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Awareness about healthy organic food is increasing, leading to research on contaminants/pollutants and their effect on aquatic fauna and mankind. The effect of zinc sulphate on the growth performance of White leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) was evaluated under six doses viz; 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/l in in vitro study conducted from June to October 2021. The results revealed that higher doses of zinc sulphate showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight (3.12gm), length (8.95cm), weight gain per shrimp (4.11g), average daily weight gain (0.032), and specific growth rate (1.1g) were significantly (5%) lower at the higher dose (8mg/l) of zinc sulphate than control 11.73g, 16.22cm, 19.75g, 0.156g, and 2.20g respectively. With an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0 mg/l in control to 8 mg/l, survival of shrimp decreased from 100 % to 7%. The Lethal concentration (LC50) for zinc sulphate treatments was recorded at 0.71 ppm for shrimp. The water quality parameter pH (7.17-8.09), dissolved oxygen (6.13-7.58mg/l), hardness (4000-4772mg/l), and total alkalinity (162-231mg/l) were in an optimum range. The variation in Nitrite- Nitrogen, Nitrate- Nitrogen and Ammonical-Nitrogen (0-0.018, 0-0.4, 0-0.018mg/l) were within a permissible range. Thus, the present study revealed that zinc had a negative potential effect on L. vannamei at higher concentrations and may lead to serious economic loss to farmers if ignored.

The germplasms of African and French marigold were screened at Research Farm Area, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (TSSM) in the winter season from first week of October to first week of March, 2018. The germplasm tall orange African sheltering lowest mite population (9.82 mites/leaf) was marked as the least susceptible and Hisar Jafari-2 French with 32.21 mites/leaf was categorized as highly susceptible for T. urticae infestation. Mite population was recorded weekly and significantly higher number of mites was recorded on grown up leaves followed by tender and older leaves of marigold plants. Irrespective of the germplasm, the mite number was found to significantly increase with each observation period till the attainment of peak in population in the month of January (35.51 mites/ leaf) while their least population was recorded in the month of October (6.65 mites/leaf). In general, French germplasms were comparatively more susceptible to T. urticae infestation as compared to African germplasms.

Livestock has a significant role in the world economy. Livestock is the major source of livelihood for about 20.5 million people in India and livestock resources contribute 4.11% of the country's GDP and 25.6% of total agriculture GDP. On the other hand, there is a huge gap between demand and supply of feed and fodder in India, which can be reduced by exploring natural feed resources as supplements. To complete the shortage of feed and optimum production of livestock, it is significant to explore some non-conventional nutritive feed resources. The aquatic fern, Azolla has been identified as one of the most efficient substitutes for livestock as it can be easily digested due to its low lignin with high protein content having especially essential amino acid lysine. Its unique nutrient aspects make it an ideal feed for livestock, poultry, goat, fish, and pigs. Nutraceutical aspects of Azolla bio-feed technology will be taken up in a big way by the dairy farmers, especially, by those who experience land scarce conditions for fodder production.

Background: Suidasia nesbitti Hughes (Arachnida: Acari) infests variety of food stuffs and feed on whole grains, broken grains and flour of chickpea and causes qualitative and quantitative losses. The mite infestation resulted in significant decrease in the protein, total soluble sugars, non-reducing sugars and starch content of all the three forms of Bengal gram at 90 and 180 days of infestation. In contrast, reducing sugars significantly increased with increase in S. nesbitti infestation period. Methods: Exposure of whole, broken grains and flour of chickpea var., Desi channa to Suidasia nesbitti (Acari: Suidasiidae) population was studied during monthly data analysis. Result: The results showed that between the three forms, Desi channa flour harboured significantly more number of mites (4226.00 mites/g channa) than broken (2478.66 mites/g channa) and whole (260.00 mites/g channa) grains. Irrespective of forms, maximum number of mites was recorded at 180 days. Progressive blackening of broken grains and flour of Desi channa was witnessed with increase in observation period and the infested material emitted characteristic pungent odour.

Marigold (Tagetus sp.) is a commercially exploited flower crop and is having a prominent place in ornamental horticulture. Agriculture is having a large impact on human economics and the emergence of red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae as a serious pest of marigold is a major concern. It leads to an economic yield reduction in crops depending on cropping seasons and agro- climatic conditions. Once it is established in an area, it is hard to get rid of it due to its high fecundity, dispersal techniques, short life cycles, rapid development of resistance to acaricides and adaptability to various ecological conditions. There is an urgent need to create awareness for this acarine and its behaviour for its timely management. This review gives a complete picture of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, including its pests, biology, population dynamics, effect of environment and the damage it causes to marigold crop. Awareness through this documentation will open new scope for its early detection on marigold crop.

Tetranychus urticae is a disastrous pest of marigold in all seasons over the complete year. Its feeding and web formation destroys the plant completely within a short period of time. Commonly, acaricides were used to manage the two spotted spider mite, T. urticae. But now research is also focusing over increased use of IPM. Pesticides formulated with herbal extracts are in use. These are safe alternative today because chemicals obtained from plants are biodegradable, specific in action and suitable for use. Studies are also going on to search resistant cultivars as Host plant resistance is a major mechanism for resistance against this red spider mite. The article focuses on the need to have an effective control measure for this mite pest. Various management practices and recent studies have been discussed to combat T. urticae on marigold.

Background: African marigolds an important medicinal and ornamental plant is grown throughout the world. The two spotted red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae is one of the most destructive pests of the crop. Methods: Estimation of various minerals and stress measures of T. urticae infested and non infested leaves was performed in two seasons namely summer and winter under both screen house and field conditions. ANOVA was analysed under two factorial Completely Randomized Design. Mite population per leaf was correlated with each biochemical measures and statistical significance of data was analyzed. Result: Significantly lower nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content was recorded in infested (2.01, 0.307, 1.509% dry weight) leaves as compared to uninfested leaves (2.93, 0.387, 1.874% dry weight) respectively. Summer season reported higher per cent loss in mineral content as compared to the winter season. The content of total phenol and proline was significantly more in infested leaves (18.75 mg/g, 57.07 µ/100 g) as compared to the uninfested leaves (11.42 mg/g and 47.50 µ/100 g). The per cent increase of phenol and proline ranged from (43.90 and 20.81%) in summer and (42.90 and 17.45%) in winter, respectively.

INTRODUCTIONThe vision statement (or vision) commonly provides a concept of an organization's "destination," It also helps leaders create and communicate an effective road map for the organization (Kaplan, 1996; Swanye, Duncan, & Ginter, 2012). Kantabutra (2008) described vision as a "mental model" or "conceptual representation" of an organization's future. Various definitions of vision exist; however, they all portray a future picture of the organization and stress the need for goals and strategies to be directed toward achievement of this envisioned future (Zuckerman, 2000).Bennis and Nanus (1985) reported that the lack of a clear vision is a major cause of declining effectiveness in many organizations. Multiple theorists have discussed the importance of organizational vision and its relationship to business performance; they propose that vision must be action oriented and innovative and take into consideration the organization's mission and values (Beckhard & Pritchard, 1992; Collins & Porras, 1996; Daft & Weick, 1984; Isenberg, 1987; Kouzes & Posner, 1987; Maccoby, 1981; Westley M Slater, 1993; Timmons, Smollen, & Dingee, 1990).According to Baum, Locke, and Kirkpatrick (1998), vision is an essential facet of strategic change, and organizations that create a future picture describe their vision as a proactive reaction to the changing needs of the environment. Despite vision's importance in organizational alignment and performance improvement, a limited number of empirical studies have actually examined the relationship between a vision statement and organizational performance. Several authors (Bart, Bontis, & Taggar, 2001; Ban & Hupfer, 2004; Bart & Tabone, 1999) conducted studies of mission statements and their impact on organizational performance in the Canadian healthcare environment. However, to our knowledge, no empirical literature exists pertaining to organizational performance and vision statements in Ll.S. hospitals.The purpose of this research is to examine the quality of vision statements in U.S. acute care hospitals and to assess their impact, if any, on organizational performance measures related to finance and growth.BACKGROUNDVision and Mission StatementsAlthough strategic management distinguishes between "vision" and "mission" statements, many companies use the terms interchangeably (Sufi & Lyons, 2003). A vision statement describes a desirable future state and long-term organizational goals. A mission statement serves as a backdrop for the company's purpose and strategy; moreover, mission statements influence key priorities because they are formed on the basis of the organization's core values and beliefs (Collins & Porras, 1991; Falsey, 1989; Ireland & Hitt, 1992; Williams, 2008). According to Sufi and Lyons (2003), mission statements include broad elements such as purpose, strategy, values, and behavioral standards. Organizational purpose, together with values, determines the philosophy or core ideology of an organization, which can be defined as a rich system of values and beliefs shared by its members that distinguish it from other organizations (Collins & Poiras, 1996; Mintzberg & Quinn, 1996).Collins and Porras (1996) proposed that vision statements must reflect the organization's core ideology and envisioned future. They created a framework for successful vision creation. Collins and Porras (1996) define the envisioned future as "Big, Hairy, Audacious Goals" (BHAGs) created by senior leaders that direct the organization's efforts. They state that vision helps the organization preserve its core purpose and values while focusing on a progressive future.Vision and Organizational PerformanceTo measure performance, healthcare organizations use administrative, financial, process, and clinical outcome measures. The critical question facing healthcare leaders is how to prioritize these measures in today's highly competitive healthcare environment (Erwin, 2009; Langabeer, 2008; Sicotte et ah, 1998). …

The effect of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) feeding on leaf level physiological characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus) was investigated. Young cucumber plants were artificially infested with different densities of T. urticae (5, 10, 15 and 20 mites/ grown up leaf) while uninfested plants acted as control. Post infestation, the plants differed in their support to mite density in accordance with initial infestation density and observation period. Highly significant negative correlation of -0.92, -0.93, -0.95 and -0.92 for total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, respectively, at the highest infestation level) was recorded between mite density and photosynthetic pigments in infested leaves as compared to uninfested ones. There was a significant decrease (P= 0.05) in the level of (a progressive decline from 2.82, 0.36 and 2.17% dry weight in control to the maximum of 2.09, 0.26 and 1.87% dry weight for N, P and K, respectively, at highest infestation level) in the infested leaves in response to mite infestation. Interaction between initial infestation level and observation period also suggested a significant impact of T. urticae infestation on the leaf phytochemicals of cucumber (P= 0.05).

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the acaricidal potential of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera and Glyccirrhyza glabra against the mobile stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumber. The treatments responded in a concentration dependent manner. Highest reduction in T. urticae population was achieved with Omite (0.05%) followed by Nimbecidine (5ml/l), B. bassiana (1010 spores ml-1), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores ml-1), G. Glabra (7.5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), W. somnifera (5%) and W. somnifera (2.5%). Higher yield was recorded in all the treatments as compared to control. In terms of percent increase in yield, Omite caused highest increase (23.65% over control) followed by Nimbecidine, B. bassiana (1010 spores/ ml), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores/ ml), G. Glabra (7.5%), W. somnifera (5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), and W. somnifera (2.5%) showing 13.97, 11.82, 10.75, 8.67, 8.67, 8.6, 6.76, 6.48 and 6.45 percent increase over control, respectively. These data suggest that the tested biorationals at higher concentrations have the potential to be employed in pest management programs designed for T. urticae control.

Field trials were conducted to assess the damage potential of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus). Young cucumber plants were artificially infested with different densities of T. urticae (5, 10, 15 and 20 mites/ grown up leaf) while uninfested plants acted as control. Post infestation, the plants differed in their support to mite density in accordance with initial infestation density and observation period. Grown up leaves were found to be the most susceptible to mite infestation (5.86 mites/ sq. cm leaf). The number of feeding (chlorotic) patches on cucumber leaves significantly increased from 1.38/sq cm at a pre-count of 5 mites per grown up leaf to 1.71/sq cm leaf at a pre-count of 20 mites as compared to no patch recorded in control. Highly significant negative correlation was recorded between mite population and photosynthetic pigments. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids decreased to a maximum of 40, 43.63, 45.45 and 47.27 percent at the highest infestation density as compared to control. Results revealed differences among various treatments in terms of yield attributes of cucumber. The per cent reductions from 6.15 to 12.42 in number of fruits, 0.59 to 1.56 in fruit length and 0.93 to 3.28 in fruit width at different inoculums of T. urticae were recorded over uninfested plants. The cumulative effect led to the ultimate reduction in average fruit weight in the range of 10.16 to 17.19 per cent in the infested plants.

Maximum incidence of Varrosis on adults of Apis mellifera L. (8%) was recorded in second fortnight of May 2008 corresponds to the peak in V. destructor population. Percent deformity was calculated by observing 100 adult bees. Deformity in adult bees was low which ranged between 0.0 to 3.0 per cent with an average of 0.52 per cent. Significant positive correlation (r = 0.77) was calculated between per cent mite infestation and per cent bee deformity which revealed that with increase in mite infestation, there was a corresponding increase in deformity of bees.

Fenazaquin (4-[[4 (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenyl] ethoxy]quinazoline) is a new acaricide of the quinazoline class. Residue levels of fenazaquin were determined in unprocessed and processed okra fruits to evaluate the effect of different processes (washing, boiling and washing followed by boiling) in reduction of residues of this pesticide in okra. The study was carried out on okra crop (Variety, Varsha Uphar) in research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar with application of fenazaquin (Magister 10 EC) @ 125 ga.i./ha (Single Dose, T(1)) and 250 g a.i./ha (Double Dose, T(2)). Samples of okra fruits were collected on 0, 3, 7, 15 days after treatment and at harvest (30 days). Residues were estimated by gas chromatograph equipped with capillary column and nitrogen phosphorus detector. Residues reached below maximum residue limit of 0.01 mg/kg at harvest. The residues dissipated with half-life period of 3.13 days at lower dose and 4.43 days at higher dose. Processing is shown to be very effective in reducing the levels of fenazaquin residues in okra fruits. Maximum reduction (60-61%) was observed by washing + boiling followed by boiling/cooking (38-40%) and then by washing (31-32%).

Aims: To study changes in endometrial proliferative indices (i.e. cell mitosis and Ki67), endometrial steroid (estrogen and progesterone) receptors, and serum estradiol and progesterone level in women using copper intrauterine device (IUD) after 6 months of use. Methods: Fifteen healthy women were recruited having no contra indication to IUD or endometrial biopsy. Endometrial biopsies and serum samples were taken on 10/11th day of menstrual cycle at recruitment and after six months. The endometrial samples were subjected to: (i) steroid receptor estimation by immunohistochemistry; (ii) cell mitosis and Ki67 estimation by morphology and proliferative indices. Results: The mean glandular mitotic index was 1.69 ± (0.39) at first visit and 0.35 ± (0.15) at second visit after 6 months. Similarly, Ki-67 count in glands was 11.79 ± (1.59) at first visit and 2.40 ± (0.54) at second visit. In the stroma, Ki67 decreased from a mean of 0.85 to 0.01 in six months. This suggested statistically significant reduction in proliferation and mitotic activity in endometrial glands and the stroma of women who used Cu-T continuously for a long period.There was a significant reduction of estrogen receptor concentration in glands (from a mean of 51.67 down to 11.67) and the stroma (from a mean of 33.00 to 8.00) over this 6-month period. The observed fall in progesterone receptor counts was less compared to other parameters studied, being marginally significant in stroma (from a mean of 32.00 down to 14.33), but not significant enough in glands (from a mean of 45.00 down to 25.00). No changes were observed in serum hormone levels in these two visits. Conclusion: Continuous use of copper intrauterine device causes significant reduction in endometrial mitotic activity as well as estrogen receptor concentration without affecting serum estradiol or progesterone levels. This finding infers that Cu-T may have a protective role against endometrial cancer.

Twenty five genotypes of okra were evaluated during 2009–10 and 22 genotypes during 2010–11 for field resistance to two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Out of these, two each of least susceptible (HB-02-14-1-1 and HB-02-17-1) and moderately susceptible (HTB-1-17-5; HRB-107-4-1), and highly susceptible (HBT-6-15-3-7; BB1), and one popular variety Hisar Unnat were further evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. During 2009–10, two least susceptible genotypes HB-02-14-1-1 (24.19) and HB-02-17-1(27.21) differed significantly (P< 0.05) from the highly susceptible HBT-6-15-3-7 (43.11) and BB1 (42.35), and similar results were obtained during 2010–11. Only relative humidity (r= 0.77) had significantly (P

Biology of two spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied on seven okra genotypes, namely, HB-02-14-1-1, HB-02-17-1, HRB-107-4-1, HT-1-17-5, T-6-15-3-7, BB1 and standard check “Hisar Unnat”. HBT-6-15-3-7 was observed to be more preferred for egg laying (52.61 eggs/leaf disc) followed by Hisar Unnat (49.22) and BB1 (47.79), while other genotypes were less susceptible with less eggs. Longest incubation period was found on the least susceptible genotype HB-02-14-1-1 (4.57 days) and shortest was on highly susceptible genotype HBT-6-15-3-7 (3.16 days). Longest larval period was found on HBT6-15-3-7 (5.16 days) and shortest was found on HTB-1-17-5 (3.40 days). Longest nymphal period (4.81 days) was observed on moderately susceptible genotype (HTB-1-17-5) while shortest nymphal period was recorded on the least susceptible HB-02-17-1 (4.22 days). Shortest total life period was observed on the genotype HTB-1-17-5 (17.39 days), while in highly susceptible HBT-6-15-3-7 (21.19 days) the total life period was longest. Shortest oviposition period was observed on HB-02-14-1-1 (5.66 days) and longest on BB1 (8.61 days) and shortest longevity of female was found on genotype HB-02-14-1-1 (8.28 days) while it was the longest on HBT-6-15-3-7 (11.71days). Female to male ratio was found maximum on the moderately susceptible genotype HRB-107-4-1(4.3: 1) and minimum with the least susceptible genotypes HB-02-14-1-1 (2.4: 1).

Phytophagous mites cause biotic stress to its host plant and adversely affect the marketable produce causing losses to growers. Cost effective and energy efficient measures are needed to provide alternative ways to limit chemical treatments which disrupts biotic balance and leads to secondary pest outbreaks, pest resistance and resurgence. Among eco-friendly measures, cultural control, use of mite and insect predators, botanicals/bio-pesticides, fungi, bacteria and virus play an important role in managing mite population in various agricultural crops. The performance of natural enemies is also influenced by host plant characteristics and environmental conditions. Natural enemies efficient on crop may not do well on other crops, e.g., Phytoseiulus persimilis does not do well on tomato because the mites become trapped on glandular hairs on the leaf petioles. Secondly, it performs better under warm, humid conditions whereas; Mesoseiulus longipes is frequently used under hot and dry conditions to control spider mites. Compatibility of Entomopathogenic fungi with other control measures and its safety towards non target organisms makes them good candidates for phytophagous mites’ control.

The book is intended to provide a clear overview on the management of pests and diseases of horticulture crops, associated soil and beneficial fauna, residue status of pesticides and their estimation techniques. It is divided in four parts: Part I explain the practices followed in the pest management of horticulture crops. s include pest status of insects, mites, rodents, and diseases in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, spices and mushrooms and their management. Different aspects of biological, cultural, and mechanical controls are also highlighted. Harmful and beneficial soil fauna associated with horticulture crops are dealt in Part II. Keeping in view the potential of beneficial organisms, the effects of pesticides on predators, parasites and pollinators have also been discussed in this section. The recent scientific developments related to residue status in vegetables, fruits and spices are provided in Part III. Part IV includes the residue estimation techniques of various pesticides.

Varying concentrations of powdered leaves of Eucalyptus and Mentha and rhizomes of Curcuma were evaluated in controlling Tyrophagus putrescentiae in wheat flour. At higher concentrations, all these plant materials significantly decreased the population build-up of the mite. Eucalyptus and Mentha leaf powders were effective at concentrations ranging from 100 to 5% in bringing about a decrease in the fecundity of the mite and reducing the egg numbers to 51.66 and 25.49 per female, respectively, as compared to 98.16 eggs per female in the controls. Rhizomes of Curcuma were effective even at a concentration of 0.1% reducing the egg laying to 7.66 eggs per female in wheat flour. These materials were more deleterious to immature stages (ova and larvae) than to the mature stages of T. putrescentiae. When tested on whole grains of wheat these plant materials showed more pronounced effects in controlling the mite population compared to that in wheat flour. Curcuma rhizomes were the most promising for possible use against T. putrescentiae.

Managed pollination is an essential input in enhancing the crop productivity. In recent years, there has been an increase in the accumulation of data to indicate that seed yields of insect pollinated crops may often be lower than the expected, not because of adverse climatic, edaphic or cultural factors, but simply because the number of certain pollinators is inadequate. In absence of pollination in many entomophilous crops, fruit or seed set is affected adversely even if all the cultural practices are followed meticulously. Insect pollinators set a greater proportion of early flowers of the crop and increase quality and quantity of the seed yield. Before the use of managed pollination, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge of factors which influence pollinator activity and preference of the pollinators for different crops. This review summarizes the pollination biology of the important vegetable crop, Allium cepa L., commonly known as onion.