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The biggest challenge in current isolation methods for lipid bilayer‐encapsulated vesicles, such as exosomes, secretory, and synthetic vesicles, lies in the absence of a unified approach that seamlessly delivers high purity, yield, and scalability for large‐scale applications. To address this gap, an innovative method is developed that utilizes photosensitive lipid nanoprobes for the efficient isolation of vesicles and sorting them into subpopulations based on size. The photosensitive component in the probe undergoes cleavage upon exposure to light, facilitating the release of vesicles in their near‐native form. The method demonstrates a superior ability in isolating high purity extracellular vesicles from complex biological media and separating them into size‐based subpopulations within 1 h, achieving more efficiency and purity than ultracentrifugation. Furthermore, this method's cost‐effectiveness and rapid enrichment of the vesicles align with demands for large‐scale isolation and downstream analyses of nucleic acids and proteins. The method opens new avenues in exploring, analyzing, and utilizing synthetic and extracellular vesicle subpopulations in various biomedical applications, including diagnostics, therapeutic delivery, and biomarker discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present form of face washes available in market were gel and cream state, which should be packed in large collapsible tube or plastic containers in turn difficult for the consumer to carry during their travel and being this face wash are aqueous in nature, it needs preservative to maintain the stable. The main objective to formulate a facewash tablet for a better convenience of the consumers in order to reduce the cost, more stable and make it available to common for public. In this method we have used a direct compression processselection of herbal and ingredients, preparation of liquorice powder, preparation of tablet and finally compressed. Physical evaluation, washability, pH, Irritancy test, foam ability, hardness test, thickness of the tablet was assessed. The study was aimed to formulate and evaluate facewash in the tablet form. By concluding all the various comparative studies of the drug and their excipients with evaluation, the optimized formulation batch (F6) gives an excellent foaming effect and effective facewash property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae and cyanobacteria contribute roughly half of the global photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Faced with limited access to CO2 in aquatic environments, which can vary daily or hourly, these microorganisms have evolved use of an efficient CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to accumulate high internal concentrations of inorganic carbon (Ci) to maintain photosynthetic performance. For eukaryotic algae, a combination of molecular, genetic and physiological studies using the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have revealed the function and molecular characteristics of many CCM components, including active Ci uptake systems. Fundamental to eukaryotic Ci uptake systems are Ci transporters/channels located in membranes of various cell compartments, which together facilitate the movement of Ci from the environment into the chloroplast, where primary CO2 assimilation occurs. Two putative plasma membrane Ci transporters, HLA3 and LCI1, are reportedly involved in active Ci uptake. Based on previous studies, HLA3 clearly plays a meaningful role in HCO3− transport, but the function of LCI1 has not yet been thoroughly investigated so remains somewhat obscure. Here we report a crystal structure of the full‐length LCI1 membrane protein to reveal LCI1 structural characteristics, as well as in vivo physiological studies in an LCI1 loss‐of‐function mutant to reveal the Ci species preference for LCI1. Together, these new studies demonstrate LCI1 plays an important role in active CO2 uptake and that LCI1 likely functions as a plasma membrane CO2 channel, possibly a gated channel. Significance Statement: Chlamydomonas LCI1 protein is a novel plasma membrane Ci transporter with no sequence homologs. It is involved in active Ci uptake, although its preferred Ci species and its functional roles in different CO2 acclimation states are unclear. Combining LCI1 crystal structure studies with in vivo LCI1 loss‐of‐function mutant responses, we demonstrated that LCI1 is likely a plasma membrane CO2 channel, possibly a gated channel, that supports active CO2 uptake in the low CO2 range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux pumps are integral membrane proteins that catalyze the export of substrates across cell membranes. Within the hydrophobe-amphiphile efflux subfamily, these resistance-nodulation-cell division proteins largely form trimeric efflux pumps. The drug efflux process has been proposed to entail a synchronized motion between subunits of the trimer to advance the transport cycle, leading to the extrusion of drug molecules. Here we use X-ray crystallography and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging to elucidate the structures and functional dynamics of the Campylobacter jejuni CmeB multidrug efflux pump. We find that the CmeB trimer displays a very unique conformation. A direct observation of transport dynamics in individual CmeB trimers embedded in membrane vesicles indicates that each CmeB subunit undergoes conformational transitions uncoordinated and independent of each other. On the basis of our findings and analyses, we propose a model for transport mechanism where CmeB protomers function independently within the trimer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen and the causative agent of the sexually-transmitted disease gonorrhea. The control of this disease has been compromised by the increasing proportion of infections due to antibiotic-resistant strains, which are growing at an alarming rate. The MtrCDE tripartite multidrug efflux pump, belonging to the hydrophobic and amphiphilic efflux resistance-nodulation-cell division (HAE-RND) family, spans both the inner and outer membranes of N. gonorrhoeae and confers resistance to a variety of antibiotics and toxic compounds. We here report the crystal structure of the inner membrane MtrD multidrug efflux pump, which reveals a novel structural feature that is not found in other RND efflux pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active efflux of antimicrobial agents is one of the most important strategies used by bacteria to defend against antimicrobial factors present in their environment. Mediating many cases of antibiotic resistance are transmembrane efflux pumps, composed of one or more proteins. The Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrCDE tripartite multidrug efflux pump, belonging to the hydrophobic and amphiphilic efflux resistance-nodulation-cell division (HAE-RND) family, spans both the inner and outer membranes of N. gonorrhoeae and confers resistance to a variety of antibiotics and toxic compounds. We here describe the crystal structure of N. gonorrhoeae MtrE, the outer membrane component of the MtrCDE tripartite multidrug efflux system. This trimeric MtrE channel forms a vertical tunnel extending down contiguously from the outer membrane surface to the periplasmic end, indicating that our structure of MtrE depicts an open conformational state of this channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae and cyanobacteria contribute roughly half of the global photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Faced with limited access to CO 2 in aquatic environments, which can vary daily or hourly, these microorganisms have evolved use of an efficient CO 2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to accumulate high internal concentrations of inorganic carbon (C i ) to maintain photosynthetic performance. For eukaryotic algae, a combination of molecular, genetic and physiological studies using the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have revealed the function and molecular characteristics of many CCM components, including active C i uptake systems. Fundamental to eukaryotic C i uptake systems are C i transporters/channels located in membranes of various cell compartments, which together facilitate the movement of C i from the environment into the chloroplast, where primary CO 2 assimilation occurs. Two putative plasma membrane C i transporters, HLA3 and LCI1, are reportedly involved in active C i uptake. Based on previous studies, HLA3 clearly plays a meaningful role in HCO 3 - transport, but the function of LCI1 has not yet been thoroughly investigated so remains somewhat obscure. Here we report a crystal structure of the full-length LCI1 membrane protein to reveal LCI1 structural characteristics, as well as in vivo physiological studies in an LCI1 loss-of-function mutant to reveal the C i species preference for LCI1. Together, these new studies demonstrate LCI1 plays an important role in active CO 2 uptake and that LCI1 likely functions as a plasma membrane CO 2 channel, possibly a gated channel., (© 2020 Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)