due to recent developments in fusion energy and the associated risks of tritium releases into the environment. Mitochondria have been identified as a potential candidate for studying the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this study, irradiation experiments were conducted on normal B-lymphoblastoid cells using HTO at varying doses. When compared to X-ray irradiation, no significant differences in cell viability induced by different doses were observed. However, the results of ATP levels showed a significant difference between the irradiated sample at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium beta-rays and the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium beta-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed minimal differences compared to the sham-irradiated sample. Furthermore, distinct effects at 500 mGy were also confirmed in both ROS levels and apoptosis results obtained through tritium beta-ray irradiation. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potential sensitive target for investigating the effects of tritium beta-ray irradiation.

[Objective] The value change and radiation effect of the regional aquatic ecosystem service function were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for sustainable development of regional water resources and ecological compensation of a river basin. [Methods] ArcGIS software was used to extract land use data for Luoyang City, Henan Province from 2000 to 2020 in order to obtain the area of water type. The emergy method was used to quantify and analyze the changes of aquatic ecosystem service functions, and the functional radiation was analyzed by the break point model. [Results] From 2000 to 2020 (in five-year time steps), the total emergy values of aquatic ecosystem services at Luoyang City were 8.01×1021 sej， 1.29×1022 sej， 1.27×1022 sej， 1.29×1022 sej， and 1.31×1022 sej, respectively, with a general increasing trend. Among these emergy values, the focus of service composition had shifted from supply function to cultural function. In this system, biodiversity protection, aquatic product production, water resource supply, water resource regulation, and leisure and entertainment functions were dominant. Leisure and entertainment functions have become core functions. In addition, the main transfer areas of the aquatic ecosystem service function in Luoyang City were Songxian County and Luoning County, with total outward transfer values of 3.10×1020 sej and 3.21×1020 sej, respectively. The main transfer areas were Luanchuan County, Yiyang County, Yichuan County, and Ruyang County. [Conclusion] Greater attention will need to be given to ecological protection of water, increasing support and guidance for regional tourism, and reasonably carrying out ecological compensation in areas similar to Luoyang City to promote the coordinated development of the economy, society, and ecology in various regions.

We investigate the impact of radiation parameter on MHD flow of a viscoelastic fluid over a vertical surface. The Hall effect and induced magnetic field (i.m.f) are applied. The model equations are solved analytically. The nature of pertinent parameters affecting velocity, i.m.f, temperature and concentration are analyzed. The novelty of the research is in investigating the impacts of radiation effect and i.m.f along with Hall current on the flow field. Important findings are: with the rise in thermal radiation, i.m.f falls in primary flow direction, whereas the reverse trend is noticed for secondary flow direction. We also found that radiation effect increases the fluid temperature and both the components of velocity profiles. The expressions of skin friction, current density, Nusselt and Sherwood number over the magnetized vertical surface (m.v.s) are computed and assessed graphically. It is also found that as the Nusselt number rises, skin friction on primary flow accelerates to maximum value then decelerates and current density on secondary flow accelerates with rise in the thermal radiation, whereas skin friction on secondary flow and current density on primary flow decelerate with increase in thermal radiation.

The Single Event Upset (SEU) characterization on the partially depleted (PD) Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) SRAMs manufactured by 0.5/0.35 μm CMOS technology has been studied by using the experimental accelerator's testing and Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that, in spite of the good consistent between the simulated data and experimental testing, one notable phenomenon is that, linear energy transfer (LET) as the input has no manifest influence on the saturation of SEU cross-section. This non-negligible trend led us to use the term ion velocity instead of LET. The characteristics of ion velocity have certainly been proved by the experiment, while the unsimilar results are found for the simulation with no any difference from the SEU cross-section. Consequently, a more straightforward calculation in the deposited energy within sensitive volume (SV) has performed by inspecting directly into the underlying mechanism of the undetected energy loss. The loss of deposited energy has been obtained in the assumption that the heavy ions strike on the hypothetical device at oblique incidence. The unexpected energy loss resulted from incident ions at oblique incidence as edge effect indicates the importance of quantifying the efficiency of energy collection with respect to the dimensions of SV, including the variance of surface area and thickness. It is illustrated that the deposited energy induced by heavy ions on the condition of changeable surface area has more sensitivity on the incident angle and ionic characterization compared with those for the SV of variable thicknesses. Moreover, it is obtained that the fractional changes of deposited energy within the SVs of different thicknesses present a saturating trend, which can be accelerated by the increment of incident angle, and this evidence would be helpful for deeply comprehending why the implicit inaccuracy of the SEU saturated cross-section happened under the metrics of LET or ion velocity. Ultimately, the dependence of deposited energy on the surface area and thickness is further explored and discussed based on the geometrical property and radial track profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Radiasi medan magnet di lingkungan rumah tangga pada beberapa peralatan elektronik dengan jarak tertentu dapat menimbulkan resiko gangguan kesehatan. Penggunaan elektronik bagi rumah tangga di masa serba digital menjadi perangkat yang sangat efisien untuk membantu manusia dalam melaksanakan berbagai aktifitas secara bersama-sama. Namun demikian elektronik yang dimanfaatkan tidak begitu saja berdampak baik bagi manusia, melainkan juga dapat berbahaya apabila digunakan secara terus-menerus. Hal ini dikenal dengan istilah radiasi atau partikel atau pancaran yang dihasilkan oleh medan magnet dan medan listrik yang didapatkan pada saat elektronik tersebut dalam keadaan stand by atau beroperasi. Adapun penelitian ini dilakukan pada 4 peralatan elektronik diantaranya: TV, Kulkas, Rice Cooker dan Vacuum Cleaner. WHO menyatakan bahwa nilai ambang batas untuk manusia mendapatkan radiasi di lingkungan rumah tangga sebesar 100μT. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil bahwa vacuum cleaner memiliki pengaruh yang beresiko terhadap kesehatan karena memiliki intensitas medan magnet yang lebih besar dari nilai ambang batas pada posisi 0 cm. Kata kunci: efek radiasi; medan magnet; radiasi elektronik. ABSTRACT Magnetic field radiation in the household environment on several electronic equipment at a certain distance can pose a risk of health problems. The use of electronics for households in an all-digital era is a very efficient device to help humans carry out various activities together. However, the electronics that are used do not just have a good impact on humans, but can also be dangerous if used continuously. This is known as radiation or particles or emission generated by the magnetic field and electric field that is obtained when the electronics are in standby or operating state. This research was conducted on 4 electronic equipment including: TV, Refrigerator, Rice Cooker and Vacuum Cleaner. WHO states that the threshold value for humans to receive radiation in the household environment is 100μT. Meanwhile, based on the results that the vacuum cleaner has a risky influence on health because it has a magnetic field intensity that is greater than the threshold value at 0 cm. Keywords: radiation effect; magnetic field; electronic radiation.

A material is considered an alloy if it contains at least two different metals or one metal and one nonmetal. It might be a single phase, a mixture of metallic phases, or an intermetallic compound with no clear boundary between the steps. Alternatively, it could be none of these things. Aircraft construction, the military, industry, medicine, and manufacturing are some of the many alloy applications. Aluminium, copper, nickel, stainless steel, and titanium alloys are used in various tools, machines, vehicles, and buildings across multiple fields. As a consequence of these applications, we look at the role that radiative heat transfer plays in the movement of ternary alloys over a melting surface. Furthermore, Nimonic 80A and aluminium alloys (AA7072-AA7075) are combined to make ternary alloys, with Ethylene Glycol as the solvent. The PDEs were obtained by approximating the Navier–Stokes equation using the boundary layer approach under the flow assumptions. This system is translated into ODEs using similarity transformations. A dimensionless system is explained using the bvp4c method. The impacts of the relevant physical parameters are elucidated quantitatively and visually. It is found that, the higher R value indicates a more robust heat transmission to the liquid, resulting in a thicker temperature field. Furthermore, the mixing of more nanoparticles may need more energy, which will result in an increase in the temperature profile.

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Objectives: c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in the growth, invasion and metastasis of a variety of cancers. In a set of cell lines from several solid tumors, a five-fold increase in c-Met expression after irradiation has been reported. This study aimed to assess if c-Met is likewise abundantly expressed in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) upon exposure to irradiation, followed by a Met-induced biological response. Materials and methods: Six OTSCC cell lines were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 2, 4, and 6 Gray. The changes in c-Met protein levels were assessed by western blot and flow cytometry. c-Met gene expression, cell migration, proliferation and cell cycle assays were performed as phenotypic readouts. Results: Irradiation resulted in upregulation of c.Met in all cell lines with different time kinetics. On average the cells displayed minimal c-Met expression on their surface ranging from 5 to 30% of total protein. Abrupt downregulation of c-Met surface expression occurred one hour after radiation but recovered 48 h post-radiation. Intracellularly, the highest level of expression was found on day 5 after radiation exposure. Irradiation induced aggressive invasive potential of the cells as determined in cell migration assays, particularly in cell lines with the highest c-Met expression. Conclusions: These results provide novel insights into both intracellular and extracellular dynamics of c-Met expression profiles upon irradiation of OTSCC cells in vitro. It might also suggest that radiation enhances cell migration, indicative of invasiveness, through c-Met up-regulation, at least for certain types of OTSCC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of temperature on proton radiation in the charge-coupled device (CCD), charge transfer efficiency (CTE) and dark current are tested at different temperatures on interline transfer CCD irradiated with protons. The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the defects introduced by proton irradiation in CCD and describe the mechanism of temperature effect on sensitive parameters of proton radiation effect in CCD. For the increasing temperature of −50°C ∼40°C, CTE begins with a decrease, followed by a minimum of 0°C, and ends with an increase; dark current (DC) increases significantly with the increasing temperature. By combining these results, a conclusion is made that temperature will affect the effect of defect introduced by proton, including the effect of the defect on the carrier mobility and lifetime, so as to affect the performance parameters of CCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment and environmental pollution have been a prominent topic in China's economic development. Therefore, this paper investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental pollution, and makes practical policy recommendations to support the harmonious development of economy and environment based on the study findings. In this paper, the spatial econometric approach framework with the spatial weight matrix of the Delaunay method is used to examine the influence of foreign direct investment on the level of urban air quality. It uses air quality index as an indicator to measure air pollution comprehensively. Based on the spatial autocorrelation with the aggregation and radiation effects of foreign direct investment, the results show that the distribution of air pollution has considerable spatial impact in terms of spatial nonequilibrium. Through the empirical analysis, our finding reveals that the increase in GDP, the share of secondary industry, and population growth are the important elements affecting the change in air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the behavior of magnetocaloric materials when exposed to high-energy x-ray irradiation is pivotal for advancing magnetic cooling technologies under extreme environments. This study investigates the magnetic and structural changes of two well-studied magnetocaloric materials, (MnNiSi) _1−x (Fe _2 Ge) _x composition (x = 0.34) and LaFe _13-x-y Mn _x Si _y H _z composition (x = 0.30,y = 0.1.26 and z = 1.53) alloys upon irradiation. The alloys were exposed to x-ray radiation with a dosage of a continuous sweeping rate of ∼>120 Gy min ^−1 and an absorbed dose of 35 kGy . Both the samples didn’t show any observable crystal change after irradiation. There was a considerable change in magnetization at low applied magnetic fields in magnetization versus temperature measurements from 2.72 emu g ^−1 to 4.01 emu g ^−1 in the irradiated (MnNiSi) _1−x (Fe _2 Ge) _x sample and 4.41 emu g ^−1 to 5.49 emu/g fo _r the LaFe _13-x-y Mn _x Si _y H _z alloys. The Magnetization versus magnetic field isotherms near transition temperature exhibited irradiation-induced magnetic hysteresis for the (MnNiSi) _1−x (Fe _2 Ge) _x (x = 0.34) while the LaFe _13-x-y Mn _x Si _y H _z samples did not result in any irradiation-induced magnetic hysteresis. In both the samples the magnitude of entropy change did not change due to irradiation however, the peak entropy change shifted to different temperatures in both the samples, (MnNiSi) _1−x (Fe _2 Ge) _x ( x = 0.34), showed a maximum entropy change, ΔS _mag of ∼ 11.139 J/kgK at 317.5 K compared to ΔS _mag of ∼ 11.349 J/kgK at T _ave peak of 312.5 K for the irradiated sample. LaFe _13-x-y Mn _x Si _y H _z , pristine sample exhibited a maximum magnetic entropy change, ΔS _mag ∼ 18.663 J/kgK, with the corresponding peak temperature, T _ave peak, of 295 K compared to ΔS _mag ∼ 18.736 J/kgK, at T _ave peak of 300 K. It was determined that irradiation applied to the samples did not induce any structural or magnetic phase changes in the selected compositions but rather modified the magnetic properties marginally.

To study the radiation effect of Fermi–Dirac (F–D) semiconductor devices based on numerical simulation, two methods are used. One is based on the combination of F–D statistical method and computer simulation. The method discusses the influence of temperature and light energy on the carrier number by starting from an intrinsic silicon semiconductor and carries out computer simulation on the carrier number in intrinsic silicon semiconductor. TID Sim, a three-dimensional parallel solver for ionizing radiation effects of semiconductor devices, is developed. The ionization radiation damage of typical metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) FET NMOS and bipolar transistor GLPNP is simulated. It was proved that the variation trend was close to a straight line in the temperature range (278–358 K) studied in this article. The results are consistent with those of the statistical distribution of semiconductor carriers. This method is suitable for calculating the number of semiconductor carriers, and it is an effective method to study the problems related to carrier distribution.

In dire situations, such as the restricted spatial scale in nanoparticle systems and the analogous analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction and conventional heat conduction, the transmission of heat and momentum will exhibit non-linear and nonlocal behavior. The mechanisms of heat and mass transfer for non-Newtonian fluid flow between two inclined planes (convergent channel) with porous walled are taken into consideration. The Jaffrey-Hamel flow equation is renovated with the contribution of Carreau rheological model. The Cattaneo heat flux is presented to designate the anomalous heat, mass transport of Carreau nanofluid considering the influences of radiation flux, Brownian diffusion, and thermophoresis. Assumption, theories, and conservation law's leads to governing PDEs, which are solved numerically by invoking the Keller-Box scheme. It was concluded that for both conduit, flow reversal occurs only in the divergent domain of the channel but not in the converging where rapid acceleration of flow occurs, and inertial forces dominate the transport process. The flow instability in a porous media incorporate fluid inertia. The renovated model, which incorporates non-Fourier's law of heat conduction, can explain the anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement. The thermal relaxation effects the heat flux significantly, the conduction mechanism switches to oscillatory conduction with narrower temperature.

The excellent performance and radiation-hardness potential of carbon nanotube (CNT) field effect transistors (CNTFETs) have attracted wide attention. However, top-gate structure CNTFETs, which are often used to make high-performance devices, have not been studied enough. In this paper, the total ionizing dose (TID) effect of the top-gate structure CNTFETs and the influence of the substrate on top-gate during irradiation are studied. The parameter degradation caused by the irradiation- and radiation-damage mechanisms of the top-gate P-type CNTFET were obtained by performing a Co-60 γ-ray irradiation test. The results indicate that the transfer curves of the top-gate P-type CNTFETs shift negatively, the threshold voltage and the transconductance decrease when TID increases, and the subthreshold swing decreases first and then increases with the increase in TID. The back-gate transistor is constructed by using the substrate as a back-gate, and the influence of back-gate bias on the characteristics of the top-gate transistor is tested. We also test the influence of TID irradiation on the characteristics of back-gate transistors, and reveal the effect of trapped charge introduced by radiation on the characteristics of top-gate transistors. In addition, the CNTFETs that we used have obvious hysteresis characteristics. After irradiation, the radiation-induced trapped charges generated in oxide and the OH groups generated by ionization of the CNT adsorbates aggravate the hysteresis characteristics of CNTFET, and the hysteresis window increases with the increase in TID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current analysis discusses Jeffery nanofluid's thermally radiative flow with convection over a stretching wedge. It takes into account the Brownian movement and thermophoresis of the Buongiorno nanofluid model. The guiding partial differential equations (PDEs) are modified by introducing the symmetry variables, leading to non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To solve the generated ODEs, the MATLAB function bvp4c is implemented. Examined are the impacts of different flow variables on the rate of transmission of heat transfer (HT), temperature, mass, velocity, and nanoparticle concentration (NC). It has been noted that the velocity and mass transfer were increased by the pressure gradient factor. Additionally, the thermal boundary layer (TBL) and nanoparticle concentration are reduced by the mixed convection (MC) factor. In order to validate the present research, the derived numerical results were compared to previous findings from the literature while taking into account the specific circumstances. It was found that there was good agreement in both sets of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irreversible cell-cycle-arrested cells not undergoing cell divisions have been thought to be metabolically less active because of the unnecessary consumption of energy for cell division. On the other hand, they might be actively involved in the tissue microenvironment through an inflammatory response. In this study, we examined the mitochondria-dependent metabolism in human cells irreversibly arrested in response to ionizing radiation to confirm this possibility. Human primary WI-38 fibroblast cells and the BJ-5ta fibroblast-like cell line were exposed to 20 Gy X-rays and cultured for up to 9 days after irradiation. The mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential were evaluated in the cells using the mitochondrial-specific fluorescent reagents MitoTracker Green (MTG) and 5,5′,6,6′-tetraethyl-benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), respectively. The ratio of the mean MTG-stained total mitochondrial area per unit cell area decreased for up to 9 days after X-irradiation. The fraction of the high mitochondrial membrane potential area visualized by JC-1 staining reached its minimum 2 days after irradiation and then increased (particularly, WI-38 cells increased 1.8-fold the value of the control). Their chronological changes indicate that the mitochondrial volume in the irreversible cell-cycle-arrested cells showed significant increase concurrently with cellular volume expansion, indicating that the mitochondria-dependent energy metabolism was still active. These results indicate that the energy metabolism in X-ray-induced senescent-like cells is active compared to nonirradiated normal cells, even though they do not undergo cell divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine radars become the sources of electromagnetic pollution during navigation and anchor watchkeeping. In several scientific studies, it was reported that electromagnetic fields could lead to several serious diseases, especially in the nervous system. In the current study, electromagnetic pollution is measured at different points on ships of various tonnage and types to identify electromagnetic pollution induced by marine radars. During these measurements, SRM 3006 compact spectrum analyzer (Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH, Germany) that was operated within the 400 MHz–6 GHz frequency range was employed with a triaxial antenna. Then, the measurement results were compared with the benchmark published by ICNIRP (International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection), and electromagnetic pollution levels induced by marine radar antennas and possible negative consequences for the crew were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem services (ES) have been shrinking due to unreasonable development and utilization for a long time. There are many studies on ES, but the ecological information for policymakers is still complex and obscure. To address this critical omission, based on remote sensing data, combined with meteorological data, land use data, and administrative division data, using GIS spatial analysis technology and some ecological process models, we develop an ecosystem services radiation assessment framework (ESRAF) that can provide policymakers with concise and reliable ecological information. We illustrate the measurement of ESRAF through an application to specific regions of China's national ecological sheltering zone (NESZ), showing that the approach can effectively identify the beneficiary areas (SBA) for sand-stabilization service, soil conservation service, and water conservation service, and the degree of sharing of ES of SBA. ES produced by ecosystems in a specific region not only generates huge benefits locally but also a large number of ES benefit surrounding regions through cross-regional transmission. Specifically, in 2015, the area benefiting from sand-stabilization service provided by the Ordos's ecosystem is about 1.66 × 10 6   k m 2 , the amount of dust reduction in SBA would reduce by 28 , 738.67 × 10 4 tons. The Loess Plateau Ecological Screen (LPES) provides critical soil conservation service, the SBA of LPES includes two parts: LPES and the Yellow River. The Northeast Forest Belt (NFB) provides vital water conservation services. The water conservation service beneficiary area is mainly located near the NFB, with 266 hydrological response units, covering an area of 8.982 × 10 4   k m 2 . This study also showed that the transmission distance is inversely proportional to the radiation effect, that is, the benefit level decreases with the distance from SPA. According to the degree of sharing of ES of SBA, the proposed cross-regional differentiated ecological compensation scheme is helpful to promote regional sustainable development. At the same time, this study also shows that NESZ is of great significance for ensuring China's ecological security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, and the thermophoresis caused by temperature gradient on the steady two‐dimensional incompressible chemically reactive and radiative flow of traditional fluid through an exponentially stretched sheet embedded in a Darcy porous media are explored by approaching boundary layer analysis. A magnetic field effect is also addressed along the transverse direction of the horizontal stretched sheet. With the implementation of some suitable nondimensional quantities, the regulating nonlinear partial differential equations, which represent the flow geometry, are transformed into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. To acquire the numerical findings from this set of equations, a three‐stage Lobatto IIIa, in‐built MATLAB scheme named, Bvp4c is used. The effects of the dimensionless physical factors on the flow, heat, and concentration profile, as well as on the coefficient of drag force and the rate of thermal and mass transit at the surface, are graphically and numerically depicted. The thermal profile, as well as the magnitude of the coefficient of the drag force and the Sherwood number, is found to be escalated with the Darcy–Forchheimer factor, but the depreciation in the value of temperature gradient at the wall is noticed for the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the urgent problems of health care, which is due to a constant trend of growth. One of the risk factors for the development of breast cancer is ionizing radiation (IR). Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have shown the high sensitivity of the mammary gland (MG) to this factor. Consideration of models of absolute and relative risks of the occurrence of radio-induced tumors of the MG in irradiated persons showed the importance of such factors as age at the time of irradiation, multiplicity. frequency of exposure, dose level and concomitant non-neoplastic diseases of the mammary and thyroid gland (TG). Excess radiation-induced cases of cervical cancer were found among irradiated women after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Epidemiological features of the development of breast cancer under the influence of IV are presented in detail, which is one of the environmental factors involved in the formation of the modern carcinogenic situation. In connection with the significant sensitivity of the MG to the carcinogenic effect of IR, this form of neoplasms attracted special attention after the Chornobyl accident. The effect of small doses of radiation after the Chornobyl disaster led to a wave-like change in the incidence of breast cancer in certain periods of the year, and the radiation-induced incidence of this pathology can occur spontaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the use of nuclear energy, humans have been faced with the problem of radionuclide disposal. At present, a large amount of waste is stored in pools or dry tanks at reactor sites. With the development of the nuclear power generation industry worldwide, the high storage cost (including building, maintaining, and operating storage pools) is overwhelming and serious, and urgent radionuclide disposal problems have become increasingly difficult. Safe and economical strategies are urgently needed for long-term storage and disposal of nuclear waste, which has become among the core issues in the utilization of nuclear energy. Pyrochlore ceramics are able to immobilize a variety of radionuclides and have excellent irradiation stability, so they have received extensive attention as hosts of radionuclides waste. This review summarizes the structure, composition, synthesis process, properties, and irradiation stability of pyrochlore ceramics, focusing on the ion irradiation effect of pyrochlore. In general, the cation radii ratio rA/rB is a key parameter related to various properties of pyrochlores. Zirconate pyrochlore is more easily transformed from pyrochlore to defective fluorite, and leads to better irradiation resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]